{"Topics":[{"Name":"Access and benefit-sharing","Method":"## Access and benefit-sharing methods\n\nAccess and benefit-sharing (ABS) occupy a legislative space at the nexus of environmental legislation, biotechnology, intellectual property, and for our purposes specifically, epidemiology. As a result, the research team performed a literature and landscape review of these disparate fields to identify relevant legislation.\n\n### _Identification of relevant policies_\n\nFor each country, 5 search steps were conducted in sequence.\n\nFirstly, the ABS Clearing House (ABSCH) was used. This is an online platform administered by the Convention of Biological Diversity Secretariat where providers may share documents and legislation relevant to ABS. Each country’s profile was reviewed in turn, and the available legislation was downloaded.\n\nSecondly, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) LEX database was searched. The WIPOLEX is centrally administered by the WIPO and contains legislation relevant to intellectual property in each country. Each country was searched, and laws were filtered for a “Genetic Resources” tag. If the legislation was available, it was downloaded.\n\nThirdly, the Food and Agriculture Organization legal database (FAOLEX) was used to widen the scope of capture, as one of the world’s largest legal databases. The sections of “Environment” and “Wild Species and Ecosystem” were manually reviewed, and relevant legislation was extracted.\n\nWhere possible, the next step involved a manual search of the national government’s legal database. The website was either referenced in one of the previous databases or was obtained from a manual Google search. If a legal database was available and open-access, it was perused for legislation relevant to ABS and genetic resources. Any legislation found was downloaded.\n\nThe final step in the search was a manual search on the Google search engine, with the first results page being reviewed using the following search terms:\n\n- [Insert Country] “access benefit sharing”\n- [Insert Country] “digital sequence information”\n- [Insert Country] “genetic resource”\n\nIf the previous 5 steps failed to yield ABS-relevant legislation, the country was coded as “No ABS legislation available.”\n\nAny relevant legislation not in English or French was then translated into English using Google Translate.\n\n### **_Country status and inclusion criteria_**\n\nPolicies included in the Analysis and Mapping of Policies for Emerging Infectious Disease database must be legally binding. As a result, documents encompassing strategies, reports, and draft laws were not included. The only exception was the inclusion of support documents designed to clarify the interpretation of associated active laws.\n\n**Scope of legislation**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for the scope of their application. Many laws were drafted for different purposes, including biological conservation, biotechnology, and scientific research. Furthermore, some laws predated the widespread use of genetic technology. As a result, the wording of the law varied, and with it, its scope of application. Approaching laws from the perspective of pathogen-sharing, the research team found three broad interpretations of the scope described below.\n\nThe modern gold standard, as defined by the Nagoya Protocol, applied legislation to all genetic material and associated traditional knowledge. Another option was to establish the scope as genetic material alone, with no mention of traditional knowledge. A third option used a variety of specific scopes such as “flora and fauna”, “plants and animals”, or any other phrase which failed to capture micro-organisms such as bacteria and viruses. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit-sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation. This included legislation that covered traditional knowledge without genetic material and legislation that was deemed too broad, such as covering “all natural resources.” Once potentially relevant policies that were legally enforceable and within scope were identified, the criteria described below were utilized to assess their applicability for inclusion in the database. Legislation not relevant to any of the above subtopics was not uploaded into the database.\n\n**Digital sequence information**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for their interpretation of digital sequence information (DSI). Where laws made their inclusion or exclusion of genetic sequence explicit, these were coded accordingly. Where laws used unclear terminology that could be interpreted to include DSI, these were coded as such. Where supporting documents existed that clarify a country’s interpretation of its law, these were also uploaded and the country’s DSI status was adjusted. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit-sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation.\n\n**Access to resources**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for the restrictions they imposed on access the genetic resources. If they made explicit that access to domestic resources was unrestricted, meaning that any foreign party could acquire and utilize genetic resources domestically free from fees or permits, they were coded as such. If any fees, permits, consent-seeking procedure, or benefit-sharing mechanism were incurred for access, this was coded as restricted. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit-sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation.\n\n**Prior informed consent**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for references to any prior informed consent mechanism (PIC) applicable. PIC refers to a process whereby local government entities or local communities need to consent to the acquisition and/or utilization of the genetic resources priorly. In the Nagoya protocol, this must also be fully informed, meaning that they must be provided with the full information on volume, purpose, and time of access. Countries with unrestricted access were excluded from this, as this was de facto not applicable. Countries with restricted access were differentiated into whether they had an outlined prior consent requirement of any kind, or not. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation.\n\n**Contractual terms**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for references to any contract-setting process. Many countries require a formalized contract-setting process to access genetic resources, often with terms relating to the agreed-upon benefits to be shared. This can take various forms, including Mutually Agreed Terms, Material Transfer Agreements, ABS contracts, and more. Some countries furthermore provide model contracts, or strict guidance, to facilitate the process. Countries with unrestricted access were excluded from this, as this was de facto not applicable. Countries with access restrictions were divided according to contract requirements of any kind, or not. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit-sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation.\n\n**Benefit-sharing**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for references to benefit-sharing. Benefit-sharing refers to the process of sharing any incurred benefits from the accessed genetic resource. This can take a monetary form (such as royalties, access fees, and milestone payments), or a non-monetary form (such as scientific collaboration, capacity-building, or technology transfer). Countries with unrestricted access were excluded from this, as this was de facto not applicable. Countries with access restrictions were divided according to whether they had outlined benefit-sharing requirements, or not. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit-sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation.\n\n**Compliance**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for their establishing of compliance mechanisms. This was taken to mean any mechanism by which a country could ensure the legality of accessed resources was maintained, such as instituting enforcement agents or regular checkpoints. Here, countries without access restrictions were included, as many such countries still required compliance with foreign countries' legislation. Countries were coded as either having compliance mechanisms outlined or not. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit-sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation.\n\n**Legal sanctions**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for specific legal sanctions relating to non-compliance with ABS legislation. This was taken to mean laws specifically applicable to the unauthorized access, export, and/or utilization of genetic resources. Here too, countries without access restrictions were included, as many such countries still required compliance with foreign countries' legislation. This was divided according to type, such as fines and criminalization (including incarceration), access restrictions (confiscations, revocations, or bans), or both. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit-sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation.\n","Subtopics":[{"Name":"Scope of legislation","Description":"The scope of access and benefit-sharing (ABS) legislation is subject to much variation and ambiguity across the world. Early legal documents were initially intended to address animal and plant materials, but scientific advances have extended the meaning to encompass anything containing units of biological heredity, including pathogens and microbes. Furthermore, growing recognition of the exploitation of indigenous populations has led some countries to acknowledge the value of \"traditional knowledge associated with genetic material.\" Here, we explore the extent to which global ABS legislation covers genetic resources (including or excluding microorganisms) and traditional knowledge.\n\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"No ABS legislation identified","Description":"Could not identify any legislation covering ABS of genetic resources.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Legislation relating to traditional knowledge does exist (Traditional Knowledge Act 2013), however not explicitly in conjunction with genetic resources."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"While there is a draft law in motion for the legislation of access and benefit-sharing (n° 56-17), it is not yet active and thus access and benefit-sharing is currently unregulation"},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There are plans for future ABS legislation cover biological resources and traditional knowledge, but no active legislation could currently be found."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"The provisions to institute regulation measures for ABS are only set to cover genetic resources in the current legislation. However the regulations have yet to be published, as such this is not enforceable."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"The EU regulation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material. However to date this has not yet been implemented in Italy."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"The EU regulation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material. However to date this has not yet been implemented in Lithuania."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"The EU regulation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material. However to date this has not yet been implemented in Lithuania."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"Legislation covers genetic resources (including microorganisms)","Description":"Genetic resources, defined as any plant, animal, or microbial material which contains functional units of heredity, are covered.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material only. Traditional knowledge is not covered in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material only. Traditional knowledge is not covered in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material only. Traditional knowledge is not covered in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material only. Traditional knowledge is not covered in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates natural resources as \"all living and non-living materials found in nature\", and keeps the wording consistent throughout the legislation."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material only. Traditional knowledge is not covered in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material only. Traditional knowledge is not covered in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material only. Traditional knowledge is not covered in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act establishes Eswatini's sovereignty over its genetic resources, although does not delve further on pathways to access."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act of 2004 proclaims sovereignty over domestic genetic resources, and establishes plans for future ABS regulations. However to date no such exist."}]},{"Name":"Legislation covers genetic resources (including microorganisms) and traditional knowledge","Description":"Covers any plant, animal, or microbial material which contains functional units of heredity, as well as any traditional knowledge held by indigenous or local communities which is relevant to its utilization.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material. The specifics of this vary depending on the state or territory or provenance."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material from biological resources, including microorganisms. The inclusion of traditional knowledge associated with genetic material is implied within the terms \"intangible components\"."}]},{"Name":"Legislation does not cover microorganisms","Description":"ABS legislation does exist to some degree, but microorganisms are not included.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"The relevant legislation covers plants and animals (including protozoa, but no other microorganisms). Genetic material as it applies to other micro-organisms or pathogens is not mentioned in this legislation however."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Flora and Fauna is protected under the Environmental act, however no mention of micro-organisms"},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"The biological diversity of flora and fauna is explicitly protected, including macro- and microscopic resources. The wording leaves room for interpretation as to whether this covers bacteria and viruses."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation exists relevant to forests, traditional medicine, waters, soils, flora, and fauna. No legislation covering genetic resources as it might apply to micro-organisms exists, however."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Provisions for plants and seeds only"},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"The current ABS legislation does not cover genetic resources as it relates to microorganisms. The only legislation on access to genetic resources relates to fishing and aquaculture."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is legislation relevant to the protection of traditional knowledge, however legislation effectively covering genetic material is lacking."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is legislation restricting access to animals and plants. However this does not extend to microorganisms, or broader genetic resources. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Legislation specific to flora, fauna, and aquaculture exists, however nothing that would apply to microorganisms."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"The legislation uses the expressions \"all living species\" and \"all animal and plant species\" interchangeably, creating ambiguity as to the coverage of microorganisms."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"While the term \"genetic resources\" is defined as containing microorganisms, the letter of the law subsequently moves away from this term and instead refers exclusively to plant, animal, or aquaculture domains."}]}]},{"Name":"Digital sequence information (DSI)","Description":"Digital sequence information (DSI), sometimes referred to as genetic sequence data, refers to the sequence of DNA base pairs that constitute the genome of the biological sample. In some instances, countries have determined that DSI is outside the purview of ABS legislation and have explicitly excluded it, while other countries include DSI in ABS legislation. A small number of countries have not clarified their stance on DSI in legislation. The decision about whether to include or exclude DSI from ABS legislation is especially pertinent as worldwide technical capabilities to read and synthesize molecules from DSI develop and the need for physical samples decreases. This has potential impacts on health research, global equity, and intellectual property.\n\n\n\n\n\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and [Hampton et al](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9989138/), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"DSI is included","Description":"Digital Sequence Information is considered to fall under the remit of ABS legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"The provisions of the law refer to \"genetic heritage\", which is defined as \"genetic information from plants, animals, or microbial species\". This is deemed to cover Digital Sequence Information."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"An ABS contract is required for the collection and export of \"genetic information or any form of DNA/RNA sequences or sequence data in any format associated with a biological resource\""},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Access restrictions apply to genetic material as well as \"intangible components\", explicitly including genetic information and gene sequences."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Access is deemed to cover \"where applicable, intangible components\", which is later defined as \"information associated with or regarding genetic resources\". This could be deemed to cover Digital Sequence Information."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"The biodiversity act amendment of 2013 defines \"genetic resource\" as \"genetic material or any genetic potential, characteristics, or information of any species\", thus including DSI."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"ABS legislation in Uganda applies to \"genetic material, its derivatives and intangible components\", where intangible components is defined as \"any knowledge or information associated with biological or genetic resources\". "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"The Scope of this legislation covers genetic material and traditional knowledge, where traditional knowledge is defined as \"any experimental or observational data, information and other findings on the composition, life conditions and functions of the accessed genetic resources\""},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Argentina views \"genetic data\" as being included in the concept of \"genetic resource\". As a result, DSI is considered to be covered by existing ABS legislation."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Colombia considers that the concepts of DSI and \"genetic resources\" are homologuous, and as such any use of DSI is subject to the same procedures as genetic material."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Costa Rica views that DSI is considered as \"products of research\" on genetic material, and as such falls under the scope of ABS legislation. In Costa Rica this means that the use of DSI for basic research or non-commercial purposes is not restricted, but its use for commercial purposes is subject to benefit-sharing requirements."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Ethiopia considers DSI to fall under the scope of \"genetic resources\", and as such is subject to ABS legislation."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"India considers that accessing DSI amounts to \"utilization of genetic resources\", and as such fall under the scope of the Nagoya Protocol. While Indian legislation makes no explicit reference to DSI, it considers that the terms \"results of research\" (Biological Diversity Act 2002, section 2 & 4) encompass DSI."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Madagascar considers \"genetic resources\" to include the concept of DSI, as DSI is directly derived from genetic resources. As such, DSI is subject to ABS regulations under Madagascar law."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"The scope of this legislation is defined as any genetic resources and its derivatives, including the sequence of genetic information generated from it. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"The state of Cuba considers genetic resources to include \"genetic sequential information\""},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"\"Genetic Resources\" is explicitly defined as any genetic material including genetic information."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"The definition of \"genetic resources\" includes \"genetic information regardless of the manner in which the genetic\ninformation is stored\". As such DSI is covered by ABS legislation."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"\"Access\" includes among other things the \"utilisation\" of \"intangible components\", where \"intangible components\" is defined as \"any information associated with a genetic resource within the jurisdiction of Kenya\"."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"\"Biological resources\" are defined to include \"genetic resources, organisms, microorganisms(...)\" and \"any information relating to (it)\". This effectively indicates that DSI is considered a biological resource."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Peru defines genetic resources as \"any genetic material or information with real or potential value or utility\", thus covering DSI in its ABS regulations."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"DSI is not addressed","Description":"Could not identify any relevant mention of Digital Sequence Information in the legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"No clear positions could be found on whether DSI falls under the scope of ABS legislation in Mexico."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive or explicit mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"\"Access to genetic resources\" is defined as \"activity carried out on genetic resources with the objective of (...) using information of genetic origin\". This may encompass the activity of genomic sequencing, but does not explicitly cover the exchange of DSI. \"Genetic resources\" is also defined as \"information of genetic origin contained in samples\", not quite covering digital information."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."}]},{"Name":"DSI is explicitly excluded","Description":"Digital Sequence Information is considered NOT to fall under the remit of ABS legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Japan considers that \"genetic resources\" refers to tangible materials, and as such DSI is not covered by ABS legislation. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Domestic legislation do not explicitly cover DSI and thus are not immediately subject to benefit-sharing mechanisms. However, DSI use may still be restricted by Mutually Agreed Terms."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"The term \"biological resources\" is defined as genetic material as well as digital sequence information. However, the Access & Benefit-Sharing section specifically avoids using the term \"Biological resources\", opting for the narrower term \"genetic material and related knowledge and technologies\"."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Australia views that there is a distinction between the concepts of \"genetic material\" and DSI at national-level legislation, and that DSI is not covered by their Commonwealth ABS legislation. Subnational legislation does exist and varies state by state."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Digital Sequence Information is explicitly not covered by Korean ABS legislation"},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"As there is currently no active ABS legislation in Canada, both genetic resources and DSI are currently unrestricted and unregulated within Canada. Canada has however expressed a general view that DSI should not be considered within the scope of ABS mechanisms."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"As there is currently no active ABS legislation in the USA, both genetic resources and DSI are currently unrestricted and unregulated within the USA. The USA has however expressed a general view that DSI should not be considered within the scope of ABS mechanisms."}]},{"Name":"DSI potentially included","Description":"ABS legislation phrasing could be interpreted to cover Digital Sequence Information, but the evidence is either ambiguous or conflicting.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"While there is no clear mention within legislation of this subject, Belarus has mentioned in a CBD report that \"commercialization of products arising from DSI can be considered a triggering event for benefit-sharing\"."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"According to the CBD notification, Iran considers that DSI should be unrestricted for non-commercial purposes, but that within the purview of commercial purposes, DSI should be treated as genetic resources under the Nagoya Protocol and be subject to benefit-sharing. This is not reflected in the legislation, however."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Genetic resources are defined as \"the biological material including (...) its various expressions and embodiments in knowledge\". This could be construed to include genetic sequence information."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"While most of the legislation applies only to genetic material and its derivatives, there is mention of its applicability in \"the use of digital information\" in case of transfer out of the country."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Thailand considers that the sharing of benefits incurred from the commercialization of \"information resulting from access of genetic resources\". This phrasing could be used to cover DSI."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There are substantive mentions of \"intangible components\" in the ABS regulations. However this term is never clearly defined, and is almost exclusively used in conjunction with \"indigenous peoples or peasant communities\", implying this refers to traditional knowledge."}]}]},{"Name":"Access to resources","Description":"Access to resources refers to the ABS legislation governing how third parties can obtain, study, and export genetic material within a sovereign state. Sovereign states are often considered to have default ownership of the resources within their land, including biological resources. Where ownership is established, states are free to dictate how, if at all, third parties access their genetic material. Unrestricted access means that a country's legislation does not require any procedures or payment for a third party to access its resources. In all other cases, access to resources is defined as restricted – including in cases where prior consent, contractual terms, and/or benefit-sharing are required.\n\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"Access is unrestricted","Description":"Access of genetic resources within this state is explicitly free and unrestricted.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Access to resources within this territory is explicitly unrestricted."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Access is unrestricted for both commercial and non-commercial purposes, but does warrant a notification to the competent national authority."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Montenegro establishes that while natural genetic resources can be freely used, it cannot be owned."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."}]},{"Name":"No ABS legislation identified","Description":"Could not identify any relevant legislation","Countries":[{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Specific legislation exists for specific areas such as national parks, however nothing could be found at a national level"},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"While there is a draft law in motion for the legislation of access and benefit-sharing (n° 56-17), it is not yet active and thus access and benefit-sharing is currently unregulation"},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation exists relevant to forests, traditional medicine, waters, soils, flora, and fauna. No legislation covering genetic resources as it might apply to micro-organisms exists, however."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Access restrictions are in place to protect flora and fauna - however there is no mention of micro-organisms."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"The Environmental Law of 2014 \"ensures the protection of genetic heritage (...) so as to prevent overexploitation or extinction\". However this is the only mention of genetic resources found in the active legislation, and as such was not deemed sufficient to constitute access restrictions."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"The regulations controlling for this topic are not yet in force."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."}]},{"Name":"Access is restricted","Description":"Access to genetic resources within this state is restricted and subject to formal authorization. Certain exceptions may exist for research, health emergencies, or non-commercial purposes.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory requires the sharing of benefits. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Access is restricted, but exceptions exist for efforts relating to bioconservation"},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted for commercial purposes, but may be provided for free for scientific or non-commercial purposes."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances including biodiversity and health research."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances such as imminent threat to health."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances such as health emergencies."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Access is granted differently for commercial or non-commercial purposes, with special circumstances allowed for research relating to conservation, food, and agriculture under multilateral agreements."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"In circumstances including emergencies that threaten or damage human, animal or plant health, the aoplication process can be expedited"},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted for commercial purposes, although one may conduct research freely on any species not explicitly protected by law."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Access to genetic resources within this territory is broadly restricted and subject to preliminary processes. However in Romania genetic resources for basic research utilization, or originating from microorganisms not included in collections, are exempt from ABS requirements."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes. The specifics of this vary depending on the state or territory or provenance."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act establishes Eswatini's sovereignty over its genetic resources, although does not delve further on pathways to access."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes. While this legislation centers this process around traditional Saami knowledge, it does not exclude its applicability on broader genetic resources within Finland."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Access to genetic resources in North Macedonia are restricted, insofar as the taking of genetic resources from the wild in a manner which \"endangers the survival of the habitats\" is prohibited."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act of 2004 proclaims sovereignty over domestic genetic resources, and establishes plans for future ABS regulations. However to date no such exist."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."}]}]},{"Name":"Prior informed consent (PIC)","Description":"Among states that restrict access to genetic material, one mechanism is to require prior informed consent (PIC). PIC requires that parties engage in a transparent conversation about the material sought, the intended use, and the timeframe considered with the relevant national authority. When states require PIC, third parties must formally liaise with the owners of the genetic material prior to accessing it. \n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Access is restricted and PIC is required","Description":"Prior informed consent must be sought and documented from the relevant authority or the owner of the resource","Countries":[{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"The legislation describes an obligation to seek consent from the owner of the genetic material or the state of Albania."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"The legislation includes a consent-seeking process in order to access resources. While this legislation centers this process around traditional Saami knowledge, it does not exclude its applicability on broader genetic resources within Finland."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource. The specifics of this vary depending on the state or territory or provenance."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"The application process described includes provisions for seeking prior informed consent."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource"},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"The process of applying for an access permit involves a prior consent-seeking mechanism."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"The Regulations outline both an Access Permit procedure with the CNA, as well as a Community Consent procedure, both of which must be honoured."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Applying for an access permit is dependent on having obtained prior consent from the community responsible for the genetic resource sought."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Prior Consent is required upon application for an access permit."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"A permit must be sought prior to accessing a genetic resource. In the permit-granting process, it outlines that \"consideration must be given to the community giving access\". This could be considered akin to prior informed consent."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"The requirement for consent when accessing resources is implied by outlining a requirement for transparent communication with local communities."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"Access is restricted but PIC is not addressed","Description":"Prior Informed Consent is not required for access. Either this is explicitly stated in the legislation, or this does not feature in the ABS mechanism of the country.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"PIC must be reported if required from foreign originator countries, but none required for domesticaccess"},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"A consent-seeking process is not explicitly outlined in the legislation within Croatia, although the non-compliance with the consent processes of external donor countries is punishable under croatian law."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking mechanisms or processes found in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"A law covering this was drafted in 2013, however to date there is no evidence that this has been enacted. There are no other mentions of this in the active legislation. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There are restrictions to access in place, but no PIC is explicitly required in the legislation"},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act of 2004 proclaims sovereignty over domestic genetic resources, and establishes plans for future ABS regulations. However to date no such exist."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"While there is mention of involving indigenous communities in the benefit-sharing process, there is no explicitly outlined process of gaining consent. "}]},{"Name":"No ABS legislation identified","Description":"Could not identify any relevant legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"While there is a draft law in motion for the legislation of access and benefit-sharing (n° 56-17), it is not yet active and thus access and benefit-sharing is currently unregulation"},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation exists relevant to forests, traditional medicine, waters, soils, flora, and fauna. No legislation covering genetic resources as it might apply to micro-organisms exists, however."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"The regulations controlling for this topic are not yet in force."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."}]},{"Name":"Access is unrestricted","Description":"Access to genetic resources is unrestricted, meaning there are no pre-conditions such as prior informed consent.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is no prior consent-seeking process specified in this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking process to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There are no consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Prior consent from the competent national authority is required when setting up a gene bank, which is the process by which research on genetic resources can occur. There are no explicit pathways for commercial use of genetic resources."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."}]}]},{"Name":"Contractual terms","Description":"Among states that restrict access to genetic material, one mechanism is to require contractual terms of access which must be negotiated with the relevant authorities. Contractual terms include any legislation that requires a written contract, including MATs (Mutually Agreed Terms), MTAs (Material Transfer Agreements), ABS contracts, and more. Contractual terms may make access to genetic resources conditional on certain benefits.\n\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Access is restricted and contract is required","Description":"A contract must be established to gain access. Instructions and model contracts may be provided.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession. Extensive model contracts are provided."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form, referred to as access permit contracts. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Referred to as \"Agreements\"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"The Environmental Law describes the minimum requirements to be contained in the \"access permit\", which constitute a written contractual agreement regarding access and benefit-sharing."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form, called \"Accord Type de Transfert de Materiel\". This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Known as an \"ABS Contract\" in Malawi, these are a requirement within the scope of the ABS legislation."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Several mentions of contractual agreements are made throughout this legislation, including a \"model agreement for the transfer of materials\", and an \"environmental permit\". There are no clear directions on how to draft such a contract, however."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession. No examples or models provided."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession. The specifics of this vary depending on the state or territory or provenance."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"As benefits are provided in the form of a one-off Access Payment, further contractual models beyond the access permit are not used."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"The competent Authority sets out to establish mutually agreed terms between the user and donor. While this legislation centers this process around traditional Saami knowledge, it does not exclude its applicability on broader genetic resources within Finland."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"The Regulations stipulated that Material Transfer Agreements are explicitly needed prior to transferring any materials out of Kenya."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"MATs are prescribed, and can be combined with an \"access and benefit sharing agreement\"."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"MATs are implied in that there is an obligation by the user to complete a form outlining the details of the resources accessed and the benefits shared."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"A certificate outlining the agreed terms of exchange is required prior to the export of genetic materials."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Known as a \"convention\" in Madagascar law, this outlines the need to formalize the access agreement onto paper including benefit-sharing if applicable."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form as a \"permit or license in accordance with the regulations\". This may be construed to constitute a contractual document."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. Guidance on such contracts is provided."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"Access is restricted but contract requirements not addressed","Description":"Access is restricted, but contract-setting is not mentioned as a pre-condition. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"MAT can be negotiated - however there is no legal requirement for this"},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting mechanisms outlined in the legislation"},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There were no outlined contract-setting processes found in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There were no outlined contract-setting processes found in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There were no specified contract-setting requirements outlined in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There were no specified contract-setting requirement outlined in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There were no specified contract-setting requirement outlined in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"While there is a permit being issued for access, it does not seem to outline mutually agreed terms in a contract-like manner. Thus it is not considered a contract in its current form."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting mechanisms or processes in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting mechanisms or processes in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"The need for an agreement between user and originator is implied, however there are no obligations to formalise these in a contract"},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"While the acquisition of the appropriate permits is required, there are no outlined requirements for contracts such as mutually agreed terms or benefit-sharing agreements."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"A law covering this was drafted in 2013, however to date there is no evidence that this has been enacted. There are no other mentions of this in the active legislation. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act of 2004 proclaims sovereignty over domestic genetic resources, and establishes plans for future ABS regulations. However to date no such exist."}]},{"Name":"No ABS legislation identified","Description":"Could not identify any relevant legislation","Countries":[{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"While there is a draft law in motion for the legislation of access and benefit-sharing (n° 56-17), it is not yet active and thus access and benefit-sharing is currently unregulation"},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation exists relevant to forests, traditional medicine, waters, soils, flora, and fauna. No legislation covering genetic resources as it might apply to micro-organisms exists, however."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"The regulations controlling for this topic are not yet in force."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."}]},{"Name":"Access is unrestricted","Description":"Access to genetic resources is unrestricted, meaning there are no pre-conditions such as contract-setting","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is no specific contract-setting process in country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting process for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Insofar as access to genetic resources is unrestricted in Japan, there were no specified requirements in the available legislation. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"A contract with the competent national authority is required when setting up a gene bank, which is the process by which research on genetic resources can occur. There are no explicit pathways for commercial use of genetic resources."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."}]}]},{"Name":"Benefit-sharing","Description":"Among states that restrict access to genetic material, one mechanism is to require benefit-sharing. Benefit-sharing refers to the benefits that the party accessing the genetic material needs to provide to the originator of the material, in exchange for the access. This may come in the form of monetary benefits, such as fees, percentages of revenue, or investments. They may also include non-monetary benefits, such as the transfer of technology, exchange of expertise, and academic publications. The specific terms are negotiated between the accessing party and the originating party, but countries may dictate certain minimum requirements.\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Access is restricted and benefit-sharing is mandated","Description":"Benefit-Sharing is a condition to access, and instructions or examples may be offered.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources, however no further details are provided."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Benefit-sharing is required for commercial purposes, however for non-commercial purposes or for basic research, there are no benefit-sharing requirements."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits. The specifics of this vary depending on the state or territory or provenance."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Prescribed monetary benefits are upfront in the form of \"Access Money\". Other forms of monetary and non-monetary benefits are suggested in the Proclamation and are subject to negotiations."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"The Regulations establish a need for monetary or non-monetary benefits to be shared, and offers a list of examples. In addition, a fee is incurred upon application for an access permit."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the nature of those benefits.  (Article 61 of the Environmental Law)"},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Benefit-sharing is required for access with commercialization purposes. No benefit-sharing is required for scientific research. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Benefit-sharing is required, be it either monetary, non-monetary, or both. However no specific regime is prescribed."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"In cases of commercial utilization the competent national authority shall assess the case for potential benefits derived from its use. No further guidance is provided as to the nature of such benefits required, however."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There are minimum requirements including non-monetary (co-authorship and involvement of guyanese nationals) and monetary (royalties and sharing of profits)"},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Benefit-sharing is mandated in cases where the accessed resource is commercialized. Benefits include royalties, technology transfer, and training."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"Access is restricted but benefit-sharing is not mandated","Description":"Benefit-sharing is not a condition to access, although it may be encouraged or suggested.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There are no specific benefit-sharing requirements outlined in the ABS legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There were no specified benefit-sharing requirements found in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Benefits are suggested in order to access genetic resources, however there are no explicit requirements for this"},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Benefit-sharing is mentioned, though not explicitly required"},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"It is said that the use of biological diversity should \"take into account\" the sharing of benefits derived from the use of genetic resources. However no specific requirements are outlined."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Benefit-Sharing is suggested, however the wording is not legally binding."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"The access permit shall be granted in accordance to stakeholders claiming interest in the relevant genetic resource. However to date, the ministerial order enacting this is not yet published."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Benefit-sharing is outlined as a possible element, although not necessarily requirement of the mutually agreed terms for access to resources. While this legislation centers this process around traditional Saami knowledge, it does not exclude its applicability on broader genetic resources within Finland."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"While there are no strict benefit-sharing requirements outlined in the legislation, these may be included in the mutually agreed terms, in which case they must be honored."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"While there are no strict benefit-sharing requirements, provisions in this law are made so that the King may issue regulations to this effect at a later date."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"While there is no prescribed benefit-sharing requirements in this country, the legislation establishes that this may be negotiated under the mutually agreed terms, and be complied with. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements outlined in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There were no specified benefit-sharing requirements outlined in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There are restrictions to access but no benefit-sharing is explicitly mandated"},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act of 2004 proclaims sovereignty over domestic genetic resources, and establishes plans for future ABS regulations. However to date no such exist."}]},{"Name":"No ABS legislation identified","Description":"Could not identify any relevant legislation","Countries":[{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"While there is a draft law in motion for the legislation of access and benefit-sharing (n° 56-17), it is not yet active and thus access and benefit-sharing is currently unregulation"},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation exists relevant to forests, traditional medicine, waters, soils, flora, and fauna. No legislation covering genetic resources as it might apply to micro-organisms exists, however."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"The regulations controlling for this topic are not yet in force."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."}]},{"Name":"Access is unrestricted","Description":"Access to genetic resources is unrestricted, meaning there are no pre-conditions such as benefit-sharing.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Benefit-sharing requirements exist for access with commercial use."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"While the sharing of benefits derived from genetic resources in Japan is encouraged, there were no specified requirements in the available legislation. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There are no benefit-sharing requirements associated with access to genetic resources in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."}]}]},{"Name":"Compliance","Description":"Access to genetic material without complying with ABS legislation is considered biopiracy, and as such states should monitor compliance of all parties with the law. This includes monitoring mechanisms, record-keeping, and conflict-resolution processes. Compliance mechanisms may be specified within the ABS legislation or encompassed by the wider criminal code. Here, only compliance mechanisms directly referenced in ABS legislation are included.\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Compliance mechanisms in place in ABS legislation","Description":"There are mechanisms in place to ensure compliance, such as enforcement agents, scheduled checks, and reporting obligations.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so. The specifics of this vary depending on the state or territory or provenance."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as auditing and the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act of 2004 outines compliance mechanisms."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the installment of various checkpoints."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as regular checkpoints to ensure appropriate documentation is in place."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There are some measures of compliance in place, including an allocation of duties to monitor permits."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"No compliance mechanisms in place in ABS legislation","Description":"There are no specified compliance mechanisms in the available ABS legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There were no specified compliance mechanisms, defined as checks, monitors, or enforcement agents, outlined in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There were no specified compliance mechanisms, defined as checks, monitors, or enforcement agents, outlined in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"}]},{"Name":"No ABS legislation identified","Description":"Could not identify any legislation relating to access and/or benefit-sharing.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation exists relevant to forests, traditional medicine, waters, soils, flora, and fauna. No legislation covering genetic resources as it might apply to micro-organisms exists, however."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"The regulations controlling for this topic are not yet in force."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"While there is a draft law in motion for the legislation of access and benefit-sharing (n° 56-17), it is not yet active and thus access and benefit-sharing is currently unregulation"},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."}]}]},{"Name":"Legal sanctions","Description":"Legal sanctions may be applied if there is a failure to comply with ABS legislation. These penalties may include a monetary fine, a ban from future access, and/or prosecution. Legal sanctions are sometimes specified within ABS legislation or may be encompassed by the wider criminal code. Here, only legal sanctions outlined in the ABS legislation are included.\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Fines and criminalization","Description":"Sanctions incurred in cases of non-compliance include fees and prosecution","Countries":[{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. The specifics of this vary depending on the state or territory or provenance."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Fines and imprisonment is outlined for breaching the terms of access and benefit-sharing"},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"The Regulations specify imprisonment and monetary fines enforced in cases of non-compliance."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Breaching of the conditions of this law may be met with a sentence of imprisonment, a cash fine, or both"},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"No penalties specified","Description":"There are no penalties specific to ABS breaches stated in the available legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There are no specific penalties found in the legislation which describe cases of non-compliance."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There are no specific penalties found in the legislation which describe cases of non-compliance."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There are no specific penalties found in the legislation which describe cases of non-compliance."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"}]},{"Name":"Access restrictions","Description":"Sanctions incurred in cases of non-compliance include restrictions on current and/or future access","Countries":[{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may be applied as penalties."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Non-compliance with ABS law will incur revocation of access, as well as a ban on future access."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may be applied as penalties."}]},{"Name":"Fines, criminalization, and access restrictions","Description":"Sanctions incurred in cases of non-compliance include both criminalization (fines or prosecution) and restrictions to access","Countries":[{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Breaching of the conditions of this law may be met with a sentence of imprisonment, a cash fine, or both, as well as confiscation of the sought genetic resource. (Art 54)"},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Fines incurred for \"endangering biodiversity\" might be relevant to breaching access and benefit-sharing mechanisms.  "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"The confiscation of genetic resources, as well as monetary fines and imprisonment are described."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Non-compliance is punished by confisction of the accessed genetic resource, cancellation of the access permit, imprisonment, and monetary fines. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act of 2004 outines legal penalties."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."}]},{"Name":"No ABS legislation identified","Description":"Could not identify any legislation relating to access and/or benefit-sharing.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation exists relevant to forests, traditional medicine, waters, soils, flora, and fauna. No legislation covering genetic resources as it might apply to micro-organisms exists, however."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"The current legislation outlines that penalties of imprisonment and monetary fines will be incurred in cases of breach of regulations, however the regulations mentioned have yet to be published."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"While there is a draft law in motion for the legislation of access and benefit-sharing (n° 56-17), it is not yet active and thus access and benefit-sharing is currently unregulation"},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."}]}]}]},{"Name":"Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Method":"## Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene methods\n\nIn order to facilitate multi-faceted research on the nexus of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), a literature and landscape review was conducted by the research team to identify relevant topics for inclusion in the database. After preliminary policy categories were identified, a subject matter expert (SME) was consulted to verify the relevance of the areas of study. The selected topics explored the policies that may have both direct and indirect effects on the prevalence of AMR microbes in the environment. \n\n### _Identification of Relevant Policies_\n\nThe AMR LEX database (<https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en>), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX) was consulted to find relevant national legislation. Once identified from AMR LEX, policies were located and downloaded from an online repository of national legislation from the country’s domain, where possible. \n\nWhere the relevant legislation was not found on AMR LEX, a standardized series of queries was used to search the internet for appropriate policies. The list of query terms used for each subtopic was developed by conducting a review of the legislation surfaced by various queries for 10 countries to establish which search terms surfaced the most relevant policies. The standardized series of query terms utilized by the research team is listed below. In the case that all queries failed to produce relevant policies, the country was coded as having no relevant policies within that subtopic. \n- Water Quality Standards: 1) “Water Quality Standards Regulations [Insert Country]” 2) “Water Quality Laws [Insert Country]” 3) “[Insert Country] Water Quality Standards”\n- Water Quality Monitoring: 1) “Water Quality Monitoring Policy [Insert Country]” 2) “[Insert Country] Environmental Impact Assessment Laws” 3) “[Insert Country] Environmental Monitoring legislation”\n- Pollutant Disposal in Water Sources: 1) “Water Pollution Regulations [Insert Country]” 2) “Water Pollution Laws [Insert Country]’ 3) “Pollutant Disposal Laws [Insert Country]”\n- Sewerage: 1) “Sewerage Regulations [Insert Country]” 2) “Sewerage Laws [Insert Country]” 3) “[Insert Country] Sanitation Policy” \n- Effluent Wastewater Disposal: 1) “Effluent Wastewater regulations [Insert Country]” 2) “Wastewater disposal regulations [Insert Country]” 3) “[Insert Country] Discharge Standards”\n-  Medical Waste Disposal: 1) “Medical waste policy [Insert Country]’ 2) “Medical Waste Management regulations [Insert Country]” 3) “[Insert Country] hazardous waste laws”\n\nIn many cases, search terms surfaced peer-reviewed publications assessing WASH infrastructure and policy within a country. In these cases, the research team conducted a review of available publications to ascertain the existence of relevant national level policies in that country and identify their titles. Any potentially relevant policies were then searched for by title. When policy titles had been translated into English, Google Translate was used to allow the research team to search for the title in the original language. \n\nOnce a potentially-relevant policy had been identified, a thorough review of the policy language was conducted by the policy team. For policies written in languages other than English or Spanish, Google Translate was used when necessary for policy review. The policy was then assessed based on the Inclusion Criteria. \n\n### _Inclusion Criteria_\n\nPolicies included in the Analysis and Mapping of Policies for Emerging Infectious Disease database are required to be legally binding. Strategies, plans and other documents outlining future actions of the national government or suggesting criteria for the development of legally-binding policies were excluded from this research effort.\n\n**Water Quality Standards**\nWater quality policies included in this database were legally-binding policies that either directly set standards for water quality or mandated that a governmental body do so, including for drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. Any policy that addressed one or all of these categories of water was captured and included in the database. As the type of water quality regulated varied across countries and policies, the category of water covered in the document was noted in the document description. Countries that had published national plans to set water quality standards in the future, or use World Health Organization water quality standards but have not codified this practice, were coded as having no policy establishing water quality standards. Countries that were found to regulate water quality standards at the subnational level were coded as having water quality regulations, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. \n\n**Water Quality Monitoring**\nPolicies included in the subtopic for water quality monitoring mandate that a competent environmental authority within the government either has the power to conduct or regulate the monitoring of residues in water sources. Applicable policies fell into two categories. In one category, included policies stated that, at regular intervals, an entity responsible for ensuring the quality of water was overseeing the testing of water sources to monitor for contamination with pollutants, which could include antimicrobial substances. In the second category, policies included in the database are those that mandate that environmental impact assessments be conducted at sites that were potentially harmful to the environment, such as construction sites, industrial facilities, or agricultural areas. The category for policies in this subtopic was noted in the document description. Countries that were found to conduct monitoring at the subnational level were coded as having a mandate to conduct water quality monitoring, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. \n\n**Pollutant Disposal in Water Sources**\nPolicies included in this subtopic establish legally-binding regulations on point-source pollution. The subtopic was intentionally designed to be broad, allowing for any regulation on chemical discharges into freshwater to be captured. Regulations included in the database establish maximum residue limits, criminalize the unlawful discharge of chemicals in water sources or outline penalties for point-source polluters. Countries that were found to regulate pollutant disposal in water sources at the subnational level were coded as having pollutant disposal regulations, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. \n\n**Sewerage**\nPolicies included in this subtopic are legally-binding regulations on sewerage systems, all of which must have included requirements for sewerage infrastructure. While not used as a standard for inclusion, where available, policies that mandated that sewerage infrastructure be monitored by a competent governmental authority or established procedures for treatment and discharge of domestic sewage were also included. Plans to establish or expand sanitation infrastructure and guidelines for sanitation service provision that were not legally-enforceable were not included in this database. Countries that were found to regulate sewerage at the subnational level were coded as having sewerage regulations, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. \n\n**Effluent Wastewater Disposal**\nEffluent wastewater disposal policies included in this subtopic are legally-binding regulations on the treatment and disposal of wastewater into water sources. Included regulations were those establishing chemical standards and approving discharge locations for wastewater from domestic and industrial locations. Specific regulations on wastewater from agricultural facilities or regulating the use of wastewater in agricultural practices were not included, as they were deemed beyond the scope of the project by the research team. In cases where all categories of wastewater were regulated by a single national policy, that policy was captured and included in the database. Countries that were found to regulate effluent discharge at the subnational level were coded as having effluent discharge regulations, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. \n\n**Medical Waste Disposal**\nMedical waste disposal policies included in this subtopic establish legally-enforceable methods for the management and final disposal of medical and pharmaceutical waste from healthcare or manufacturing facilities. Often, these regulations exist within broader regulations on hazardous waste. In these instances, the research team conducted a rigorous review of the policy language. As countries utilize various terms to encompass medical waste management, hazardous waste policies were included if they contained provisions for the handling and disposal of infectious, hospital, healthcare, bio-medical or medical waste. Guidelines published to inform the development of healthcare waste disposal policies at individual healthcare facilities were not included, as these documents are not legally-enforceable at the national level. Countries that were found to regulate medical waste disposal at the subnational level were coded as having medical waste disposal regulations, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. \n","Subtopics":[{"Name":"Water quality standards","Description":"Water quality has wide ranging implications for human health, as the use and consumption of unsafe water often acts as a route of transmission for many pathogens, including those that express antimicrobial resistant traits. The FAO states that water quality can be safeguarded directly through specific water protection and quality legislation. Adopting water quality policies allow countries to enforce standards that ensure that water being used for consumption and recreation are safe for human use, and that surface and groundwater sources are suitable to support the ecosystem. Thus, knowledge of which countries have legally binding water quality standards is valuable for understanding the role of policy in the relationship between water, human health, and the development of antimicrobial resistant pathogens.\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [Wolf _et al_](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)00458-0/fulltext?s=09)_.,_ the World Health Organization’s_ “_[Developing Drinking-Water Quality Regulations and Standards](https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272969/9789241513944-eng.pdf)_” _and_ _the UN-Water “[Water Quality Policy Brief](https://www.unwater.org/sites/default/files/app/uploads/2017/05/waterquality_policybrief.pdf)”. We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between March and July 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Water quality standards are regulated","Description":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality.  This happens at the provincial level, rather than the national level in Australia. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality.  In Switzerland, water quality regulation is overseen at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality.  In South Africa, this regulation on water quality standards is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality.  In the Federated States of Micronesia, this is regulated at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality.  In Bosnia and Herzegovina, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality.  However, under Law (UU) Number 22 of 1999 concerning Regional Government, power to regulate this sector is devolved to subnational governments. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. In India, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. In Somalia, this regulation on water quality standards is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "}]},{"Name":"Water quality standards are not regulated","Description":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"In Pakistan, water quality standards are left to subnational governments to regulate. However, not all subnational governments have policies for water quality regulations. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"While the Suriname National Adaption Plan 2019-2029 mentions the development of national water quality standards, currently there is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. While there are legally enforceable sanitary measures for bottled water, there are no legally enforceable standards for surface and groundwaters in the country. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Water quality monitoring","Description":"Water contaminants include microorganisms, inorganic and organic chemicals and disinfection byproducts that may be associated with an increased risk of adverse health effects if ingested. Competent environmental authorities empowered to monitor contaminant residue concentrations and microbial contents in water sources may reduce risks of antimicrobial resistance development, as monitoring would allow authorities to identify and rapidly address water pollution with the antimicrobials that create selective pressures on microorganisms in the environment. Intergovernmental bodies, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and UN Water, endeavor to support member state governments in enacting policy for standardized water quality monitoring and reporting systems. The WHO provides health-based drinking-water quality targets with guideline concentration values for substances of concern. Likewise, UN Water provides a global monitoring and reporting dashboard to ensure reliable water quality data and support countries in meeting Sustainable Development Goal 6. Analyzing the global policy landscape that governs environmental monitoring provides insight into _if _and _how _water quality, and, by extension, the presence of conditions favorable to the development of antimicrobial resistance, is assessed and reported across the globe. \n","Source":"The [Methodology for Review of AMR-Relevant Legislation in the Food and Agriculture Sector](https://www.fao.org/3/cb1121en/cb1121en.pdf) and the UN-Water “[Water Quality Policy Brief](https://www.unwater.org/sites/default/files/app/uploads/2017/05/waterquality_policybrief.pdf)” were used to inform the development of this subtopic. We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between March and July 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Water contamination must be monitored","Description":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials.  This happens at the provincial level, rather than the national level in Australia. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. In Switzerland, water quality monitoring is overseen at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. In South Africa, this regulation on water quality monitoring is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials.  In the Federated States of Micronesia, this is regulated at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials.  In Bosnia and Herzegovina, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials.  However, under Law (UU) Number 22 of 1999 concerning Regional Government, power to regulate this sector is devolved to subnational governments. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. In India, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. In Somalia, this regulation on water quality standards is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "}]},{"Name":"Water contamination is not monitored","Description":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Pollutant disposal in water sources","Description":"Point-source pollution is contamination of a water body due to chemical discharges from a single source. Interventions to reduce point-source pollution, often resulting from industrial and agricultural activities, include limiting hazardous waste disposals and recycling waste receptacles. Policies addressing point-source pollution may act as foundational regulatory frameworks for decision-makers working to take action against AMR in their country. Thus,  identifying each countries’ policies on the disposal of pollutants in water sources will allow for an understanding of global preparedness to address AMR through legal action.\n","Source":"The \"[Methodology for Review of AMR-Relevant Legislation in the Food and Agriculture Sector](https://www.fao.org/3/cb1121en/cb1121en.pdf)\" was used to inform the development of this subtopic. We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between March and July 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Pollutant disposal in water sources is regulated","Description":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources.  This happens at the provincial level, rather than the national level in Australia. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. In Sudan, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources, however, in Somalia, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. In the Federated States of Micronesia, this is regulated at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources.  In Bosnia and Herzegovina, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"In Dominica, regulation of pollutant disposal takes place at the subnational level, often within individual villages. For example, see the by-law for St. Joseph Village Council. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "}]},{"Name":"Pollutant disposal in water sources is not regulated","Description":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Effluent wastewater disposal ","Description":"Wastewater has been identified as a significant environmental reservoir for antimicrobial resistant microorganisms (Nguyen et al., 2021). In some instances, wastewater effluent from pharmaceutical manufacturing sites have been found to contain high concentrations of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which, when released into the environment, create the selective pressures that drive the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in the aquatic environment (Larsson et al., 2007).  Identifying policies that regulate the disposal of wastewater from hospitals, medical centers, pharmaceutical production facilities or other establishments where antimicrobials are produced, stored or used is critical to understanding the likelihood of microorganisms in the surrounding environment developing antimicrobial resistance. However, in the majority of countries, wastewater and medical or pharmaceutical waste are regulated under different policies. Therefore, knowing which countries have policies in place to regulate the treatment and disposal of wastewater into water bodies will prove valuable for understanding the substances discharged into a country’s water sources. Likewise, this subtopic will inform broader research on policies regulating effluents from facilities that specifically handle, produce and use antimicrobial substances.\n","Source":"The development of this subtopic was informed by [Larson _et al_](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.008)_ _and [Nguyen _et al_](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146964)_. _During the policy identification process, we consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between March and July 2023.\n\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Effluent wastewater disposal is regulated","Description":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater.  However, in the US, wastewater is regulated at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater.  In Switzerland, this regulation is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater, however, in South Africa, this regulation is done at the subnational level. \n"},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater, however these regulations are issued at the subnational level in Qatar. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater, however, this regulation takes place at the subnational level in Nepal. \n"},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is legislation that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is legislation that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater, however, in Australia, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. \n"},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater, however, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. \n"},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater, however, in the Federated States of Micronesia, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. \n"},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater, however, in Luxembourg, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. \n"},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater"},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "}]},{"Name":"Effluent wastewater disposal is not regulated","Description":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n","Countries":[{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"In Pakistan, wastewater effluent is left to subnational governments to regulate. However, not all subnational governments have policies for wastewater effluent regulations. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. In Yemen, there are strategies for wastewater disposal produced by the government, but no policy that is legally enforceable was found. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Sewerage","Description":"In 2019, a highly regarded paper established a link between untreated domestic sewage, which comes from household and community sources, and the transmission of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. The study took samples from 60 countries, representative of all WHO regions, and found that microbes with genomes containing AMR genes were found in nearly all samples, though relative abundance varied greatly across countries and continents. Moreover, they concluded that untreated domestic sewage that is improperly disposed of or leached from sewerage systems may act as a route of transmission for antimicrobial resistance (Hendriksen et al., 2019). Thus, adequate sanitation infrastructure and regulation may contribute to lowering the burden of AMR. Knowledge of the global policy environment for sewerage systems facilitates global assessments of the risks of AMR transmission through human sewage, but also provides examples of how countries have taken legislative action to mitigate this threat.\n","Source":"The development of this subtopic was informed by [Hendriksen _et al_](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08853-3)_. _During the policy identification process, we consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between March and July 2023.\n\n\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Sewerage is regulated","Description":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Uzbekistan, sanitation services are regulated at the provincial level. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Belgium, sanitation services are regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Bangladesh, sanitation services are regulated at the provincial level. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Austria, sanitation services are regulated at the provincial level. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Australia, sanitation services are regulated at the provincial level. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Argentina, sanitation services are regulated at the provincial level. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in the United States, sanitation services are regulated at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"While in Türkiye there is no singular policy regulating sewerage systems, sewage is regulated through a piecemeal framework of regulations on other topics.  "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Switzerland, sanitation services are regulated at the provincial level. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in South Africa, sanitation services are regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Somalia, sanitation services are regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste.  In Portugal, regulation for sewerage is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in The Netherlands, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Nepal, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Myanmar, this is regulated by subnational governments. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste.  In the Federated States of Micronesia, this is regulated at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Brazil, sanitation services are regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, sanitation services are regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Canada, sanitation services are regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste.  In Botswana, sanitation services are regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Luxembourg, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is policy  that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, under Law (UU) Number 22 of 1999 concerning Regional Government, power to regulate this sector is devolved to subnational governments. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, under the National Sanitation Policy 2006, this power is delegated to subnational governments. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "}]},{"Name":"Sewerage is not regulated","Description":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste.  While some laws exist at the subnational level, sanitation laws do not universally exist in Benin. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. While some laws exist at the subnational level, sanitation laws do not universally exist in Sierra Leone. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"In Pakistan, sewerage standards are left to subnational governments to regulate. However, not all subnational governments have policies for sewerage regulations. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. While a WASH strategy was created in 2019 for adoption by governors of subnational jurisdictions, no policy was found to universally regulate sanitation services. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. While Decree No. 2017-258 of July 17, 2017 setting the conditions for the construction and operation of collective wastewater disposal and purification works states that local authorities must establish community sanitation facilities or systems for the collection, transport and treatment of wastewater, it does not include provisions mandating those localities to regulate or monitor those sewerage systems. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Medical waste disposal","Description":"Medical and pharmaceutical waste, which contains both solid and liquid waste from medical care facilities, as well as discarded medical countermeasures, can pose a risk to human and environmental health when improperly disposed of. Infectious solid waste, liquid wastewater from hospitals and unused antibiotics are of particular concern, as these forms of healthcare waste have been identified as drivers of AMR development when their disposal is unregulated. Thus, mapping medical waste management policies will inform the analysis of varied regulatory approaches that affect the relationship between medical waste disposal, the environment, and the development of antimicrobial resistance. More broadly, this subtopic will facilitate research on policies regulating the disposal of solid wastes and liquid discharges from facilities specifically handling, producing, and using antimicrobial substances. \n","Source":"The development of this subtopic was informed by [Musoke _et al_](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-021-01023-2)_. _During the policy identification process, we consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between March and July 2023.\n\n\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Medical waste disposal is regulated","Description":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in Japan, this regulation is done at the prefecture level. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in the United States, this regulation takes place at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in Canada, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in Australia, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. Within the country, subnational jurisdictions have also created their own policies for medical waste disposal. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. However, in Luxembourg, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in Mexico, this is regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities, however, according to the General Solid Wastes Act, this regulation takes place at the subnational level in Peru. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. There is an international agreement between San Marino and Italy to allow medical waste to be exported to Italian lands for processing and disposal. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. However, this is a subnational responsibility, per the Public Health Ordinance of 1960, but entities handling clinical waste must report to the Environmental Protection Agency under the Environmental Protection Agency Act of 2008. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities, however, according to the National Environmental (Municipal Solid Waste) Regulations No. 1 of 2009, this is regulated at the subnational level in Sri Lanka. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in the UAE, this regulation takes place at the emirate level. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in the Federated States of Micronesia, this is regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in Myanmar, this is regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "}]},{"Name":"Medical waste disposal is not regulated","Description":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. While some municipalities have regulations, medical and pharmaceutical waste disposal is not well or uniformly regulated in Lesotho. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"While there is a strategic plan, there is no legally binding policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"While there was a National Medical Waste Plan drafted in 2022 it has not been passed into laws, thus, there is no legally binding policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"While the government of Bangladesh has published guidelines for hospital waste disposal, there is no legally binding policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"While the government of Burundi has published guidelines for hospital waste disposal, there is no legally binding policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"While there are policies that requires the subnational government in Pakistan to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities, these policies do not universally exist at the provincial level. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. Papua New Guinea utilizes the WHO medical waste disposal guidelines, but there is no legally binding national policy for handling this category of hazardous waste. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. While the Waste Management Act defines hazardous waste as any waste that could cause harm to human health, the legislation does not specifically regulate medical or pharmaceutical waste. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. In 2013, the Integrated Solid Waste/Resource Management Policy for Trinidad and Tobago was published, but this document was not legally binding, rather it contained a ten year plan for the creation of medical waste disposal regulations. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"The National Waste Management Strategy (2011-2014) stated that the Central Board of Health was responsible for the management of medical waste, yet the strategy was not legally enforceable. Thus, there is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. In Laos, there is policy that applies to waste from production facilities of veterinary medicines, but not to human healthcare entities. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]}]},{"Name":"Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture","Method":"## Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture methods\n\nThe research team collected data on policies directly relevant to antimicrobial resistance, such as policy on the prescription and sale of veterinary antimicrobials, as well as policy which indirectly addresses antimicrobial resistance through the management of animal health, such as regulating animal movement to prevent and control the spread of communicable diseases in animals. Data on relevant feed policies, in particular relating to the prophylactic use of antimicrobials and medicated feed were also collected.\n\n### _Identification of relevant policies_\n\nThe [AMR LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, was consulted to find relevant national legislation. This was then cross-checked with the country's own legislature online, where possible. Where the relevant legislation was not found on AMR LEX, the country's legislature website was consulted directly. For certain subtopics, the [WHO Global Database for Tracking Antimicrobial Resistance Country Self-Assessment Survey (TrACSS)](https://amrcountryprogress.org/#/table-view) was also cross-referenced where available. These were accessed between January and May 2023.\n\nPolicies included in the Analysis and Mapping of Policies for Emerging Infectious Disease database are required to be legally binding. Strategies, plans and other documents outlining future actions of the national government or suggesting criteria for the development of legally-binding policies were excluded from this research effort. Policies enacted at the national-level were collated within the database. Countries in which categories of policies are found universally at the subnational level were coded as having the associated policy, but the documents themselves were not collected within the document repository. Instead, the status justification was used to note that the policy existed at the subnational level. \n\nWhen no policy could be surfaced through identification methods, the status for that category of policy was marked as the country not having an applicable policy. \n\n### _Inclusion criteria_\n\nOnce potentially relevant policies were identified, the following criteria were utilized to assess their applicability for inclusion in the database:\n\n**Competent veterinary authority**\nPolicies included under this subtopic identify and empower a veterinary authority to oversee and regulate the practice of veterinary practitioners within their jurisdiction. Policies that did not identify a veterinary authority or grant the veterinary authority the power to regulate veterinarians or that planned future strategies to empower a regulatory body overseeing veterinary practitioners were not included. \n\n**Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products**\nPolicies under this topic outline legally-enforceable standards for the qualifications of personnel prescribing veterinary medications. Included policies may address the academic and/or professional qualifications required for legal prescription of veterinary drugs, which may include antimicrobials. Guidelines for personnel prescribing veterinary medicines that were not legally enforceable or did not require that the personnel have acquired a standardized level of qualification were excluded from the database. \n\n**Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products**\nPolicies in this category create a legal framework for transactions involving veterinary medical products. Included policies must create a legally-enforceable mechanism for regulating the sale and prescription of veterinary drugs. These policies must not merely outline qualifications for those individuals approved to prescribe drugs, but must create a standardized framework for the conditions that warrant their prescription and sale. The majority of policies in this category outlined a list of ‘prescription only medicines’ (POMs), which included antimicrobials for veterinary use.\n\n**Prophylactic use of antimicrobials**\nPolicies under this topic must create a regulatory framework for the use of antimicrobial substances in animal agriculture. Policies that either banned or restricted the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in terrestrial and aquatic farmed animals were included in this database. Policies underwent a rigorous language review to be categorized as applying only to terrestrial animals, only to aquatic animals, to all farmed animals, or having no regulation on the use of antimicrobials in farming. Policies that outlined best practices for the use of AGPs, yet were not legally-enforceable, were excluded. \n\n**Medicated feed**\nPolicies in this category regulate the use of medicated feed in farmed animals within a jurisdiction. Included legally-enforceable frameworks must ban or limit the use of medicated feed in agricultural facilities.\n","Subtopics":[{"Name":"Competent veterinary authority","Description":"A key aspect of veterinary legislation's contribution to global health security involves the identification of competent veterinary authority. As delineated by the WOAH Terrestrial Code and the Codex Code of Practice to Minimize and Contain Antimicrobial Resistance, this authority holds the regulatory power to oversee the endorsement, production, distribution, and application of veterinary medical products to ensure they are aligned with established standards, minimizing risks to public health, animal welfare, and the environment. With the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) posing a significant global health concern, a competent veterinary authority can help to implement measures that curb inappropriate use of antibiotics and other antimicrobials which can contribute to the development and spread of drug-resistant pathogens. This includes the authority to restrict specific activities, such as veterinary product prescription and sales, exclusively to authorized professionals like veterinarians. Knowing which countries have legislation in place identifying and empowering a competent veterinary authority allows for the monitoring and assessment of regulatory frameworks to understand the level of preparedness and capacity of different nations to address AMR emergence and other potential disease outbreaks.\n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between January and May 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Competent veterinary authority is not identified","Description":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."}]},{"Name":"Competent veterinary authority is identified","Description":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation.\n\nNote: The competent veterinary authority is defined at a state level in Australia."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation.\n\nNote: Separate legislation exists for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. There also exists separate legislation for certain diseases, such as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and avian influenza. For more information see https://www.legislation.gov.uk/."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation.The competent veterinary authority is defined at a provincial level in Canada."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on qualifications for prescribing antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation regulating the prescription and sale of antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs)."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on medicated feed."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."}]}]},{"Name":"Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Description":"Effective management of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) includes responsible antimicrobial usage and prescription. To ensure that qualified professionals are equipped to address AMR effectively, legislation can define the academic and professional qualifications required for veterinary practice and prescription of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. By outlining and mapping which countries have required such qualifications, stakeholders such as researchers, veterinarians, and public health authorities can gain a clearer understanding of the global standards that guide antimicrobial use. This facilitates informed decision-making, collaboration, and implementation of measures to promote prudent antimicrobial practices.\n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between January and May 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Qualifications are required to prescribe veterinary medical products including antimicrobials","Description":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials.\n\nNote: Legislation on prescription of antimicrobials for veterinary use exists at the state level in Australia. The AVPMA notes that state and territory governments regulate the use of veterinary antibiotic products after retail sale. State and territory legislation are currently being amended with the intent that similar laws will apply across Australia. See https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-pubs-cdi-2003-cdi27suppl-htm-cdi27supc.htm "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials.\n\nNote: Legislation on qualifications required for prescribing veterinary medical products exists on a provincial level. For example, see The Veterinarians Act (Ontario) at https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90v03. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials.\n\nNote: Legislation on qualifications required for prescribing veterinary medical products exists on a State level. For example, see the law on Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry in Washington State Legislature at https://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=18.92. "},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."}]},{"Name":"Qualifications are not required to prescribe veterinary medical products including antimicrobials","Description":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on qualifications for prescribing antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation regulating the prescription and sale of antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs)."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on medicated feed."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."}]}]},{"Name":"Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Description":"Balanced and responsible use of antimicrobial agents is a key factor in minimizing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Policy plays a significant role in this context, with one strategy involving the regulation of over-the-counter sales of antimicrobials for veterinary use. This helps prevent the unnecessary or improper administration of antimicrobials, which can contribute to the development of AMR. Analyzing the global landscape of legislation that governs the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials, proves valuable for comprehending varied regulatory approaches and highlighting the significance of these policies in addressing AMR.\n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between January and May 2023. The [Global Database for Tracking Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Country Self-Assessment Survey (TrACSS)](https://amrcountryprogress.org/#/table-view) was also cross-referenced where available. These sites were accessed between January and May 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Prescription and sale of antimicrobials is regulated","Description":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use.\n\nNote: Legislation on prescription of antimicrobials for veterinary use exists at the state level in Australia. The AVPMA notes that state and territory governments regulate the use of veterinary antibiotic products after retail sale. State and territory legislation are currently being amended with the intent that similar laws will apply across Australia. See https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-pubs-cdi-2003-cdi27suppl-htm-cdi27supc.htm "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use.\n\nNote: Legislation on the prescription of veterinary medical products exists on a provincial level. For example, see Veterinary Drugs Act (British Columbia) at https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/18002."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."}]},{"Name":"Prescription and sale of antimicrobials is not regulated","Description":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on qualifications for prescribing antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation regulating the prescription and sale of antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs)."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on medicated feed."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."}]}]},{"Name":"Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Description":"Antimicrobial  substances (AMs) inhibit or eliminate bacteria and are often administered in agricultural practices prophylactically at doses below therapeutic levels. These are utilized in intensive terrestrial and aquatic farming to increase yield. However, excessive usage of AMs can lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations. Hence, curbing their use is essential to curtail the further proliferation and development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Legislation can address this concern by either banning or restricting the utilization of antibiotics for non-therapeutic purposes, notably growth promotion. While the specifics of banned AM combinations may vary across countries, identifying which countries have integrated any regulations on AMs for farmed animals is useful in the absence of comprehensive risk assessments. This identification offers valuable insights into jurisdictions that have placed priority on addressing this matter through legislative means.\n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between January and May 2023. The [Global Database for Tracking Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Country Self-Assessment Survey (TrACSS)](https://amrcountryprogress.org/#/table-view) was also cross-referenced where available. These sites were accessed between January and May 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Prophylactic use of antimicrobials is banned or restricted in terrestrial animals only","Description":"There is legislation restricting or banning the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) for livestock in the absence of risk analysis.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."}]},{"Name":"Prophylactic use of antimicrobials is not banned or restricted in terrestrial or aquatic animals","Description":"There is no legislation restricting or banning the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) for livestock.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming.  "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation restricting or banning the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on qualifications for prescribing antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation regulating the prescription and sale of antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs)."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on medicated feed."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."}]},{"Name":"Prophylactic use of antimicrobials is banned or restricted in both terrestrial and aquatic animals","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. This happens at the state level in India, and an example from Sikkim is provided. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "}]}]},{"Name":"Medicated feed","Description":"In the context of animal husbandry, animal feed often incorporates additives and components with antimicrobial properties.  One specific category, known as medicated feed, includes veterinary medical products and serves purposes ranging from disease treatment and prevention to growth promotion in animals. Various antimicrobials can be incorporated as feed additives, but their presence can contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Consequently, some countries have established legislation which seeks to limit or prohibit the utilization of medicated feed given the risks of AMR. Discerning which countries have enacted regulatory frameworks to oversee the application of medicated feed provides a lens into the multifaceted strategies employed at a national level, but also facilitates a comprehensive assessment of AMR risks inherent in the realms of livestock production and agricultural practices.\n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between January and May 2023. The [Global Database for Tracking Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Country Self-Assessment Survey (TrACSS)](https://amrcountryprogress.org/#/table-view) was also cross-referenced where available. These sites were accessed between January and May 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Use of medicated feed is regulated","Description":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."}]},{"Name":"Use of medicated feed is not regulated","Description":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on qualifications for prescribing antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation regulating the prescription and sale of antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs)."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on medicated feed."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."}]}]}]},{"Name":"Childhood vaccination","Method":"## Childhood vaccination methods\n\nThe research team conducted a literature and landscape review to identify policies directly relevant to childhood vaccination. After preliminary policy categories were identified, a subject matter expert (SME) was consulted to verify the relevance of the areas of study. Previous analyses of vaccination policies have focused on mandates within individual countries or geographical regions. This project represents the most comprehensive mapping of legally enforceable childhood and emergency immunization policy to date. \n\n\\*Note: The childhood vaccination and general vaccination topics were led by the same member of the research team and were conducted simultaneously, as there is significant overlap in the topics. Thus, the methodology is largely the same for both topics, except for the inclusion criteria used for subtopic categories. \n\n### _Country selection_\n\nThe research team analyzed routine childhood and emergency vaccination policies for 192 of the United Nations (UN) Member States, as well as the Holy See (Vatican City) and Taiwan. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (ROK) was excluded due to a lack of publicly available policy information. \n\n### _Definitions_\n\nOnly legally binding policies were included in the study. To capture the diversity of ways in which countries codify their rules and regulations, in this work, policy was used as a broad term to describe a legally binding document produced by a competent governing authority to control the conduct of individuals and entities within their jurisdiction. For this work, we categorized legally binding policies as those that included specific enforcement mechanisms in the document or associated with a penal code that could be used to require parties within the jurisdiction to comply with the document's contents. Strategies, plans, and other documents outlining future actions of the national government or suggesting criteria for the development of legally binding policies were excluded from this research effort. Similarly, documents codifying country participation in the World Health Organization’s Expanded Programme on Immunizations (EPI) or other similar vaccination campaigns offering vaccinations to the population are not legally binding for citizens and were therefore excluded from this database.\n\nVaccination mandates vary significantly across nations and regions. However, this work necessitated a standardized definition for systematic application across all contexts included in this analysis. We therefore defined mandatory vaccination policy as a legally enforceable rule by which individuals are mandated to be vaccinated or to have their dependents vaccinated against one or more diseases.\n\nA condition for inclusion in this research was that the policy had to be valid and capable of being enforced. Separately, we assessed enforcement mechanisms as specific language included in policies. Thus, legally enforceable policy and the existence of an enforcement mechanism are not synonymous, as provisions within a policy can lack a clear scheme for enforcement. \n\nRoutine childhood vaccination is the immunization of individuals legally categorized as children on a prescribed interval for a set of conditions, per internationally agreed best practices. Emergency vaccination, on the other hand, is used in this work to describe vaccinations that are prescribed as the result of an acute threat facing a population (e.g. war, natural disaster, disease outbreak), and may not limited to a particular demographic group within a population. \n\nPolicies created to mandate vaccination against COVID-19 have been previously described and were outside the scope of this work. These policies do not appear in our database. We do, however, include policies that address general emergency vaccination powers, many of which were utilized for COVID-19 vaccinations. \n\n### _Identification of relevant policies_\n\nA standardized series of queries was used to search for appropriate policies. The standardized query terms used for each topic were developed through a literature review and then evaluated by reviewing the legislation surfaced by various queries for a 10-country pilot study to establish which search terms returned the most relevant policies. Throughout policy identification, all searches were first conducted in English. For countries where English is not utilized to conduct governmental affairs, Google Translate was used to translate the queries into the language used by the targeted country’s government. If all queries failed to produce relevant policies, the country was coded as having no relevant policies identified within that subtopic. In each case, a literature review was conducted to verify that no vaccination mandates are currently enforceable within that country. \n\nOnce a potentially relevant, legally binding policy had been identified, a thorough review of the policy language was conducted by the research team. For policies written in languages other than those spoken by the research team, Google Translate was used for policy review and a fluent speaker was contacted to confirm translation, where applicable. The policy was then assessed based on the inclusion criteria. \n\n### _Country status and inclusion criteria_\n\nAny country found to mandate childhood or emergency vaccinations universally at the subnational level, such as the USA, was coded as having that category of regulation, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. The regulation of a policy category in a country at the subnational level was verified by identifying national-level policy devolving power over the specified sector to a subnational governing body. Countries in which some provinces have enforceable vaccination mandates, while others do not, were coded as having no relevant policy. This was the case for Canada, which only had vaccine mandates for Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba provinces. This also applied to Pakistan, which only had identifiable vaccination requirements in Sindh province. \n\nAdditionally, in many cases, the legally enforceable policy mandated that the relevant authority, often the Ministry of Health, set a calendar of diseases for which vaccinations must be routinely administered to children. In these cases, the research team surfaced the most recent version of this immunization calendar on the target country’s domain and used that calendar in conjunction with the policy authorizing its creation for inclusion criteria assessment. \n\nInclusion criteria were used to perform a standardized, yet flexible review of the contents of policies across the diversity of socio-political contexts present in UN Member States. The inclusion criteria were used to assess which subcategories were contained within each policy. The inclusion criteria framework used in this study is described below.\n\n**Measles**\nPolicies included in this database were those legally binding policies that mandated that children residing in the country be vaccinated against measles with a measles-containing vaccine. To meet the criteria, this policy must have either directly stated that children were required to be vaccinated against measles or empowered a competent authority to set a mandatory vaccination calendar that included vaccination against measles. Countries that were found to universally mandate vaccination at the subnational level were coded as having mandatory vaccination against measles and the status justification was used to note which level of government the applicable policy could be located. \n\n**Polio**\nPolicies included in this database are those legally binding policies that mandate that children residing in the country be vaccinated against polio. To meet the criteria, this policy must have either directly stated that children were required to be vaccinated against polio or empowered a competent authority to set a mandatory vaccination calendar that included a vaccination against polio. Countries that were found to universally mandate vaccination at the subnational level were coded as having mandatory vaccination against polio and the status justification was used to note which level of government the applicable policy could be located. \n\n**Diptheria**\nPolicies included in this database are those legally binding policies that mandate that children residing in the country be vaccinated against diphtheria. To meet the criteria, this policy must have either directly stated that children were required to be vaccinated against diphtheria or empowered a competent authority to set a mandatory vaccination calendar that included a vaccination against diphtheria. Countries that were found to universally mandate vaccination at the subnational level were coded as having mandatory vaccination against diphtheria and the status justification was used to note which level of government the applicable policy could be located. \n\n**Tuberculosis**\nPolicies included in this database are those legally binding policies that mandate that children residing in the country be vaccinated against tuberculosis. To meet the criteria, this policy must have either directly stated that children were required to be vaccinated against tuberculosis or empowered a competent authority to set a mandatory vaccination calendar that included a vaccination against tuberculosis. Countries that were found to universally mandate vaccination at the subnational level were coded as having mandatory vaccination against tuberculosis and the status justification was used to note which level of government the applicable policy could be located. \n\n**Varicella**\nPolicies included in this database are those legally binding policies that mandate that children residing in the country be vaccinated against varicella. To meet the criteria, this policy must have either directly stated that children were required to be vaccinated against varicella or empowered a competent authority to set a mandatory vaccination calendar that included vaccination against varicella. Countries that were found to universally mandate vaccination at the subnational level were coded as having mandatory vaccination against varicella and the status justification was used to note which level of government the applicable policy could be located. \n","Subtopics":[{"Name":"Measles vaccination","Description":"Measles, a viral disease transmitted via respiratory droplets, is one of the most contagious pathogens known, with an estimated basic reproduction number of 13. The virus can remain active and infectious for up to two hours in the air and on fomites. Measles is estimated to kill over 100,000 people per year, mostly in low- and middle-income countries with weak healthcare infrastructure. Disease morbidity is highly concentrated in children under the age of five. While there is no specific treatment for measles, prevention with vaccination is critical to reducing morbidity and mortality related to the disease. \n\nMeasles-containing vaccines (MCV), often administered in the MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) vaccination are highly effective in preventing measles disease. An estimated 95% of a given population must be fully vaccinated with two doses of MCV to ensure herd immunity, yet in 2022, just 74% of the world’s youth population had completed the immunization regimen. In 2022, less than 80% of children in the African and Eastern Mediterranean WHO regions, as well as the Region of the Americas, received two doses of  MCV. Moreover, no WHO region achieved the 95% threshold of MCV coverage necessary for herd immunity. \n\nTo encourage childhood vaccination, some countries make certain routine vaccinations mandatory for citizens and residents. Here, we track the diseases that have a legal mandate for children to be routinely vaccinated against measles. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. Information on measles came from the [WHO Measles Fact Sheet](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles) and the [WHO Measles Vaccination Coverage dashboard](https://immunizationdata.who.int/pages/coverage/mcv.html?GROUP=WHO_REGIONS&ANTIGEN=MCV2&YEAR=&CODE=).\n\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Measles vaccination is required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. No vaccines in this country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge.  "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge.  "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in all 50 states in this country."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "}]},{"Name":"Measles vaccination is not required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. In some, but not all provinces, Measles vaccines are mandated. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country except that for Rotavirus are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Mandated vaccinations are decided at the subnational level in this country. There is some evidence that some vaccines are required in some regions of Pakistan, but there are not universal childhood vaccine requirements. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, most vaccines offered in the country are required to be reimbursed by compulsory health insurance. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccinations are required to be free in the country. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free so long as children receive them in alignment with the vaccination calendar. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. While childhood vaccination is legally mandated, there is no available source for specific required vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Polio vaccination","Description":"Poliovirus is transmitted via either the fecal-oral route or via respiratory droplets. The virus causes flu-like symptoms in about 25% of cases, meningitis in 1-5% of cases, and can lead to paralysis in 0.5% of cases. The case-fatality rate for individuals with polio-related paralysis is 5-10%. \n\nThere are two available vaccinations against poliovirus: Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). As suggested by the name, IPV utilizes an inactivated (killed) virus to prime the immune system to rapidly react to, and clear, subsequent poliovirus infections. IPV must be administered via intradermal injection and tends to be readily available in high-income countries. By contrast, OPV utilizes an attenuated (weakened) virus to stimulate an immune response in the recipient. The OPV can be widely and conveniently distributed, as it requires oral administration rather than injection. For this reason, OPV tends to be used in low- and middle-income countries without significant healthcare infrastructure. While OPV is extraordinarily safe for the recipient, due to the attenuated virus in the formulation, the vaccinated individual may be able to shed the virus during defecation. If contracted by an un- or under-vaccinated individual, this may lead to the outbreak of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). Therefore, the administration of OPV requires adequate vaccination coverage to prevent cVDPV. Widespread vaccination against poliovirus has been critical to preventing community transmission of the disease. Due to high rates of preventative vaccination, wild-type poliovirus (WPV) remains endemic in only Afghanistan and Pakistan. \n\nTo maintain polio vaccination rates and prevent disease outbreaks, many countries mandate the administration of poliovirus vaccinations for children. Here, we track which countries have such requirements for citizens and residents. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. Information on polio came from the [US CDC](https://www.cdc.gov/polio/what-is-polio/index.htm#:~:text=Polio%2C%20or%20poliomyelitis%2C%20is%20a,move%20parts%20of%20the%20body) and the [Children's Hospital of Philadelphia](https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/polio-vaccine#:~:text=The%20inactivated%20polio%20vaccine%20).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Poliovirus vaccination is required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country except that for Rotavirus are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in all 50 states in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."}]},{"Name":"Poliovirus vaccination is not required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. In some, but not all provinces, Polio vaccines are mandated. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Mandated vaccinations are decided at the subnational level in this country. There is some evidence that some vaccines are required in some regions of Pakistan, but there are not universal childhood vaccine requirements. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, most vaccines offered in the country are required to be reimbursed by compulsory health insurance. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccinations are required to be free in the country. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free so long as children receive them in alignment with the vaccination calendar. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. While childhood vaccination is legally mandated, there is no available source for specific required vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Diphtheria vaccination","Description":"Diphtheria is a disease caused by the production of diphtheria exotoxin by the _Corynebacterium_ _diphtheriae _bacteria. These bacteria are primarily spread by respiratory droplets and must be treated with a combination of antitoxin and antibiotics. The disease can lead to death in 5-10% of infected individuals over the age of five with access to these medications. Despite access to treatment, in children under five years of age, diphtheria can cause death in up to 20% of cases. For individuals without adequate access to antitoxins, the case fatality rate can reach up to 40%. However, the completed vaccination regimen given for diphtheria has an efficacy of 97% in preventing disease. Here, we track the countries that mandate the routine vaccination of children against diphtheria. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. Information on diphtheria came from the [US CDC](https://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/about/causes-transmission.html) and the article \"[Duration of Immunity and Effectiveness of Diphtheria-Tetanus–Acellular Pertussis Vaccines in Children](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6547082/)\" by Domenech de Cellès, Rohani, and King.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Diphtheria vaccination is required ","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. No vaccines in this country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in all 50 states in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "}]},{"Name":"Diphtheria vaccination is not required ","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. In some, but not all provinces, Diphtheria vaccines are mandated. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country except that for Rotavirus are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Mandated vaccinations are decided at the subnational level in this country. There is some evidence that some vaccines are required in some regions of Pakistan, but there are not universal childhood vaccine requirements. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, most vaccines offered in the country are required to be reimbursed by compulsory health insurance. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccinations are required to be free in the country. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free so long as children receive them in alignment with the vaccination calendar. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. While childhood vaccination is legally mandated, there is no available source for specific required vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free and schools may require this vaccine for entry. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Tuberculosis vaccination","Description":"An estimated 1.8 billion people worldwide are infected with _Mycobacterium tuberculosis, _the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB). This respiratory pathogen is estimated to kill over 1 million people each year, with over 80% of cases and deaths occurring in individuals residing in low- and middle-income countries. Treatment of active TB requires access and adherence to a 4-6 month antibiotic regimen. Incomplete or incorrect TB treatment has greatly contributed to the development of Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB), which threatens to exacerbate morbidity and mortality as a result of TB infection. \n\nThe bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is administered to prevent TB infection. Despite the availability of the BCG vaccine, there is conflicting evidence on the preventive capabilities of the vaccine against pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB. Likewise, available evidence suggests that the efficacy and durability of BCG may vary significantly based on multiple factors, including time of vaccination and method of vaccination administration. However, when administered intradermally at birth, BCG generally prevents significant morbidity and mortality from TB for at least the first five years of life. To protect young children from disease and death as a result of TB, some countries require vaccination against the disease during the postnatal period. Here, we track the countries that mandate TB vaccination for children residing domestically. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. Information on tuberculosis came from the [WHO Tuberculosis Fact Sheet](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis#:~:text=Worldwide%2C%20TB%20is%20the%20second,all%20countries%20and%20age%20groups). We also consulted \"[History of the BCG Vaccine](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3749764/)\" by Luca and Mihaescu, and \"[Infant BCG vaccination and risk of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis throughout the life course: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10406427/)\" by Martinez et al. \n\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Tuberculosis vaccination is required ","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "}]},{"Name":"Tuberculosis vaccination is not required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country except that for Rotavirus are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. \n"},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Mandated vaccinations are decided at the subnational level in this country. There is some evidence that some vaccines are required in some regions of Pakistan, but there are not universal childhood vaccine requirements. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, most vaccines offered in the country are required to be reimbursed by compulsory health insurance. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccinations are required to be free in the country. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free so long as children receive them in alignment with the vaccination calendar. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. While childhood vaccination is legally mandated, there is no available source for specific required vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in any of the 50 states in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Description":"Varicella, commonly known as chickenpox, is a disease caused by contraction of the varicella-zoster virus. Respiratory secretions, including droplets and aerosols, facilitate the transmission of the virus from person to person. Emerging evidence also suggests that contact with varicella skin lesions may drive transmission. While varicella tends to be a relatively mild disease in children, it can cause severe complications and death in neonates and immunocompromised populations. Moreover, children with a history of chickenpox infection may develop shingles, a disease caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which may cause more serious morbidity and mortality in elderly populations. \n\nVaricella can be prevented with a varicella-containing vaccine. Often this immunization is given in a singular formulation, though may also be included in the Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella vaccine (MMRV). Varicella has traditionally been conceived of as a less consequential disease relative to those with higher case-fatality rates. Thus, the demand for vaccinations against the disease has tended to be lower. However, protecting vulnerable members of the community, such as immunocompromised children, requires achieving herd immunity through vaccination. Here, we track the countries that mandate routine vaccination against varicella for children. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. Information on chickenpox (varicella) came from the [WHO Varicella page](https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/varicella#:~:text=Varicella%20(chickenpox)%20is%20an%20acute,humans%20are%20the%20only%20reservoir) and \"[Varicella zoster virus infection](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5381807/)\" by Gershon et al. \n\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination is required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in all 50 states in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "}]},{"Name":"Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination is not required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. In some, but not all provinces, Varicella vaccines are mandated. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country except that for Rotavirus are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all mandatory vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country except seasonal influenza  are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Mandated vaccinations are decided at the subnational level in this country. There is some evidence that some vaccines are required in some regions of Pakistan, but there are not universal childhood vaccine requirements. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, most vaccines offered in the country are required to be reimbursed by compulsory health insurance. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all mandatory vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccinations are required to be free in the country. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free so long as children receive them in alignment with the vaccination calendar. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. While childhood vaccination is legally mandated, there is no available source for specific required vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country.  "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]}]},{"Name":"General vaccination policies","Method":"## General vaccination policies methods\n\nThe research team conducted a literature and landscape review to identify general and emergency vaccination policies. After preliminary policy categories were identified, a subject matter expert (SME) was consulted to verify the relevance of the areas of study. Previous analyses of vaccination policies have focused on mandates within individual countries or geographical regions. This project represents the most comprehensive mapping of legally enforceable general and emergency immunization policy to date.\n\n\\*Note: The childhood vaccination and general vaccination topics were led by the same member of the research team and were conducted simultaneously, as there is significant overlap in the topics. Thus, the methodology is largely the same for both topics, except for the inclusion criteria used for subtopic categories.\n\n### _Country selection_\n\nThe research team analyzed routine childhood and emergency vaccination policies for 192 of the United Nations (UN) Member States, as well as the Holy See (Vatican City) and Taiwan. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (ROK) was excluded due to a lack of publicly available policy information.\n\n### _Definitions_\n\nOnly legally binding policies were included in the study. To capture the diversity of ways in which countries codify their rules and regulations, in this work, policy was used as a broad term to describe a legally binding document produced by a competent governing authority to control the conduct of individuals and entities within their jurisdiction. For this work, we categorized legally binding policies as those that included specific enforcement mechanisms in the document or associated with a penal code that could be used to require parties within the jurisdiction to comply with the document's contents. Strategies, plans, and other documents outlining future actions of the national government or suggesting criteria for the development of legally binding policies were excluded from this research effort. Similarly, documents codifying country participation in the World Health Organization’s Expanded Programme on Immunizations (EPI) or other similar vaccination campaigns offering vaccinations to the population are not legally binding for citizens and were therefore excluded from this database.\n\nVaccination mandates vary significantly across nations and regions. However, this work necessitated a standardized definition for systematic application across all contexts included in this analysis. We therefore defined mandatory vaccination policy as a legally enforceable rule by which individuals are mandated to be vaccinated or to have their dependents vaccinated against one or more diseases.\n\nA condition for inclusion in this research was that the policy had to be valid and capable of being enforced. Separately, we assessed enforcement mechanisms as specific language included in policies. Thus, legally enforceable policy and the existence of an enforcement mechanism are not synonymous, as provisions within a policy can lack a clear scheme for enforcement.\n\nRoutine childhood vaccination is the immunization of individuals legally categorized as children on a prescribed interval for a set of conditions, per internationally agreed best practices. Emergency vaccination, on the other hand, is used in this work to describe vaccinations that are prescribed as the result of an acute threat facing a population (e.g. war, natural disaster, disease outbreak), and may not limited to a particular demographic group within a population.\n\nPolicies created to mandate vaccination against COVID-19 have been previously described and were outside the scope of this work. These policies do not appear in our database. We do, however, include policies that address general emergency vaccination powers, many of which were utilized for COVID-19 vaccinations.\n\n### _Identification of relevant policies_\n\nA standardized series of queries was used to search for appropriate policies. The standardized query terms used for each topic were developed through a literature review and then evaluated by reviewing the legislation surfaced by various queries for a 10-country pilot study to establish which search terms returned the most relevant policies. Throughout policy identification, all searches were first conducted in English. For countries where English is not utilized to conduct governmental affairs, Google Translate was used to translate the queries into the language used by the targeted country’s government. If all queries failed to produce relevant policies, the country was coded as having no relevant policies identified within that subtopic. In each case, a literature review was conducted to verify that no vaccination mandates are currently enforceable within that country.\n\nOnce a potentially relevant, legally binding policy had been identified, a thorough review of the policy language was conducted by the research team. For policies written in languages other than those spoken by the research team, Google Translate was used for policy review and a fluent speaker was contacted to confirm translation, where applicable. The policy was then assessed based on the inclusion criteria.\n\n### _Country status and inclusion criteria_\n\nAny country found to mandate childhood or emergency vaccinations universally at the subnational level, such as the USA, was coded as having that category of regulation, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. The regulation of a policy category in a country at the subnational level was verified by identifying national-level policy devolving power over the specified sector to a subnational governing body. Countries in which some provinces have enforceable vaccination mandates, while others do not, were coded as having no relevant policy. This was the case for Canada, which only had vaccine mandates for Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba provinces. This also applied to Pakistan, which only had identifiable vaccination requirements in Sindh province.\n\nInclusion criteria were used to perform a standardized, yet flexible review of the contents of policies across the diversity of socio-political contexts present in UN Member States. The inclusion criteria were used to assess which subcategories were contained within each policy. The inclusion criteria framework used in this study is described below.\n\n**Childhood vaccination requirement**\nDocuments included in this subtopic were those legally binding policies that required parents or guardians of all children residing within the country of interest to be vaccinated against at least one disease. Policies that remained valid and required only vaccination against Smallpox for children are included in this database. Policies that meet the criteria for this category fall into two categories. Either, the policies directly mandated which diseases children were required to be vaccinated against, or the policy mandated that a competent authority set a calendar of mandatory vaccinations. Plans for mass vaccination campaigns or implementing legislation for the World Health Organization’s Expanded Programme on Immunizations (EPI) that did not mandate vaccination were excluded from this database. Countries that were found to universally mandate vaccination at the subnational level were coded as having a childhood vaccination requirement and the status justification was used to note which level of government the applicable policy could be located. \n\n**Enforcement of childhood vaccination**\nPolicies included in this subtopic defined the mechanisms employed to enforce routine childhood vaccination mandates. These documents contained specific language indicating the sanctions or penalties that would be applied to individuals who failed to comply with mandatory vaccinations. To capture the diverse ways in which countries attempted to increase the fulfillment of childhood vaccination mandates, the research team defined an enforcement mechanism as a consequence specifically designed to punish noncompliance with vaccine mandates.\n\n**Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement**\nThis subtopic included policies that created a legal mandate for individuals to be exempt from routine vaccination mandates. These exemptions may fall into two categories, namely medical and non-medical exemptions. Medical exemptions were defined as those that were granted to an individual who was determined by a healthcare professional to be ineligible for a vaccination due to a physical health condition. By contrast, a non-medical exemption was any exemption granted due to religious, philosophical, or ideological principles that precluded an individual from receiving a vaccination. It is widely understood that medical exemptions are recognized in every country in the world; however, these exemptions are not always codified in the legally enforceable policy. Only those legally enforceable policies that included provisions for exemptions from routine vaccination were included. \n\n**Emergency vaccination**\nPolicies included in this subtopic were those that grant a competent authority the power to implement compulsory vaccination upon some or all of the individuals living under their jurisdiction during an emergency. While some policies broadly granted governments the right to take any action that is reasonable and necessary in the event of an emergency, only those policies that explicitly stated that governments have the right to implement compulsory vaccination were included in the database.\n\n**Enforcement of emergency vaccination**\nThis subtopic included only policies that define the mechanisms employed to enforce compulsory emergency vaccinations. These documents contained specific language indicating the sanctions or penalties that would be applied to individuals who failed to comply with mandatory vaccination requirements. To capture the diverse ways in which countries attempted to increase compulsory vaccination acceptance, the research team defined an enforcement mechanism as a consequence specifically designed to punish noncompliance with emergency vaccine mandates \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","Subtopics":[{"Name":"Childhood vaccination requirement","Description":"Routine childhood vaccination is a critical component of global health security. However, over the past decade, regional variations in vaccine uptake trends have highlighted remaining challenges to ensuring adequate global vaccination coverage. Enforceable vaccine policy presents one approach to increasing vaccine coverage. In many countries, vaccine mandates have been an effective tool for reducing outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Due to their efficacy, vaccinations have been a significant area of focus over the past decade, yet the majority of studies on vaccine coverage have focused on the factors contributing to negative vaccination attitudes or anecdotal evidence on interventions that have increased vaccine uptake. While these areas of research are valuable, the global regulatory environment foundational to contextualizing rates of childhood vaccine uptake remains relatively unexplored. \n\nHere, we map and analyze the legally enforceable policies that require the vaccination of a child with at least one vaccination. We captured all policies related to the topic that currently exist within a country. Plans for country acceptance and implementation of the World Health Organization’s Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) were not included, as these were not found to be legally binding in any nation. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. The development of this subtopic was informed by [Eagan _et al_](https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2023.2237374), [Rezza](https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2019.1705021), and [Garnier _et al_](https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa088 https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/essential-programme-on-immunization). \n","Statuses":[{"Name":"No childhood vaccination requirement","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. Some provinces have subnational vaccination requirements, but these mandates are not uniformly in place across the entire country. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There was a law passed in 2005 (Law 3300) which mandated that children under the age of two be vaccinated. However, to enter into force, the law required a regulation stating the mandated vaccines and enforcement mechanisms be completed. This regulation was not identified through our methodology. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. While Article 24 of the Public Health Act, 2012 allows for childhood vaccinations to be made mandatory, it must be done through a separate regulation, which was not identified. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. According to Decree Law 6-2022, no one is required to receive vaccinations, though individual schools may be allowed to require vaccination for pupils. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. Until 2020, there was a law requiring vaccination against Smallpox, though this the provisions in this law requiring such immunization was repealed in 2021. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. In 2019, an outbreak of Measles led to an Emergency Order for all children to be vaccinated against Measles, yet no policy has codified this as an ongoing, routine practice. "}]},{"Name":"Childhood vaccination is required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. In the United States, there are universal childhood vaccination laws at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. According to Decree Law 6-2022, no one is required to receive vaccinations, though individual schools may be allowed to require vaccination for pupils. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Description":"Enforcement of routine childhood vaccination requirements is a critical component of upholding adequate vaccination coverage. For this work, we iterated upon a conceptual framework for assessing mandatory vaccination policies and their enforcement mechanisms proposed by Attwell and Navin (2019). To our knowledge, this work represents the first use of such a taxonomy for rigorously evaluating multiple components of vaccine policies at a global scale. Utilize the status justification to learn about the specific penalty employed by each country. \n\nThe categories utilized are defined as follows: \n- _2 or more enforcement mechanisms: Two or more of the penalty categories defined below were identified in the policy. To explore which categories are used, consult the status justification of each country for further information. _\n- _Financial levers: Financial levers are fiscal incentives, such as tax breaks or family stipends available only to individuals who meet specific qualifications. Financial levers included in this category were those fiscal incentives that required a parent or guardian to present documentation of age-appropriate vaccination of all dependents in order to meet qualification criteria. _\n- _Social exclusion: Any mechanism of enforcement by which an individual could be excluded from participation in routine societal functions due to their vaccination status. While this is commonly thought of as exclusion from schools and nurseries, this category also included restrictions on the processing of paperwork (Driver’s licenses, nuptial certificates) and travel. _\n- _Criminalization: Any enforcement mechanism that would be initiated by a judicial system, such as fines, incarceration, and loss of parental rights. _\n- _No enforcement mechanisms specified: Policies that themselves could be validly enforced, but that did not include identifiable enforcement mechanisms for childhood vaccination mandate provisions were assigned to this category. _\n\n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. The development of this subtopic was informed by [Attwell & Navin](https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12417). \n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Legal sanctions","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Parents in Poland can incur a fine for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine may not exceed the amount of PLN 10,000. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Singapore. At a first offense, parents will incur a fine of 500 Singapore Dollars, while a second offense leads to a fine of 1,000 Singapore Dollars. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"In Chile, unvaccinated individuals can be fined between 5.159 and 51,592,000 Chilean pesos. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"In Belgium, failing to vaccinate a child with the Poliovirus vaccine is punishable with a fine of 26-100 francs and imprisonment of 8 days to one month. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"In Bulgaria, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined between BGN 50-100. Parents that repeatedly fail to comply with requirements will be fined between BGN 100-200. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"In Bosnia and Herzegovina, individuals that fail to immunize themselves or their children with mandatory vaccines can be fined between 100 and 2,000 KM. However, businesses or schools can also be fined for failing to ensure that employees or pupils are adequately healthy, which may include knowledge of their vaccination status. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Parents of minors in Croatia that do not fulfill the requirements for mandatory vaccination will be fined HRK 2,000. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Guardians face a misdemeanor and a fine between 30,000 - 150,000 Serbian dinars for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Serbia. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Guardians face a fine between 5,000-10,000 Romanian Leu for failing to vaccinate their child after being offered educational counseling on mandated vaccines in Romania. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Parents in North Macedonia can incur a fine for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine must be between 30,000 and 50,000 Macedonian Denar. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Parents in Libya can incur a fine and jail time for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine must not exceed 50 dinar and jail time may not exceed one month. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"In Albania, unvaccinated individuals may be fined between 300 and 3000 Lek. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Slovakia. The fine for failing to receive a mandatory vaccination is 331 Euro. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"In Botswana, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined up to 5000 Pula. Parents may also be jailed for up to 12 months. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"In Belize, parents that fail to have their children vaccinated will face a fine of up to BZ$ 25. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Parents in Dominica who fail to vaccinate their child will be fined 50 East Caribbean Dollars per month of failure to present their child for vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"In Peru, individuals that fail to be vaccinated may receive a warning for noncompliance, but may also be assessed a fine. The amount of the fine is undefined in the General Law of Health, but will be determined on a case-by-case basis. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination mandates are enforceable through a jail sentence of up to one year and/or a \"Level 8\" fine, equivalent to USD $500. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"In Tanzania, individuals that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined 100,000 Shillings and sentenced to 3 months in prison. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"In Ukraine, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be prosecuted according to the Penal Code, though the specific penalty is undefined. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"In Tajikistan, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be prosecuted according to the Penal Code, though the specific penalty is undefined. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Parents in Grenada will be fined EC$ 50 for failing to vaccinate their child against Smallpox. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination is enforceable by a prison sentence of 6 months - 3 years and/or a fine of 2 million to 10 million Riels. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"According to the Law on Child Protection, any parent that conducts an action that leads to illness of their child will face a jail sentence of up to 5 years and/or a fine of up to 100 million Rupiah. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination mandates are enforceable through an unspecified criminal conviction. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"In Uganda, parents of unvaccinated children over one year of age can face a fine of up to 1,000,000 shillings and/or up to 3 months. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"In Uganda, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will face a fine of 200 currency points, equal to 4,000,000 shillings, and/or jail time of up to six months. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to comply with mandatory vaccination during a public health threat, and therefore, plausibly imperil general public health, will face a jail sentence of 2 years and an undefined fine. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"In Nicaragua, an individual that refuses an emergency vaccination and plausibly causes reparable damage to society or another person, the individual  will be fined between 500 and 30,000 córdobas. However, if the refusal of the vaccination results in irreparable damage to society or the death of another person, the unvaccinated individual may be fined between 30,001 and 50,000 córdobas.  "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"In Nicaragua, an individual that refuses a routine vaccination may be fined between 500 and 5,000 córdobas. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"In Bolivia, individuals that fail to comply with vaccinations, when declared mandatory, may be prosecuted under the Penal Code, though the exact repercussion is not clear. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be assessed a \"minor penalty\", equal to 1-5 days' work salary. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"In Ghana, individuals that fail to receive a mandatory vaccination will be fined a 50 penalty points (equal to 600 Ghanian cedi) and/or imprisoned for up to three months. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination is enforceable by a prison sentence of up to 3 months and/or a fine of up to 3,000 francs. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Individuals in Liberia that refuse a mandatory emergency vaccination will be fined no more than 200 Liberian Dollars and/or a jail sentence of up to 30 days. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"In Togo, according to the Code of Public Health parents of unvaccinated children are subject to the punishment of family abandonment as outlined in the Penal Code, Article 83. This penalty is 1-3 years imprisonment, unless the child dies, at which point the sentence can increase to 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"In Togo, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be subject to a fine of 1-5 million CFA francs and imprisonment of 1-6 months. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"In Malawi, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine of 100 Malawian Pounds and 12 months imprisonment. However, the Malawian Pound was replaced by the Kwacha in 1971, so the current value of the fine is unclear. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be assessed a fine of up to 500 USD and a jail sentence of up to one year. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Any individual who fails to comply with a mandatory vaccination will be fined up to 500 Pesos. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be prosecuted under the Criminal Law, though the penalty is not defined. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Individuals that refuse emergency vaccination can be assessed a fine between 30-500 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Individuals in Laos that refuse emergency vaccinations may be criminalized, though the exact mechanisms are not defined. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"In Thailand, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be subject to a fine of up to 20,000 Baht. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"In Sri Lanka, parents that fail to vaccinate their children against Smallpox can be fined up to 10 rupees. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Individuals who refuse vaccination in the face of a health emergency will be criminalized, though the exact penalty is not clear. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"In Bahrain, failing to vaccinate a child with vaccinations included in the schedule is punishable with a fine of 250-1000 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"In Bahrain, individuals that fail to comply with vaccinations, when declared mandatory, are subject to an imprisonment of at least 3 months and a fine of up to 1,000 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"In Qatar, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination can be fined up to 2,000 Riyal and imprisoned for up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Parents of unvaccinated children in Qatar can be fined up to 2,000 Riyal and imprisoned for up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Parents of unvaccinated children in Oman can be fined between 100-500 Rial Omani and imprisoned between 6 months and 3 years. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"In Oman, individuals that fail to comply with mandatory emergency vaccinations are subject to a fine between 500-5,000 Rial Omani and/or imprisonment between 1 month and 1 year."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations can be fined up to 750 penalty units. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"In South Korea, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination can be fined up to 2 million won. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"In Turkmenistan, individuals that refuse mandatory emergency vaccinations may be prosecuted under the law, though the exact penalty is unclear. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"In Bangladesh, individuals that fail to comply with vaccinations, when declared mandatory, are subject to an imprisonment of at least 3 months and a fine of up to 50,000 Taka. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to comply with mandatory vaccination during an epidemic threat will be fined up to 1,000 kyats. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be criminalized. Exact penalties vary by employer (public versus private) and/or charges against an individual. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Parents that fail to vaccinate their children can be fined between 20 and 200 pounds. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination mandates are enforceable through a fine ranging between 20-100 Piastres. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"In Malta, parents of children without mandatory vaccinations may be fined between 232.94 and 4,658.75 Euro and/or may face a prison sentence of 6 months to two years. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"In Malta, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine between 232.94 and 4,658.75 Euro and/or may face a prison sentence of 6 months to two years. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"In Iran, individuals that fail to comply with emergency vaccination will be faced with a fine of between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Rials, and/or a prison sentence of up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"In Montenegro, parents of children without mandatory vaccinations may be fined between 100 and 2,000 Euro. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"In Montenegro, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine between 500 and 2,000 Euro. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"In Mali, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine of 5,000-30,000 Francs and/or a jail sentence of 5-15 days. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"In Jordan, parents who fail to vaccinate their children may face an imprisonment of 2 months to 1 year and/or a fine of 500 to 1,000 dinar. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"In Jordan, individuals that refuse emergency vaccinations may face an imprisonment of 2 months to 1 year and/or a fine of 500 to 1,000 dinar. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"In the Bahamas, parents that fail to vaccinate their children are fined $4.00. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Individuals in Lesotho that refuse a mandatory emergency vaccination will be fined no more than 200 Rands and/or a jail sentence of up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be assessed a fine of up to K50,000.00 and/or incarcerated for up to 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"In Taiwan, individuals that fail to receive mandatory emergency vaccinations will be fined between NT$60,000 - NT$300,000. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"In Malaysia, individuals that refuse mandatory vaccination may be sentenced to imprisonment for up to two years and/or assessed a fine, though the amount of the fine is undefined in the law. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Individuals that refuse emergency vaccination will be assessed a fine of $5000 and/or imprisoned for up to 12 months. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"In St. Kitts, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined up to 8,000 East Caribbean Dollars. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Saudi Arabia. Failure to vaccinate children is categorized as parental neglect and abuse, which may result in the removal of children from their care and/or further prosecution. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations can be fined between 50,000 and 300,000 Riyals and/or be imprisoned between 1 week - 1 year. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"In the UAE, parents of unvaccinated children will be fined between 5,000 and 20,000 dirhams. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Parents in Kuwait can incur a fine and jail time for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine must not exceed 1,000 dinar and jail time may not exceed six months. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Individuals in Kuwait that refuse emergency vaccinations may be criminalized, incurring a fine between 50 and 200 dinar and incarceration for up to three months. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"In Sierra Leone, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined 5,000 Leones. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"In Benin, parents that fail to have their children vaccinated will face a fine between 25,000 and 250,000 CFA francs and/or a jail sentence between 1 month and 2 years. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"In Brunei, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined up to 10,000 Brunei dollars and incarcerated for up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"In Brunei, individuals that fail to receive mandatory emergency vaccines will be fined up to 10,000 Brunei dollars and incarcerated for up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"In Burkina Faso, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined between 5,000 and 30,000 CFA francs and may be imprisoned between 5 and 15 days. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"In Burkina Faso, individuals that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined between 5,000 and 30,000 CFA francs and may be imprisoned between 5 and 15 days. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"In Guinea, individuals that fail to comply with emergency vaccination will be faced with a fine of between 50,000 and 1,000,000 Guinean francs, and/or a prison sentence between 6 months and 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"In Guinea, parents that fail to comply with childhood vaccination will be faced with a fine of between 50,000 and 1,000,000 Guinean francs, and/or a prison sentence between 6 months and 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"The law states that individuals that refuse emergency vaccinations will be subject to criminal penalties, though these penalties are undefined. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Parents of minors in Comoros that do not fulfill the requirements for mandatory vaccination may be fined between FC 25,000 and 100,000 and face a jail sentence of 15-30 days. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Individuals in Comoros that do not fulfill the requirements for mandatory emergency vaccination may be fined between FC 25,000 and 100,000 and face a jail sentence of 15-30 days. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Parents in the Dominican Republic who fail to vaccinate their child will be fined based upon their current salary. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Guardians face a fine of $4.80 Eastern Caribbean Dollars for failing to vaccinate their child. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"In Samoa, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined an undefined amount. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in San Marino. Parents may be charged with a fine between 1,000,000 - 1,500,000 Lire. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations can be fined 100,000 VT and serve up to 12 months in jail. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Individuals that refuse emergency vaccination can be assessed a fine of 2000 Lek. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"In Belize, individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccination against Smallpox may be fined $25 and face incarceration for up to 3 months. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"In Bosnia and Herzegovina, individuals that fail to immunize themselves or their children with mandatory emergency vaccines can be fined between 100 and 2,000 KM."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Anyone who fails to receive a mandatory emergency vaccination my receive a fine up to 100,000 Pula and/or jailed for up to 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Failure to comply with emergency vaccinations can lead to a fine between BGN 300-1,000. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"In Chile, unvaccinated individuals can be fined between 5.159 and 51,592,000 Chilean pesos. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"In Croatia, individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations may be assessed a fine between HRK 30,000.00 and HRK 80,000.00. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"In Czechia, an individual that defies requirements for emergency vaccination will be assessed a fine of CZK 3,000,000. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations against Smallpox will be assessed a fine of 50 Eastern Caribbean Dollars. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination will be fined 200 emalangeni. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Any attempt to forego emergency vaccination or otherwise interfere will result in a fine of $40."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccinations can be mandated by governmental decree in the face of a disease epidemic and can be enforceable through an undefined fine and jail time of up to 3 months"},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Failure to receive an emergency vaccination is punishable by a jail sentence between 1-12 months. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination will be fined 5 pounds (currency no longer used in Israel) or 1 month of jail time. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"In Jamaica, individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination will be fined up to $500. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination can be fined, yet the fine is not defined in the policy. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":" The fine for failure to receive an emergency vaccination must be between 30,000 and 50,000 Macedonian Denar. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"In Peru, individuals that fail to be vaccinated may receive a warning for noncompliance, but may also be assessed a fine. The amount of the fine is undefined in the General Law of Health, but will be determined on a case-by-case basis. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Individuals face a misdemeanor and a fine between 30,000 - 150,000 Serbian dinars for failing to receive emergency vaccinations with mandated vaccines in Serbia. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Anyone that fails to receive an emergency vaccination can be fined up to $10,000 and jailed for up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"A fine of up to 5,000 Euro may be imposed on an individual that fails to receive a mandatory emergency vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Mandatory emergency vaccination is enforceable by a fine ranging from 4,000-100,000 Euros. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"In Tonga, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be subject to a fine of $1000 and/or a term of imprisonment that may not exceed 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive a mandatory emergency vaccination will receive an administrative infraction. "}]},{"Name":"Social exclusion","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Schools in Honduras require confirmation of vaccination for student enrollment, however, schools may not bar students from attending school if they are not vaccinated. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"In France, unvaccinated students cannot be enrolled in preschools, nurseries or grade schools. Parents are given three months from the beginning of the school year to initiate vaccination, but if the child remains unvaccinated, they will be barred from school entry."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children without a medical exemption waiver can be excluded from schools in Ukraine."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children without a medical exemption waiver can be excluded from schools in Tajikistan."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"In Antigua and Barbuda, children without the mandatory vaccinations cannot be admitted to public schools. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"In Russia, those that are not vaccinated may be temporarily restricted from visiting communal settings and entering schools, workplaces or nurseries during a disease outbreak. Additionally, unvaccinated individuals may be barred from holding certain jobs or traveling to certain countries. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"In Tanzania, children that do not have mandatory vaccinations may not be enrolled in schools until they have received all necessary vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"In Colombia, children without the mandatory vaccinations cannot be admitted to public schools. However, these children may not be denied education and instead their information will be sent to the local health authority to ameliorate the issue. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"In Costa Rica, pupils must present valid, up-to-date vaccination information for school registration. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"In Iraq, children must have vaccinations to enter schools or nurseries, though they will be provided upon entry if the pupil is not already vaccinated. Additionally, some occupations require vaccination as a precondition for employment. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Schools in El Salvador require confirmation of vaccination for student enrollment, however, schools may not bar students from attending school if they are not vaccinated. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"In Paraguay, children that are un or undervaccinated will not be allowed to attend congregate settings of children (e.g. nursery, school) and will be referred to the local healthy authority to receive the vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Children in Liberia may not attend school without the necessary vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"In Malawi, children without the smallpox vaccine are legally required to be barred from school enrollment. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"In Palau, unvaccinated children may not be admitted to school unless their parents have formally requested the vaccine(s) be administered within the next 30 days"},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"In Uruguay, children that do not have mandatory vaccinations or a medical exemption listed on their Child Health Card may not be enrolled in schools or participate in sports/extracurriculars."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Vaccination is a prerequisite for admission to educational institutions. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"In Turkmenistan, children that have not completed their mandatory vaccination schedule for their age may not be admitted to childcare or school settings. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"In Kyrgyzstan, those that are not vaccinated may be temporarily restricted from visiting communal settings and entering schools, workplaces or nurseries during a disease outbreak. Additionally, unvaccinated individuals may be barred from holding certain jobs. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"In Panama, children that are un or undervaccinated will not be allowed to attend congregate settings of children (e.g. nursery, school) and will be referred to the local healthy authority to receive the vaccinations. Parents may also face criminalization. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"In the United States, across all 50 states, mandatory childhood vaccinations are enforced through social exclusion from some schools. The types of schools/congregate childhood settings from which unvaccinated children may be excluded, and degree of exclusion varies by state. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to comply with state emergency vaccination mandates may be excluded from normal societal interactions, such as employment restrictions and school exclusion. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"In Taiwan, children without the mandatory vaccinations cannot be admitted to elementary schools."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"In Barbados, children without required vaccinations and without a rationale for an exemption will be prohibited from enrolling in school until those vaccinations are administered. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Schools in Guyana require confirmation of vaccination for student enrollment. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"In St. Kitts, children that are unvaccinated will not be allowed to attend congregate settings of children (e.g. nursery, school). "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children in Andorra may not register for schools or nurseries. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"In the Federated States of Micronesia, unvaccinated children may not be admitted to school."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be socially excluded from public life during an epidemic. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"In Monaco, unvaccinated children may not be admitted to school."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"In Trinidad and Tobago, children that have not completed their mandatory vaccination schedule for their age may not be admitted to childcare or school settings. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive mandatory emergency vaccinations may be excluded from various aspects of society, including employment and education. "}]},{"Name":"Financial levers","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"In Australia, parents that fail to immunize their children will receive a reduction in government family tax subsidies, as required routine immunizations are a precondition for this tax benefit. Additionally, some, but not all Australian states have implemented social exclusion from childcare institutions and schools for pupils that are not appropriately vaccinated. "}]},{"Name":"No enforcement mechanisms","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"While there are mandatory childhood vaccinations for schoolchildren, no enforcement mechanism for this requirement was identified in Latvian law. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. Article 275 states that the relevant authority can make requirements for compulsory vaccination for schoolchildren, though such a regulation could not be identified. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. Article 275 states that the relevant authority can make requirements for compulsory vaccination for schoolchildren, though such a regulation could not be identified. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"2 or more enforcement mechanisms","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"In Italy, both Criminalization (Fine between 100-500 Euros) and Social Exclusion (School Exclusion) are used as enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"In Germany, unvaccinated children can be barred from nursery schools or other communal childcare settings. School-aged children can be fined up to 2,500 Euros is they do not provide confirmation of having received vaccines. On occasion, school-aged children can be barred from in-person attendance. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"In Argentina, unvaccinated individuals may experience social exclusion from schools, and lack of vaccinations can affect processing of IDs, passports, residence paperwork, prenuptial certificates and driver's licenses. Additionally, financial levers are used, as certification of vaccination is required for the processing of family allowances. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children without a medical exemption waiver can be excluded from schools in Slovenia. Additionally, parents of unvaccinated children can be fined anywhere from 400 to 4,000 Euros.  "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children in Czechia must be excluded from the education system and parents of these children can be fined for failure to comply with mandatory vaccines. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Hungarian legislation allows for a variety of enforcement measures. Parents may be fined up to 500,000 Hungarian Forints, children may face social exclusion, such as lack of access to schools, and the law may be interpreted to allow for forcible vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"In Moldova, children can be precluded from entering schools or other communal settings with other children without completing their mandatory vaccinations. Additionally, the law allows for the guardian of an unvaccinated child to be held liable in the case that their status causes the occurrence of communicable diseases. These parents would be required to compensate the expenses of medical, sanitary and public health institutions for the provision of services to those sick with the communicable disease. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"In Jamaica, both Criminalization (Fine of up to $500 or jail sentence up to 30 days) and Social Exclusion (School Exclusion) are used as enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Children that do not have the required documentation of vaccination will be barred from school (Social Exclusion) and their guardians will face a fine of $750 (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"In Venezuela, children that do not have mandatory vaccinations may not be enrolled in schools or employed. Additionally, the law allows for criminalization, as outlined in the Penal Code and reserves the right to commit forcible vaccination, as necessary. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"The law allows for criminalization, as outlined in the Penal Code (Jail sentence) and reserves the right to commit forcible vaccination, as necessary. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"In Brazil, parents that fail to vaccinate their children may not be able to receive the annual family allowance (financial levers), may face a fine (Criminalization) and may be referred to the Guardianship Council for child neglect (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"In Mexico, the government reserves the right to forcibly vaccinate individuals and can prosecute parents for failing to vaccinate their children, though the exact penalty is unclear (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"In Algeria, students can be excluded from schools without documentation of appropriate mandatory vaccinations and a fine can be assessed to parents of an amount between 30-500 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Children in Laos may not attend school without the necessary vaccinations. Parents may also be criminalized for not complying with mandatory vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"In Zambia, according to the law, children without the Smallpox vaccination may not be admitted to schools (social exclusion) and their parents may be fined up to 750 penalty units. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"In South Korea, citizens that refuse childhood vaccination can be fined up to 2 million won (criminalization) and may not attend school (social exclusion). "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"In Iran, children will face social exclusion from schools and nurseries, and parents may be faced with a fine of between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Rials, and/or a prison sentence of up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"In Lesotho, students that do not have the Smallpox vaccination may not be admitted to schools and their parents may be fined up to 200 Rands and/or receive a jail sentence up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Children in the Maldives are required to show proof of immunization from required diseases upon school enrollment. Additionally, individuals that do not vaccinate their children can incur a fine of up to 3,000 Maldivian Rufiya. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"In the Maldives, individuals that fail to comply with emergency vaccination may incur a fine up to Maldivian Rufiya and may, under court order, be forcibly vaccinated. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"In Argentina, failure to receive an emergency vaccination can result in a criminalization, which varies regionally, and/or forcible vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Individuals may be fined up to 500,000 Hungarian Forints for failing to receive an emergency vaccination, and the law may be interpreted to allow for forcible vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"In Mexico, the government reserves the right to forcibly vaccinate individuals and can prosecute individuals for failing to receive an emergency vaccination, though the exact penalty is unclear (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Individuals that have failed to receive emergency vaccinations may be barred from communal settings. Additionally, the law allows for unvaccinated individuals to be held liable in the case that their status causes the occurrence of communicable diseases. These individuals would be required to compensate the expenses of medical, sanitary and public health institutions for the provision of services to those sick with the communicable disease. "}]},{"Name":"No childhood vaccination requirement","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "}]}]},{"Name":"Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Description":"The availability of vaccine requirement exemptions may provide opportunities for individuals to circumvent mandatory vaccination. Readily available exemptions allow unvaccinated individuals to remain non-compliant with mandates without the risk of penalization. These exemptions may fall into two categories, namely Medical Exemptions (ME) and Non-Medical Exemptions (NME). ME are those that are granted to an individual who is determined by a healthcare professional to be ineligible for a vaccination due to a physical health condition. By contrast, a NME is any exemption granted due to religious, philosophical, or ideological principles that preclude an individual from receiving a vaccination. It is widely understood that ME are recognized in every country in the world; however, these exemptions are not always codified in the legally enforceable policy. Here, we track which countries specifically state in legally enforceable policy the permissibility of either category of exemption. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. The development of this subtopic was informed by [Attwell & Navin](https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12417), [Bednarczyk _et al_](https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2019.1562344)_, _and [Navin & Largent](https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phw047). \n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Medical exemptions","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "}]},{"Name":"No exemptions specified","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."}]},{"Name":"No childhood vaccination requirement","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "}]},{"Name":"Medical and non-medical exemptions","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. Latvian law specifically states that citizens, and those under the guardianship of Latvian citizens, may refuse vaccination for any reason."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and religious exemptions are permissible in lieu of vaccination for school enrollment. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. Russian law specifically states that citizens, and those under the guardianship of Russian citizens, may refuse vaccination for any reason. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. Mongolian law specifically states that citizens, and those under the guardianship of Mongolian citizens, may refuse vaccination for any reason. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. Kazakh law specifically states that citizens, and those under the guardianship of Kazakhstan citizens, may refuse vaccination for any reason. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. The law specifically states that citizens may refuse vaccination for any reason. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. The law specifically states that citizens may refuse vaccination for any reason, though they will receive counseling for their decision. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. In 43 of 50 states, students may be exempted from mandatory vaccinations if they present evidence of non-medical (religious or philosophical) motivations to refuse vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. However, the law states that parents of unvaccinated children must purchase additional insurance to cover the cost of potential spread of disease due to their unvaccinated child. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Emergency vaccination authority","Description":"Emergency powers, which temporarily enhance the powers of a government executive, allow decision-makers to nimbly and rapidly respond to unexpected threatening events. Public health measures, including vaccination, are often included in legislation on emergency powers or are directly referred to in vaccine legislation. However, this area of study is nebulous. While some countries directly state that the government may make some vaccinations compulsory during emergency situations, others simply state that the government has the power to take all necessary actions in the event of an emergency. For this research, we necessarily bound the definition of emergency vaccination provisions to only those pieces of legislation that explicitly state that compulsory vaccination may take place during a state of emergency. While we acknowledge that other states with broad mandates to utilize emergency powers may be able to take executive actions during emergencies, collecting and interpreting these laws was beyond the scope of this project. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their emergency powers policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. The development of this subtopic was informed by [Gostin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14569656/). \n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Emergency power to vaccinate","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. The government does have this power, but a separate decree must be issued to require compulsory vaccination during an epidemic event. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. This vaccination may only be for Smallpox. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, this emergency power can only be used for Smallpox. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. This is referred to as \"temporary vaccination [translation]\". "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. Any individual that does not comply with the order will be fined up to FJD 40. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. Those that fail to comply with this requirement may be jailed for a period between 1-12 months. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. This is enforceable by a prison sentence of 6 months - 3 years and/or a fine of 2 million to 10 million Riels. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. This is enforceable by a prison sentence of 6 months - 3 years and/or a fine of 2 million to 10 million Riels. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"While the government does reserve the right to order vaccinations in the event of an emergency, citizens have the right to refuse any of these ordered vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. This vaccination may only be for Smallpox. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. Those that fail to comply with this requirement may be jailed for a period between 1-12 months. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. In the United States, requirement for emergency vaccination falls under the Police Powers of each state. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. Those that fail to comply with this requirement may be jailed for a period between 1-12 months. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"In Switzerland, the legislation from the national empowers cantons (subnational) to declare and enforce mandatory vaccination in the case of a health emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "}]},{"Name":"No emergency power to vaccinate","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have legislation or a constitutional right to mandate vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"While the government does reserve the right to order vaccinations in the event of an emergency, citizens have the right to refuse any of these ordered vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have legislation or a constitutional right to mandate vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"While the government does reserve the right to order vaccinations in the event of an emergency, citizens have the right to refuse any of these ordered vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have used legislative powers to mandate vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"While the government does reserve the right to order vaccinations in the event of an emergency, citizens have the right to refuse any of these ordered vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have legislation or a constitutional right to mandate vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. At the time of data collection, the \"Bill for an Act to Provide for an Effective National Framework for the Control of Outbreaks of Infectious Diseases and Other Events Endangering Public Health and Requiring Public Health Emergency Measures and For Other Related Matters” had been passed by the Nigerian Senate, but had not been signed into law. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"While the government does reserve the right to order vaccinations in the event of an emergency, citizens have the right to refuse any of these ordered vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have used legislative powers to mandate vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have legislation or a constitutional right to mandate vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have legislation or a constitutional right to mandate vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have legislation or a constitutional right to mandate vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have used legislative powers to mandate vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Description":"Enforcement of emergency vaccination requirements is critical to mounting an adequate response to a public health emergency. For this work, we once again iterated upon a conceptual framework for assessing mandatory vaccination policies and their enforcement mechanisms proposed by Attwell and Navin (2019). Efforts to map the policies created to enforce vaccination mandates against COVID-19 are ongoing. However, to our knowledge, this work represents the first effort to rigorously evaluate foundational emergency vaccination policies at a global scale. Utilize the status justification to learn about the specific penalty employed by each country during an emergency situation. \n\nThe categorizations utilized in this ontology are defined as follows: \n- _2 or more enforcement mechanisms: Two or more of the penalty categories defined below were identified in the policy. To explore which categories are used, consult the status justification of each country for further information. _\n- _Social exclusion: Any mechanism of enforcement by which an individual could be excluded from participation in routine societal functions due to their vaccination status. While this is commonly thought of as exclusion from schools and nurseries, this category also included restrictions on employment and individual movements due to vaccination status. _\n- _Criminalization: Any enforcement mechanism that would be initiated by a judicial system, such as fines and incarceration. _\n- _No enforcement mechanisms specified: Policies that themselves could be validly enforced, but that did not include identifiable enforcement mechanisms for emergency vaccination mandates were assigned to this category. _\n\n\nA select number of countries specifically permit forcible vaccination in policy. Forcible vaccination was defined as vaccinations performed by an enforcement entity with a mandate to immunize members of the public regardless of objections. No country solely utilizes forcible vaccination. All countries that use this enforcement mechanism are coded as _2 or more enforcement mechanisms. _Refer to the status justification to identify which countries have policies permitting this practice. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their emergency powers policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. The development of this subtopic was informed by [Attwell & Navin](https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12417) and [Cameron-Blake _et al_](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01615-8)_. _\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"2 or more enforcement mechanisms","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"In Italy, both Criminalization (Fine between 100-500 Euros) and Social Exclusion (School Exclusion) are used as enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"In Germany, unvaccinated children can be barred from nursery schools or other communal childcare settings. School-aged children can be fined up to 2,500 Euros is they do not provide confirmation of having received vaccines. On occasion, school-aged children can be barred from in-person attendance. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"In Argentina, unvaccinated individuals may experience social exclusion from schools, and lack of vaccinations can affect processing of IDs, passports, residence paperwork, prenuptial certificates and driver's licenses. Additionally, financial levers are used, as certification of vaccination is required for the processing of family allowances. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children without a medical exemption waiver can be excluded from schools in Slovenia. Additionally, parents of unvaccinated children can be fined anywhere from 400 to 4,000 Euros.  "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children in Czechia must be excluded from the education system and parents of these children can be fined for failure to comply with mandatory vaccines. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Hungarian legislation allows for a variety of enforcement measures. Parents may be fined up to 500,000 Hungarian Forints, children may face social exclusion, such as lack of access to schools, and the law may be interpreted to allow for forcible vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"In Moldova, children can be precluded from entering schools or other communal settings with other children without completing their mandatory vaccinations. Additionally, the law allows for the guardian of an unvaccinated child to be held liable in the case that their status causes the occurrence of communicable diseases. These parents would be required to compensate the expenses of medical, sanitary and public health institutions for the provision of services to those sick with the communicable disease. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"In Jamaica, both Criminalization (Fine of up to $500 or jail sentence up to 30 days) and Social Exclusion (School Exclusion) are used as enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Children that do not have the required documentation of vaccination will be barred from school (Social Exclusion) and their guardians will face a fine of $750 (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"In Venezuela, children that do not have mandatory vaccinations may not be enrolled in schools or employed. Additionally, the law allows for criminalization, as outlined in the Penal Code and reserves the right to commit forcible vaccination, as necessary. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"The law allows for criminalization, as outlined in the Penal Code (Jail sentence) and reserves the right to commit forcible vaccination, as necessary. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"In Brazil, parents that fail to vaccinate their children may not be able to receive the annual family allowance (financial levers), may face a fine (Criminalization) and may be referred to the Guardianship Council for child neglect (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"In Mexico, the government reserves the right to forcibly vaccinate individuals and can prosecute parents for failing to vaccinate their children, though the exact penalty is unclear (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"In Algeria, students can be excluded from schools without documentation of appropriate mandatory vaccinations and a fine can be assessed to parents of an amount between 30-500 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Children in Laos may not attend school without the necessary vaccinations. Parents may also be criminalized for not complying with mandatory vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"In Zambia, according to the law, children without the Smallpox vaccination may not be admitted to schools (social exclusion) and their parents may be fined up to 750 penalty units. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"In South Korea, citizens that refuse childhood vaccination can be fined up to 2 million won (criminalization) and may not attend school (social exclusion). "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"In Iran, children will face social exclusion from schools and nurseries, and parents may be faced with a fine of between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Rials, and/or a prison sentence of up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"In Lesotho, students that do not have the Smallpox vaccination may not be admitted to schools and their parents may be fined up to 200 Rands and/or receive a jail sentence up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Children in the Maldives are required to show proof of immunization from required diseases upon school enrollment. Additionally, individuals that do not vaccinate their children can incur a fine of up to 3,000 Maldivian Rufiya. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"In the Maldives, individuals that fail to comply with emergency vaccination may incur a fine up to Maldivian Rufiya and may, under court order, be forcibly vaccinated. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"In Argentina, failure to receive an emergency vaccination can result in a criminalization, which varies regionally, and/or forcible vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Individuals may be fined up to 500,000 Hungarian Forints for failing to receive an emergency vaccination, and the law may be interpreted to allow for forcible vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"In Mexico, the government reserves the right to forcibly vaccinate individuals and can prosecute individuals for failing to receive an emergency vaccination, though the exact penalty is unclear (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Individuals that have failed to receive emergency vaccinations may be barred from communal settings. Additionally, the law allows for unvaccinated individuals to be held liable in the case that their status causes the occurrence of communicable diseases. These individuals would be required to compensate the expenses of medical, sanitary and public health institutions for the provision of services to those sick with the communicable disease. "}]},{"Name":"Legal sanctions","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Parents in Poland can incur a fine for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine may not exceed the amount of PLN 10,000. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Singapore. At a first offense, parents will incur a fine of 500 Singapore Dollars, while a second offense leads to a fine of 1,000 Singapore Dollars. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"In Chile, unvaccinated individuals can be fined between 5.159 and 51,592,000 Chilean pesos. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"In Belgium, failing to vaccinate a child with the Poliovirus vaccine is punishable with a fine of 26-100 francs and imprisonment of 8 days to one month. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"In Bulgaria, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined between BGN 50-100. Parents that repeatedly fail to comply with requirements will be fined between BGN 100-200. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"In Bosnia and Herzegovina, individuals that fail to immunize themselves or their children with mandatory vaccines can be fined between 100 and 2,000 KM. However, businesses or schools can also be fined for failing to ensure that employees or pupils are adequately healthy, which may include knowledge of their vaccination status. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Parents of minors in Croatia that do not fulfill the requirements for mandatory vaccination will be fined HRK 2,000. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Guardians face a misdemeanor and a fine between 30,000 - 150,000 Serbian dinars for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Serbia. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Guardians face a fine between 5,000-10,000 Romanian Leu for failing to vaccinate their child after being offered educational counseling on mandated vaccines in Romania. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Parents in North Macedonia can incur a fine for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine must be between 30,000 and 50,000 Macedonian Denar. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Parents in Libya can incur a fine and jail time for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine must not exceed 50 dinar and jail time may not exceed one month. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"In Albania, unvaccinated individuals may be fined between 300 and 3000 Lek. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Slovakia. The fine for failing to receive a mandatory vaccination is 331 Euro. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"In Botswana, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined up to 5000 Pula. Parents may also be jailed for up to 12 months. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"In Belize, parents that fail to have their children vaccinated will face a fine of up to BZ$ 25. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Parents in Dominica who fail to vaccinate their child will be fined 50 East Caribbean Dollars per month of failure to present their child for vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"In Peru, individuals that fail to be vaccinated may receive a warning for noncompliance, but may also be assessed a fine. The amount of the fine is undefined in the General Law of Health, but will be determined on a case-by-case basis. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination mandates are enforceable through a jail sentence of up to one year and/or a \"Level 8\" fine, equivalent to USD $500. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"In Tanzania, individuals that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined 100,000 Shillings and sentenced to 3 months in prison. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"In Ukraine, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be prosecuted according to the Penal Code, though the specific penalty is undefined. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"In Tajikistan, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be prosecuted according to the Penal Code, though the specific penalty is undefined. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Parents in Grenada will be fined EC$ 50 for failing to vaccinate their child against Smallpox. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination is enforceable by a prison sentence of 6 months - 3 years and/or a fine of 2 million to 10 million Riels. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"According to the Law on Child Protection, any parent that conducts an action that leads to illness of their child will face a jail sentence of up to 5 years and/or a fine of up to 100 million Rupiah. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination mandates are enforceable through an unspecified criminal conviction. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"In Uganda, parents of unvaccinated children over one year of age can face a fine of up to 1,000,000 shillings and/or up to 3 months. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"In Uganda, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will face a fine of 200 currency points, equal to 4,000,000 shillings, and/or jail time of up to six months. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to comply with mandatory vaccination during a public health threat, and therefore, plausibly imperil general public health, will face a jail sentence of 2 years and an undefined fine. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"In Nicaragua, an individual that refuses an emergency vaccination and plausibly causes reparable damage to society or another person, the individual  will be fined between 500 and 30,000 córdobas. However, if the refusal of the vaccination results in irreparable damage to society or the death of another person, the unvaccinated individual may be fined between 30,001 and 50,000 córdobas.  "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"In Nicaragua, an individual that refuses a routine vaccination may be fined between 500 and 5,000 córdobas. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"In Bolivia, individuals that fail to comply with vaccinations, when declared mandatory, may be prosecuted under the Penal Code, though the exact repercussion is not clear. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be assessed a \"minor penalty\", equal to 1-5 days' work salary. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"In Ghana, individuals that fail to receive a mandatory vaccination will be fined a 50 penalty points (equal to 600 Ghanian cedi) and/or imprisoned for up to three months. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination is enforceable by a prison sentence of up to 3 months and/or a fine of up to 3,000 francs. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Individuals in Liberia that refuse a mandatory emergency vaccination will be fined no more than 200 Liberian Dollars and/or a jail sentence of up to 30 days. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"In Togo, according to the Code of Public Health parents of unvaccinated children are subject to the punishment of family abandonment as outlined in the Penal Code, Article 83. This penalty is 1-3 years imprisonment, unless the child dies, at which point the sentence can increase to 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"In Togo, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be subject to a fine of 1-5 million CFA francs and imprisonment of 1-6 months. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"In Malawi, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine of 100 Malawian Pounds and 12 months imprisonment. However, the Malawian Pound was replaced by the Kwacha in 1971, so the current value of the fine is unclear. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be assessed a fine of up to 500 USD and a jail sentence of up to one year. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Any individual who fails to comply with a mandatory vaccination will be fined up to 500 Pesos. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be prosecuted under the Criminal Law, though the penalty is not defined. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Individuals that refuse emergency vaccination can be assessed a fine between 30-500 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Individuals in Laos that refuse emergency vaccinations may be criminalized, though the exact mechanisms are not defined. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"In Thailand, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be subject to a fine of up to 20,000 Baht. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"In Sri Lanka, parents that fail to vaccinate their children against Smallpox can be fined up to 10 rupees. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Individuals who refuse vaccination in the face of a health emergency will be criminalized, though the exact penalty is not clear. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"In Bahrain, failing to vaccinate a child with vaccinations included in the schedule is punishable with a fine of 250-1000 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"In Bahrain, individuals that fail to comply with vaccinations, when declared mandatory, are subject to an imprisonment of at least 3 months and a fine of up to 1,000 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"In Qatar, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination can be fined up to 2,000 Riyal and imprisoned for up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Parents of unvaccinated children in Qatar can be fined up to 2,000 Riyal and imprisoned for up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Parents of unvaccinated children in Oman can be fined between 100-500 Rial Omani and imprisoned between 6 months and 3 years. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"In Oman, individuals that fail to comply with mandatory emergency vaccinations are subject to a fine between 500-5,000 Rial Omani and/or imprisonment between 1 month and 1 year."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations can be fined up to 750 penalty units. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"In South Korea, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination can be fined up to 2 million won. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"In Turkmenistan, individuals that refuse mandatory emergency vaccinations may be prosecuted under the law, though the exact penalty is unclear. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"In Bangladesh, individuals that fail to comply with vaccinations, when declared mandatory, are subject to an imprisonment of at least 3 months and a fine of up to 50,000 Taka. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to comply with mandatory vaccination during an epidemic threat will be fined up to 1,000 kyats. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be criminalized. Exact penalties vary by employer (public versus private) and/or charges against an individual. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Parents that fail to vaccinate their children can be fined between 20 and 200 pounds. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination mandates are enforceable through a fine ranging between 20-100 Piastres. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"In Malta, parents of children without mandatory vaccinations may be fined between 232.94 and 4,658.75 Euro and/or may face a prison sentence of 6 months to two years. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"In Malta, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine between 232.94 and 4,658.75 Euro and/or may face a prison sentence of 6 months to two years. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"In Iran, individuals that fail to comply with emergency vaccination will be faced with a fine of between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Rials, and/or a prison sentence of up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"In Montenegro, parents of children without mandatory vaccinations may be fined between 100 and 2,000 Euro. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"In Montenegro, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine between 500 and 2,000 Euro. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"In Mali, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine of 5,000-30,000 Francs and/or a jail sentence of 5-15 days. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"In Jordan, parents who fail to vaccinate their children may face an imprisonment of 2 months to 1 year and/or a fine of 500 to 1,000 dinar. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"In Jordan, individuals that refuse emergency vaccinations may face an imprisonment of 2 months to 1 year and/or a fine of 500 to 1,000 dinar. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"In the Bahamas, parents that fail to vaccinate their children are fined $4.00. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Individuals in Lesotho that refuse a mandatory emergency vaccination will be fined no more than 200 Rands and/or a jail sentence of up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be assessed a fine of up to K50,000.00 and/or incarcerated for up to 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"In Taiwan, individuals that fail to receive mandatory emergency vaccinations will be fined between NT$60,000 - NT$300,000. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"In Malaysia, individuals that refuse mandatory vaccination may be sentenced to imprisonment for up to two years and/or assessed a fine, though the amount of the fine is undefined in the law. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Individuals that refuse emergency vaccination will be assessed a fine of $5000 and/or imprisoned for up to 12 months. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"In St. Kitts, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined up to 8,000 East Caribbean Dollars. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Saudi Arabia. Failure to vaccinate children is categorized as parental neglect and abuse, which may result in the removal of children from their care and/or further prosecution. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations can be fined between 50,000 and 300,000 Riyals and/or be imprisoned between 1 week - 1 year. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"In the UAE, parents of unvaccinated children will be fined between 5,000 and 20,000 dirhams. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Parents in Kuwait can incur a fine and jail time for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine must not exceed 1,000 dinar and jail time may not exceed six months. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Individuals in Kuwait that refuse emergency vaccinations may be criminalized, incurring a fine between 50 and 200 dinar and incarceration for up to three months. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"In Sierra Leone, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined 5,000 Leones. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"In Benin, parents that fail to have their children vaccinated will face a fine between 25,000 and 250,000 CFA francs and/or a jail sentence between 1 month and 2 years. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"In Brunei, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined up to 10,000 Brunei dollars and incarcerated for up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"In Brunei, individuals that fail to receive mandatory emergency vaccines will be fined up to 10,000 Brunei dollars and incarcerated for up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"In Burkina Faso, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined between 5,000 and 30,000 CFA francs and may be imprisoned between 5 and 15 days. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"In Burkina Faso, individuals that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined between 5,000 and 30,000 CFA francs and may be imprisoned between 5 and 15 days. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"In Guinea, individuals that fail to comply with emergency vaccination will be faced with a fine of between 50,000 and 1,000,000 Guinean francs, and/or a prison sentence between 6 months and 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"In Guinea, parents that fail to comply with childhood vaccination will be faced with a fine of between 50,000 and 1,000,000 Guinean francs, and/or a prison sentence between 6 months and 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"The law states that individuals that refuse emergency vaccinations will be subject to criminal penalties, though these penalties are undefined. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Parents of minors in Comoros that do not fulfill the requirements for mandatory vaccination may be fined between FC 25,000 and 100,000 and face a jail sentence of 15-30 days. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Individuals in Comoros that do not fulfill the requirements for mandatory emergency vaccination may be fined between FC 25,000 and 100,000 and face a jail sentence of 15-30 days. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Parents in the Dominican Republic who fail to vaccinate their child will be fined based upon their current salary. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Guardians face a fine of $4.80 Eastern Caribbean Dollars for failing to vaccinate their child. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"In Samoa, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined an undefined amount. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in San Marino. Parents may be charged with a fine between 1,000,000 - 1,500,000 Lire. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations can be fined 100,000 VT and serve up to 12 months in jail. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Individuals that refuse emergency vaccination can be assessed a fine of 2000 Lek. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"In Belize, individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccination against Smallpox may be fined $25 and face incarceration for up to 3 months. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"In Bosnia and Herzegovina, individuals that fail to immunize themselves or their children with mandatory emergency vaccines can be fined between 100 and 2,000 KM."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Anyone who fails to receive a mandatory emergency vaccination my receive a fine up to 100,000 Pula and/or jailed for up to 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Failure to comply with emergency vaccinations can lead to a fine between BGN 300-1,000. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"In Chile, unvaccinated individuals can be fined between 5.159 and 51,592,000 Chilean pesos. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"In Croatia, individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations may be assessed a fine between HRK 30,000.00 and HRK 80,000.00. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"In Czechia, an individual that defies requirements for emergency vaccination will be assessed a fine of CZK 3,000,000. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations against Smallpox will be assessed a fine of 50 Eastern Caribbean Dollars. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination will be fined 200 emalangeni. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Any attempt to forego emergency vaccination or otherwise interfere will result in a fine of $40."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccinations can be mandated by governmental decree in the face of a disease epidemic and can be enforceable through an undefined fine and jail time of up to 3 months"},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Failure to receive an emergency vaccination is punishable by a jail sentence between 1-12 months. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination will be fined 5 pounds (currency no longer used in Israel) or 1 month of jail time. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"In Jamaica, individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination will be fined up to $500. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination can be fined, yet the fine is not defined in the policy. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":" The fine for failure to receive an emergency vaccination must be between 30,000 and 50,000 Macedonian Denar. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"In Peru, individuals that fail to be vaccinated may receive a warning for noncompliance, but may also be assessed a fine. The amount of the fine is undefined in the General Law of Health, but will be determined on a case-by-case basis. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Individuals face a misdemeanor and a fine between 30,000 - 150,000 Serbian dinars for failing to receive emergency vaccinations with mandated vaccines in Serbia. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Anyone that fails to receive an emergency vaccination can be fined up to $10,000 and jailed for up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"A fine of up to 5,000 Euro may be imposed on an individual that fails to receive a mandatory emergency vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Mandatory emergency vaccination is enforceable by a fine ranging from 4,000-100,000 Euros. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"In Tonga, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be subject to a fine of $1000 and/or a term of imprisonment that may not exceed 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive a mandatory emergency vaccination will receive an administrative infraction. "}]},{"Name":"Social exclusion","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Schools in Honduras require confirmation of vaccination for student enrollment, however, schools may not bar students from attending school if they are not vaccinated. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"In France, unvaccinated students cannot be enrolled in preschools, nurseries or grade schools. Parents are given three months from the beginning of the school year to initiate vaccination, but if the child remains unvaccinated, they will be barred from school entry."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children without a medical exemption waiver can be excluded from schools in Ukraine."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children without a medical exemption waiver can be excluded from schools in Tajikistan."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"In Antigua and Barbuda, children without the mandatory vaccinations cannot be admitted to public schools. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"In Russia, those that are not vaccinated may be temporarily restricted from visiting communal settings and entering schools, workplaces or nurseries during a disease outbreak. Additionally, unvaccinated individuals may be barred from holding certain jobs or traveling to certain countries. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"In Tanzania, children that do not have mandatory vaccinations may not be enrolled in schools until they have received all necessary vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"In Colombia, children without the mandatory vaccinations cannot be admitted to public schools. However, these children may not be denied education and instead their information will be sent to the local health authority to ameliorate the issue. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"In Costa Rica, pupils must present valid, up-to-date vaccination information for school registration. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"In Iraq, children must have vaccinations to enter schools or nurseries, though they will be provided upon entry if the pupil is not already vaccinated. Additionally, some occupations require vaccination as a precondition for employment. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Schools in El Salvador require confirmation of vaccination for student enrollment, however, schools may not bar students from attending school if they are not vaccinated. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"In Paraguay, children that are un or undervaccinated will not be allowed to attend congregate settings of children (e.g. nursery, school) and will be referred to the local healthy authority to receive the vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Children in Liberia may not attend school without the necessary vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"In Malawi, children without the smallpox vaccine are legally required to be barred from school enrollment. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"In Palau, unvaccinated children may not be admitted to school unless their parents have formally requested the vaccine(s) be administered within the next 30 days"},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"In Uruguay, children that do not have mandatory vaccinations or a medical exemption listed on their Child Health Card may not be enrolled in schools or participate in sports/extracurriculars."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Vaccination is a prerequisite for admission to educational institutions. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"In Turkmenistan, children that have not completed their mandatory vaccination schedule for their age may not be admitted to childcare or school settings. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"In Kyrgyzstan, those that are not vaccinated may be temporarily restricted from visiting communal settings and entering schools, workplaces or nurseries during a disease outbreak. Additionally, unvaccinated individuals may be barred from holding certain jobs. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"In Panama, children that are un or undervaccinated will not be allowed to attend congregate settings of children (e.g. nursery, school) and will be referred to the local healthy authority to receive the vaccinations. Parents may also face criminalization. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"In the United States, across all 50 states, mandatory childhood vaccinations are enforced through social exclusion from some schools. The types of schools/congregate childhood settings from which unvaccinated children may be excluded, and degree of exclusion varies by state. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to comply with state emergency vaccination mandates may be excluded from normal societal interactions, such as employment restrictions and school exclusion. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"In Taiwan, children without the mandatory vaccinations cannot be admitted to elementary schools."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"In Barbados, children without required vaccinations and without a rationale for an exemption will be prohibited from enrolling in school until those vaccinations are administered. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Schools in Guyana require confirmation of vaccination for student enrollment. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"In St. Kitts, children that are unvaccinated will not be allowed to attend congregate settings of children (e.g. nursery, school). "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children in Andorra may not register for schools or nurseries. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"In the Federated States of Micronesia, unvaccinated children may not be admitted to school."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be socially excluded from public life during an epidemic. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"In Monaco, unvaccinated children may not be admitted to school."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"In Trinidad and Tobago, children that have not completed their mandatory vaccination schedule for their age may not be admitted to childcare or school settings. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive mandatory emergency vaccinations may be excluded from various aspects of society, including employment and education. "}]},{"Name":"No enforcement mechanisms","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"While there are mandatory childhood vaccinations for schoolchildren, no enforcement mechanism for this requirement was identified in Latvian law. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. Article 275 states that the relevant authority can make requirements for compulsory vaccination for schoolchildren, though such a regulation could not be identified. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. Article 275 states that the relevant authority can make requirements for compulsory vaccination for schoolchildren, though such a regulation could not be identified. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "}]},{"Name":"No emergency power to vaccinate","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"No enforcement mechanism exists at the national level, but subnational enforcement may take place within a canton. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":null}]}]},{"Name":"Trade and intellectual property","Method":"## Trade and intellectual property methods\n\nIn order to build a more complete picture of the patent legislation and compulsory licensing landscape, we collected data not only on patent legislation, but also on a country's WTO Member status, whether they are classified as an LDC by the UN, and their import and export status under TRIPS Article 31bis.\n\n### _Sources_\n\nSources included the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) LEX database, an online database of IP laws and regulations from around the world. For countries whose patent legislation was not available on the WIPO LEX website, the websites of their national patent offices were consulted. In situations where the patent legislation was not available in English, it was translated using Google Translate. The WTO website was consulted for a list of WTO Members and Observers. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) website was consulted to determine which countries are designated by the United Nations as the least developed countries.\n\n### _Country status and policy inclusion criteria_\n\nCountries were assigned a status for each of the following five categories. WTO member status, LDC exemption status, and import/export status under TRIPS, country status could be pulled directly from WTO documentation. For compulsory licensing provision and pharmaceutical export provision, we identified the relevant country patent legislation in order to assign a status. For these two topics the inclusion criteria is described below. \n\n**World Trade Organization member status**\nWTO member status was determined by looking at the latest edition of the [Status of WTO Legal Instruments](https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wto_legal_instruments_e.htm) publication, published in 2021.\n\n**Least developed country (LDC) exemption under TRIPS**\nLDC status was determined by consulting the [list of least developed countries](https://www.un.org/ohrlls/content/list-ldcs) published by the UN on their website. There are currently 46 countries designated as LDCs by the UN. LDCs are automatically eligible importing Members under TRIPS Article 31bis.\n\n**Import and/or export status under Article 31bis**\nFootnote 3 of the Annex to the TRIPS Agreement lists a number of countries that, for the purpose of Article 31bis, will not use the system as an importer. Other countries have stated that they will only use the system as importers in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency. Eligible importing Members are all LDCs (automatically), and those who have made notification to the TRIPS Council of their intent to use the system as an importing Member. Countries that are not LDCs and have not stated their intention either way were coded as 'Import/Export status not defined'.\n\n**Compulsory licensing provision** \nWe analyzed patent legislation for provisions on compulsory licensing. We searched patent legislation documents for key words relating to compulsory licensing, i.e. 'compulsory license', 'non-voluntary license', and 'use without authorization'.\n\n**Pharmaceutical export provision**\nWe analyzed patent legislation for provisions on compulsory licenses specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products under the system defined in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement. We searched for key words relating to this provision, i.e. 'pharmaceutical', 'medicine', 'drug', 'Doha', and 'August 30, 2003'.\n\n","Subtopics":[{"Name":"World Trade Organization (WTO) member status","Description":"The World Trade Organization (WTO), with 164 members and 25 observer governments, helps address emerging infectious diseases by facilitating international cooperation, ensuring fair trade rules, and promoting access to essential medical supplies and technology. The WTO’s membership structure comprises original member states, including parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the European Communities, who largely acquired their status upon the WTO’s entry into force on 1 January 1995. All other members have joined the organization as a result of negotiation, and membership consists of a balance of rights and obligations. Aside from membership, some governments and international organizations are observers to the WTO which grants them the opportunity to participate in and contribute to WTO activities, but without voting rights. The decision to grant observer status or extend an offer of accession is made through consensus among members. Because the terms are unique to each applicant dependent upon the country's stage of economic development and current trade regime, understanding a country’s status in the WTO supports users in identifying the country’s rights, obligations, and access to trade-related benefits. \n","Source":"The World Trade Organization (WTO) publishes a [list of WTO members and observers](https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm) which was accessed in January 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"WTO Member","Description":"Country is a member state of the World Trade Organization.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."}]},{"Name":"WTO Observer","Description":"Country is an observer state of the World Trade Organization. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."}]},{"Name":"Neither WTO Member nor Observer","Description":"Country is neither a member or observer state of the World Trade Organization. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"XXK","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Encountered issues during data collection like translation barriers or inability to locate the documents. Or unable to find out whether a country has patent law.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."}]}]},{"Name":"Least developed country (LDC) exemption under TRIPS","Description":"The World Trade Organization (WTO) recognizes certain countries as least developed countries (LDCs) based on their designation by the United Nations. The exemptions and transition periods granted for LDCs, specifically under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), influence global health by ensuring intellectual property rights do not hinder a country's ability to address public health challenges. Currently, LDCs benefit from exemption under TRIPS until at least 1 July 2034, with pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligation exemptions ending on 1 January 2033. These exemptions have been extended several times using the WTO’s waiver authority. By providing flexibility in meeting TRIPS obligations, LDCs have more time to develop their healthcare infrastructure, enhance pharmaceutical production capacities, and improve access to treatments.  \n","Source":"The United Nations publishes a [list of least developed countries](https://www.un.org/ohrlls/content/list-ldcs), which was accessed in January 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Meets LDC exemption","Description":"Country is designated as a least-developed country (LDC) by the United Nations.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."}]},{"Name":"Does not meet LDC exemption","Description":"Country is not designated as a least-developed country (LDC) by the United Nations.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"XXK","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Encountered issues during data collection like translation barriers or inability to locate the documents. Or unable to find out whether a country has patent law.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."}]}]},{"Name":"Import/export status under Article 31bis of TRIPS","Description":"The import/export provisions outlined in Article 31bis of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) establish a system that allows eligible importing and exporting Members to grant compulsory licenses for patented pharmaceutical products, providing a framework to balance intellectual property rights and access to essential medicines. An \"eligible importing Member\" encompasses both least developed country (LDC) Members and any other Members that have notified  the Council for TRIPS of their intention to utilize Article 31bis and the Annex (“system”) as importers. As importers, countries can obtain compulsory licenses for patented pharmaceutical products, while exporters have the authority to grant these licenses to others for production or importation. Members have the flexibility to declare their usage of the system either comprehensively or in a limited manner, such as during national emergencies, extreme urgency, or for public non-commercial purposes. Understanding a country’s import/export status under the TRIPS Agreement can help determine how countries are able to leverage the system according to their needs and navigate global health challenges. \n","Source":"The TRIPS Agreement and notifications to the TRIPS council were accessed to determine the import/export status of countries under Article 31bis. These were accessed between September and November 2022.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Exporter only","Description":"Some WTO Members will not use the system set out in TRIPS Article 31bis and Annex as importing Members, as defined in footnote 3 of the Annex.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."}]},{"Name":"Eligible importing member","Description":" “Eligible importing Member” means any least-developed country Member, and any other Member that has made a notification to the Council for TRIPS of its intention to use the system set out in Article 31bis and this Annex (“system”) as an importer.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Antigua and Barbuda submitted notification to TRIPS Council on 12 May 2021, notifying intent to use the System set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement, and the Annex and the Appendix to it, as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Bolivia submitted notification to TRIPS Council on 17 Feb 2021, notifying intent to use the System set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement, and the Annex and the Appendix to it, as an importing Member"},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."}]},{"Name":"Importer only in cases of extreme urgency","Description":"Some WTO Members have stated that, if they use the system set out in TRIPS Article 31bis and Annex, it would be in no more than situations of national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."}]},{"Name":"Import/export status not defined","Description":"Country has not stated that it will use the system set out in TRIPS Article 31bis and Annex for exporting only, or importing only in cases of extreme urgency, and is not an LDC or has notified TRIPS council of intention to use system. Includes any country who is not a Member of the WTO.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"XXK","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Encountered issues during data collection like translation barriers or inability to locate the documents. Or unable to find out whether a country has patent law.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."}]}]},{"Name":"Compulsory licensing provision","Description":"Compulsory licensing, a mechanism outlined in Article 31 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), enables governments to bypass patent holders’ rights in certain situations, including public health emergencies. This provision, also known as non-voluntary licensing, allows governments to grant patent licenses to a party without the consent of the patent holder. By authorizing the use of compulsory licenses, governments can expand the availability of essential medicines, vaccines, or other pharmaceutical products. Certain conditions must be met for issuing compulsory licenses, such as ensuring that licenses primarily serve the domestic market (Article 31(f)), and offering adequate remuneration to the patent holder (Article 31(h)). The licenses are temporary and typically issued on a case-by-case basis, depending on the health needs of the population.To implement this provision, many countries have incorporated compulsory licensing provisions into their domestic patent laws.\n","Source":"We consulted the websites of each country's national patent office and the [World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) LEX database](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/index.html). These sites were accessed between September and November 2022.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Has compulsory license provision","Description":"Country has provisions for the granting of compulsory licenses within their patent law. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Andean Community. Decision 486 contains provisions on compulsory licensing. Country also has exception regarding compulsory licensing in its own patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Andean Community. Decision 486 contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"The Cook Islands has no independent intellectual property system. Instead, New Zealand patents automatically extend to cover this country. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within New Zealand's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Andean Community. Decision 486 contains provisions on compulsory licensing. Country also has exception regarding compulsory licensing in its own patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Kiribati does not have its own patent law: the only patent legislation that exists in this country is the Registration of UK Patent Act. Patent and trademark protection exists only for patents and trademarks that have already been registered in the UK. UK patent law contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Liechtenstein has neither its own patent law nor a patent office. Instead, patents for inventions are also governed by the Swiss Institute for Intellectual Property (IGE) due to the bilateral patent protection act of 1978. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within Swiss  patent law."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Andean Community. Decision 486 contains provisions on compulsory licensing. Country also has exception regarding compulsory licensing in its own patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Solomon Islands does not have its own patent law: the only patent legislation that exists in this country is the Registration of UK Patent Act. Patent and trademark protection exists only for patents and trademarks that have already been registered in the UK. UK patent law contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Tuvalu does not have its own patent law: the only patent legislation that exists in this country is the Registration of UK Patent Act. Patent and trademark protection exists only for patents and trademarks that have already been registered in the UK. UK patent law contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Compulsory licensing can be exercised in at least two different ways under the U.S. government’s power: Section 1498 applies to all patents; the Bayh-Dole Act applies to patents that emerge from government funding."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"XXK","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."}]},{"Name":"No compulsory license provision","Description":"Country does not have provisions for the granting of compulsory licenses within their patent law. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."}]},{"Name":"No patent law","Description":"Country does not have patent law.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Encountered issues during data collection like translation barriers or inability to locate the documents. Or unable to find out whether a country has patent law.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."}]}]},{"Name":"Pharmaceutical export provision","Description":"Article 31bis of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) introduces a provision regarding the export of pharmaceutical products through compulsory licensing. It states that the obligations of an exporting Member under Article 31(f) do not apply when granting  a compulsory license specifically for the purpose of producing pharmaceutical products and exporting them to eligible importing Members, as outlined in paragraph 2 of the Annex of this Agreement.This provision allows countries to meet the urgent public health needs of importing Members that lack sufficient pharmaceutical manufacturing capacities of their own. In response, many countries have incorporated explicit provisions into their domestic patent legislation, enabling the export of pharmaceuticals to destinations facing production challenges. Understanding which countries have provisions for pharmaceutical exports and nuances in implementation allow for the assessment of potential sources of pharmaceutical supplies during public health emergencies, promotion of equitable access to essential medicines, and identification of potential partnerships for technology transfer and knowledge-sharing.\n","Source":"We consulted the websites of each country's national patent office and the [World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) LEX database](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/index.html). These sites were accessed between September and November 2022.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Has pharmaceutical export provision","Description":"Country has a separate pharmaceutical export provision within the compulsory licensing legislation that implements TRIPS Article 31bis (i.e. implementation of paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and public health).","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"See Law on Compulsory Licensing for Public Health."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"The Cook Islands has no independent intellectual property system. Instead, New Zealand patents automatically extend to cover this country. New Zealand's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Country does not have its own patent law: the only patent legislation that exists in this country is the Registration of UK Patent Act. Patent and trademark protection exists only for patents and trademarks that have already been registered in the UK.  UK patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Liechtenstein has neither its own patent law nor a patent office. Instead, patents for inventions are also governed by the Swiss Institute for Intellectual Property (IGE) due to the bilateral patent protection act of 1978. Swiss patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Country does not have its own patent law: the only patent legislation that exists in this country is the Registration of UK Patent Act. Patent and trademark protection exists only for patents and trademarks that have already been registered in the UK. UK patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Country does not have its own patent law: the only patent legislation that exists in this country is the Registration of UK Patent Act. Patent and trademark protection exists only for patents and trademarks that have already been registered in the UK. UK patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"XXK","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."}]},{"Name":"No pharmaceutical export provision","Description":"Country does not have an explicit, separate pharmaceutical export provision within the compulsory licensing legislation that implements TRIPS Article 31bis (i.e. implementation of paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and public health). ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Andean Community. Decision 486 does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Andean Community. Decision 486 does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Andean Community. Decision 486 does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."}]},{"Name":"No patent law","Description":"Country does not have patent law.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Encountered issues during data collection like translation barriers or inability to locate the documents. Or unable to find out whether a country has patent law.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."}]}]}]}],"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1980-05-16","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-05-16"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1961-12-11","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-12-11"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1981-05-19","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-08-17"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1990-11-05","Date_entered_into_force":"1990-11-05"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2001-06-04","Date_ratified":"2005-02-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-05-26"},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Date_ratified":"1995-02-03","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-05"},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Date_ratified":"1994-11-11","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-09"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2017-09-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-11-30"},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2017-08-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-09-06"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Patents Act (Chapter 26:03)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1972-02-01","Relevant_articles":"Sections 30A-31\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Medicines and Allied Substances Control (General) Regulations, 1991 (Cap.15:03)","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Veterinary Surgeons Act [Chapter 27:15]","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Public Health Act (No. 11/2018)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Sewerage","Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Public Health (Effluent) Regulations (G. N. No. 662 of 1970).","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1970-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Environmental Management Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-01-01","Relevant_articles":"Article IV\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Public Health Act 2018","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-08-31","Relevant_articles":"**Article 42, 50 **- Emergency Vaccination, Penalty (Criminalization)\n\n**Articles 50 and 68** - Quarantine, isolation, and penalties\n\n**Part IV** - Actionable Diseases\n\n**Part XII **Emergency media and communications authority\n","Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Emergency media and communications authority","Community engagement mandate"]},{"Name":"Environmental Management (Access to Genetic Resources and Indigenous Genetic Resource-based Knowledge) Regulations, 2009","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"]}]},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1965-02-02","Date_entered_into_force":"1965-02-02"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1970-01-23","Date_entered_into_force":"1964-10-24"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1980-11-24","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-02-22"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2008-01-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-01-15"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2004-04-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-07-25"},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01"},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Date_ratified":"1993-05-28","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2016-05-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-08-18"},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-09-20","Date_ratified":"2016-12-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-08"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2009-08-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the 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water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Water and Water Use of 6 March 1993","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-03-06","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Law No. 362-II on waste","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-04-05","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"On the Protection of Citizens' Health","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-08-29","Relevant_articles":"**Article 28** - Emergency Vaccination and Isolation\n","Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Emergency vaccination 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and Controls Guidance","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-06-21","Relevant_articles":"\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Animal Health Protection (7 U.S.C. 8301-8322)","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301-399d)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Water Quality Standards","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1972-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1962-03-15","Date_entered_into_force":"1962-03-15"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des 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Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2017-01-23","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Federal Law No. 17 of 2002 on the Regulation and Protection of Industrial Property for Patents and Industrial Designs","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-11-19","Relevant_articles":"Articles 24-32\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Federal Law No.8 of 2013 on the prevention and control of contagious and epidemic animal diseases","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"]},{"Name":"Federal Law No. 24 of 1999 on the environment protection and development","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-10-17","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Local Order No.8 of 2002 regarding Sewage, Irrigation, and Water Drainage in the Emirate of Dubai.","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Law No. (21) of 2005 for Waste Management in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi ","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-09-10","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Federal Law No. (8) of 2021","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-04-29","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Compliance","Legal sanctions"]},{"Name":"Federal Law No.14 of 2014 on Combatting Communicable Diseases","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-01-01","Relevant_articles":"**Article 10 - **Isolation\n\n**Article 12** - Quarantine for school and workplace contacts\n\n**Article 21** - Mandatory Childhood Vaccinations, free vaccinations\n\n**Article 24** - Exemption Provisions (Medical)\n\n**Articles 33 and 38** - Isolation enforcement mechanisms\n\n**Article 37 **- Enforcement of Childhood 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1995)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1995-06-06","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Order No. 316 of the Ministry of Regional Development, Construction, Housing and Municipal Facilities ","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-12-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Law No. 2320-IX “On waste management”","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-06-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"On the protection of the population from infectious 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","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Water Act 1995 (Cap 152)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1995-12-14","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Sewerage","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"National Environment (Standards for Discharge of Effluent Into Water or Land) Regulations, 2020","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-12-21","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"National Environment (Waste Management) Regulations, 2020 (S.I. 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Code","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Law No. 136-IV “On potable water”","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-09-25","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"On Waste","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-04-05","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Law of Turkmenistan on the prevention of infectious diseases","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-03-13","Relevant_articles":"**Articles 6, 20 - **Quarantine and Isolation by a Nationally Authorized Body\n\n**Article 11** - Emergency Vaccinations\n\n**Article 12** - Mandatory Childhood Vaccinations, Exemption Provisions\n\n**Article 15** - Enforcement Mechanisms for Childhood Vaccination (Social Exclusion)\n\n**Article 26 - **Population Level Quarantine\n\n**Article 30** - Enforcement Mechanisms (Emergency Vaccination, Quarantine/Isolation)\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination"]}]},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization 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substances","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-11-25","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Regulation on the quality of surface water intended for the abstraction of potable water","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-11-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Environment Law No. 2872","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1983-08-11","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Medical Waste Control Regulation","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-01-25","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical 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products","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-10-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-04-22","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Decree on waste","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-12-15","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-10-23","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Directive (EU) 2020/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-12-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-12-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Water quality 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disposal"]},{"Name":"European Union (Veterinary Medicinal Products and Medicated Feed) Regulations 2022","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-01-28","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Infectious Diseases Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-03-30","Relevant_articles":"**Article 14** - regards notifiable diseases\n\n**Article 18** - regards isolation\n\n**Article 19** - regards quarantine \n\n**Article 22** - outlines the mandatory vaccinations and also creates a framework for medical exemptions to vaccinations, but does not allow for non-medical exemptions\n\n**Articles 23 and 24** - require mandatory treatment, which can include prophylactic treatment and immunization for those exposed to infectious diseases\n\n**Article 25** - mandates that the Minister of Health set the annual vaccination schedule for mandatory vaccines\n\n**Article 56** - regards physician penalties\n\n**Article 57 **- regards patient penalties. The mandatory vaccinations are to be enforced by exclusion of unvaccinated children from schools and may also result in a fine of between 400 and 4,000 Euros. This mandatory emergency vaccination is enforceable by a fine ranging from 4,000-100,000 Euros. \n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Enforcement of emergency vaccination"]},{"Name":"Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence 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treatment","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-05-21","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Council Directive of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Relevant_articles":"\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Waste Management Act (No. 238/1991)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-05-22","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain 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sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"On immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-09-17","Relevant_articles":"**Article 4.2** - All vaccinations will be offered free of charge\n\n**Article 5.1 **- Anyone may refuse vaccination (Non-medical exemptions)\n\n**Article 5.2** - Penalties (Social Exclusion), Entry/Exit Vaccination\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination"]}]},{"ISO3":"ROU","Name":"Romania","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1948-06-08","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-08"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation 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agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Order No. 35 of the National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority Validating the Methodological Norms for the Application of the Program of 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standards","Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste water treatment","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-05-21","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Council Directive of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Relevant_articles":"\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"European Union (Veterinary Medicinal Products and Medicated Feed) Regulations 2022","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-01-28","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EU) No 511/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-05-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Compliance","Legal sanctions"]},{"Name":"(2021/C 13/01) Guidance document on the scope of application and core obligations of Regulation (EU) No 511/2014","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-08-27","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Digital sequence information (DSI)","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Access to resources","Compliance"]},{"Name":"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1866","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance"]},{"Name":"Order No. 828 / 23.03.2023 for the approval of the General Guidelines and the practical Guidelines on the Nagoya Protocol","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-04-26","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"]},{"Name":"Law regarding the organization and financing of population vaccination activity in Romania","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-07-31","Relevant_articles":"**Article 13** - Mandatory Vaccinations and Emergency Vaccination\n\n**Article 22** - Medical Exemptions\n\n**Article 68** - Parental responsibilities for Mandatory Vaccinations\n\n**Article 71** - Enforcement Mechanism\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"]},{"Name":"Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"MDA","Name":"Republic of Moldova","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization 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2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"European Union (Veterinary Medicinal Products and Medicated Feed) Regulations 2022","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-01-28","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EU) No 511/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-05-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Compliance","Legal sanctions"]},{"Name":"(2021/C 13/01) Guidance document on the scope of application and core obligations of Regulation (EU) No 511/2014","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-08-27","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Digital sequence information (DSI)","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Access to resources","Compliance"]},{"Name":"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1866","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance"]},{"Name":"Act of of 19 July 2016 on Access to Genetic Resources and Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-07-19","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions"]},{"Name":"Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"PHL","Name":"Philippines","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Date_ratified":"1948-07-09","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-07-09"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1985-11-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1985-11-29"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 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Agriculture) and No. 111-B (Dept. 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monitoring","Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Administrative-Order-No.-2007-0014","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-03-14","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"DENR Administrative Order No. 2021-19 Updated Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) and General Effluent Standards (GES) for Selected Parameters","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-06-30","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"An Act Providing for Mandatory Basic Immunization Services for Infants and Children","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-06-21","Relevant_articles":"**Sections 2, 3** - Mandatory Childhood Vaccinations\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria 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benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions"]}]},{"ISO3":"PER","Name":"Peru","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Date_ratified":"1949-11-11","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-11-11"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Date_ratified":"1998-03-16","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-03-16"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1975-06-27","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-09-25"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) 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719-2018/MINSA","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-08-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Childhood vaccination"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Diphtheria vaccination","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"]},{"Name":"Decision 486","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-09-14","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Access to resources","Legal sanctions"]},{"Name":"Decision 391 ","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-07-17","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Legal sanctions"]},{"Name":"Law Introducing the Protection Regime for the Collective Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples derived from Biological Resources","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-08-10","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"]},{"Name":"Supreme Decree No. 019-2021-MINAM that approves the Regulation of access to genetic resources and their derivatives","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-07-24","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Scope of legislation","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"PRY","Name":"Paraguay","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Date_ratified":"1949-01-04","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-01-04"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an 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products"]},{"Name":"Law No. 667 - Establishes the regime of registration and comprehensive control of products for veterinary use and sets conditions to develop activities of preparation, fractionation, distribution, import, export, possession, sale and use of said products","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Law No. 294/93 - Environmental Impact Assessment","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-12-31","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Law No. 1614 - General of the Regulatory and Tariff Framework of the Public Service for the Provision of Drinking Water and Sanitary Sewerage for the Republic of 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Vaccination\n\n**Article 8** - Exception Provisions (Medical)\n\n**Article 15** - Penalty (Social Exclusion, not enforceable, but child must be referred to local health authority to ameliorate the issue)\n\n**Article 31** - Penalty (Criminalization equal to a minor offense, which may result in a verbal/written warning and a fine of 1-5 days' salary)\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"]}]},{"ISO3":"PNG","Name":"Papua New Guinea","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization 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products"]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 352 - Technical Regulation DGNTI-COPANIT 47-2000 on uses and final disposal of sludge","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-07-26","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 598 - Technical Regulation DGNTI-COPANIT 23-394-99 on the taking of samples for biological analysis of water quality","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-11-12","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 49 - Technical Regulation DGNTI-COPANIT 24-99 on the reuse of treated wastewater","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-02-02","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Decree No. 176 - Activities related to situations of high public risk due to their implications for health or the environment and the types of establishments that due to their activity are of sanitary interest","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-05-27","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Law No. 24 By Which The Wildlife Legislation of the Republic of Panama and other Provisions are Issued","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1995-06-07","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Scope of legislation"]},{"Name":"Executive Decree No. 25 By Which Article 71 of Law 41 of July 1, 1998, General of the Environment, is 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authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"]},{"Name":"Water Abstraction Act (RPPL No. 9-19 of 2013)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-11-29","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Environmental Quality Protection Act (Chapter 1 of Title 24 of Palau National Code)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"EQPB Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Regulations","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-04-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Chapter 2401-14 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Enforcement Mechanism for Emergency Vaccination (Criminalization)\n\n**Section 5303** Alert systems\n\n**Section 5305c** Transparency\n\n**Section 5306, 5307 and 5309 **Community engagement\n\n**Section 5312** Alert systems\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Community engagement mandate","Public alert systems","Transparency requirements","Emergency media and communications authority"]}]},{"ISO3":"PAK","Name":"Pakistan","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1948-06-23","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-23"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office 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","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1985-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Ministerial Decision No. 145 of 1993 issuing the Regulations on waste water reuse and discharge","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-06-13","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Regulation for the Management of Hazardous Waste","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-02-02","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Child Law","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-05-19","Relevant_articles":"**Article 19** - Mandatory Childhood Vaccination\n\n**Article 68** - Enforcement of Childhood Vaccination (Criminalization)\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"]},{"Name":"The Law on the Control of Communicable Diseases","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-03-23","Relevant_articles":"**Article 6** - Isolation\n\n**Articles 7 and 8** - Quarantine\n\n**Article 14 **- Emergency Vaccination\n\n**Article 20** - Enforcement of Emergency Vaccination, Quarantine, and Isolation (Criminalization)\n\n**Section I** - Isolatable and Quarantinable Diseases\n","Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"]}]},{"ISO3":"NOR","Name":"Norway","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Date_ratified":"1947-08-18","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1947-06-09","Date_entered_into_force":"1947-06-09"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1976-07-27","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-10-25"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) 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pollution","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-05-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Law on environment (2016)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-07-28","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Regulation on the conditions, manner and procedure of medical waste","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-09-12","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Law on waste management","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-12-23","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Regulation on quality and sanitary-technical conditions for wastewater discharge, manner and procedure of testing wastewater quality and content of the report on determined wastewater quality","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-09-24","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Decree on the Proclamation of the Nature Protection Law","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-08-15","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"]},{"Name":"Law on the Protection of the Population from Infectious Diseases","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-10-15","Relevant_articles":"**Article 6 - **Quarantinable Diseases\n\n**Articles 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the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, and the Ministry of Construction establishing standard level of pollutants in wastewater","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-12-27","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Decree No. A/543 of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism validating the List of water polluting hazardous substances","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-09-27","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Law on Immunization","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-04-20","Relevant_articles":"**Article 5 **- Vaccinations offered free of charge\n\n**Article 6** - Exemption Provisions (Non-medical)\n\n**Article 10** - Mandatory Vaccinations, Exemption Provisions (Medical)\n\n**Article 11** - Emergency\n\n**Article 21 **- Enforcement Mechanism for Emergency Vaccination\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection Law of Mongolia","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1995-06-05","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing","Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Water quality monitoring"]}]},{"ISO3":"MCO","Name":"Monaco","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1948-07-08","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-07-08"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office 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provision"]},{"Name":"Federal law on animal health","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures"]},{"Name":"Official Mexican Standard NOM-064-ZOO-2000: Guidelines for the classification and prescription of veterinary pharmaceutical products by the risk level of their active ingredients","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Regulations of the Federal Animal Health Law","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"National Water 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quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"General Law on Health","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-05-29","Relevant_articles":"**Article 134** - Actionable Diseases\n\n**Articles 134 and 139** - Quarantine and Isolation\n\n**Article 139, 408** - Emergency Vaccination, Enforcement Mechanism (Criminalization, forcible vaccination)\n\n**Article 144** - Mandatory Vaccination\n\n**Chapter 2** - Mandatory Vaccination, Exemption Provisions\n\n**Article 419** - Penalties (Criminalization)\n\n**Article 157 Bis 3 **Transparency requirements about vaccines\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Tuberculosis vaccination","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Transparency requirements"]},{"Name":"General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1988-03-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"]},{"Name":"General Law of Sustainable Forest Development","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-09-05","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Benefit-sharing","Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)"]},{"Name":"Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"MUS","Name":"Mauritius","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1968-12-09","Date_entered_into_force":"1968-12-09"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1985-11-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1985-11-20"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1975-04-28","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-07-27"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons 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veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Pharmacy Act 1983 (No. 60 of 1983)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Environment Protection (Standards of Effluent for Use in Irrigation) Regulations 2003 (G.N. No. 46 of 2003)","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-02-05","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Guidelines for irrigation water quality (G.N. No. 617 of 1999)","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Public Health Act (Cap. 277)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1925-12-31","Relevant_articles":"Sections 48-49, 78-80, and 136 address national powers for isolation. Sections 79 and 80 address national power to quarantine. Sections 49, 79, and 139 address patient penalties. Note that although the policy defines \"infectious or communicable diseases\" as diseases referred to under Section 71, the diseases in Section 71 only apply to Section 71.\n\n** Part V, 79 **Transparency requirements\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Sewerage","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate","Transparency requirements"]},{"Name":"Environment Protection Act 2002 (No. 19 of 2002)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-07-11","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Environment Protection (Standards for effluent discharge) Regulations 2003 (G.N. No. 44 of 2003)","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-02-05","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Waste Water Management Authority (Amendment) Act 2004 (No. 26 of 2004)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-08-19","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Waste Water (License for Discharge of Industrial Effluent into a Waste Water System) Regulations 2019 (G.N. No. 2 of 2020)","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-12-27","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]}]},{"ISO3":"MRT","Name":"Mauritania","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1961-03-07","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-03-07"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1959-08-21","Date_entered_into_force":"1959-08-21"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 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Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2017-02-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-29"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March 2, 1977, on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property Organization","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1977-03-02","Relevant_articles":"Articles 49 to 58 of Annex I\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2017 - 0116 of September 27, 2017 on the Organization of the exercise of the Veterinary Profession in Mauritania","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures"]},{"Name":"Order No. R-002 authorizing and regulating the sale and use of vaccines, medicines and veterinary products","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Law No. 2000-045 relating to the framework law on the environment","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-07-26","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Law No. 2005-30 establishing the Water Code","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-02-02","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]}]},{"ISO3":"MHL","Name":"Marshall Islands","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1991-06-05","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-06-05"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2012-11-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-11-15"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological 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(CITES)","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null}],"Documents":[{"Name":"National Environmental Protection Act 1984","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1984-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Toilet Facilities and Sewage Disposal Regulations","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1990-02-24","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Public Water Supply Regulations 1994","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1994-01-07","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 1994","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1994-01-06","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Medicine Chest Requirements, Recordkeeping, Responsibilities, and Training for Medical Care","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Ministry of Environment Act, 2018","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":null}]},{"ISO3":"MLT","Name":"Malta","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1965-02-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1965-02-01"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1989-04-27","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-04-27"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 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417)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-06-01","Relevant_articles":"Articles 39-40\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law')","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Veterinary Services Act (No. XXIII of 2001)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Nitrates Action Programme Regulations, 2011 (L.N. 321 of 2011)","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"The 2nd Water Catchment Management Plan for the Malta Water Catchment District 2015-2021","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Sewer Discharge Control (Amendment) Regulations, 2005","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Waste Regulations","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-06-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Environment Protection Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-01-31","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-10-23","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Directive (EU) 2020/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-12-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-12-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste water treatment","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-05-21","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Council Directive of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Relevant_articles":"\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"European Union (Veterinary Medicinal Products and Medicated Feed) Regulations 2022","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-01-28","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EU) No 511/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-05-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Compliance","Legal sanctions"]},{"Name":"(2021/C 13/01) Guidance document on the scope of application and core obligations of Regulation (EU) No 511/2014","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-08-27","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Digital sequence information (DSI)","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Access to resources","Compliance"]},{"Name":"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1866","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance"]},{"Name":"Public Health Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-11-21","Relevant_articles":"**Section 15** - Power to isolate and quarantine\n\n**Sections 38, 39, 40** - Penalties\n\n**Section 27(d)** - Mandatory childhood and emergency vaccination\n\n**Section 44** - Enforcement of Mandatory Childhood and Emergency Vaccination\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement"]},{"Name":"L.N. 379 of 2016 Environment Protection Act (CAP. 549)","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-11-08","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"]},{"Name":"Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Type":"Supporting 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Services","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Law No. 2016-004 of February 12, 2016 - Governing Veterinary Pharmacy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Law No. 02-006 of 31 January 2002 - Water Code","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-01-30","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2018-0993/P-RM of 31 December 2018 fixing the conditions for the implementation of the environmental 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Disposal","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"National Healthcare Waste Management Policy","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-04-25","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Public Health Protection Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-12-17","Relevant_articles":"**Articles 12 and 14** - Quarantine and Isolation\n\n**Article 17** - Quarantine and Isolation Enforcement Mechanisms\n\n**Article 18** - Childhood and Emergency Vaccination Mandates, Enforcement Mechanisms (Social Exclusion, Criminalization, Forcible Vaccination [Emergency Vaccination only])\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Tuberculosis vaccination"]}]},{"ISO3":"MYS","Name":"Malaysia","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1958-04-24","Date_entered_into_force":"1958-04-24"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1970-03-19","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-03-19"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 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291)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1983-12-15","Relevant_articles":"Sections 48-54\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Animals Act, 1953","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures"]},{"Name":"Veterinary Surgeons Act 1974 (Act 147)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Sale of Drugs Act 1952 (Act 368)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Feed (Prohibited Antibiotics, Hormones and Other Chemicals) Regulations 2012","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Waters Act 1920","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1920-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1987-09-30","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"National Standard for Drinking Water Quality","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-12-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Guidelines on the Handling and Management of Clinical Wastes in Malaysia","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations, 2009","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-12-10","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations, 2009","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-12-10","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Access to Biological Resources and Benefit Sharing Act 2017","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-10-17","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Contractual terms","Scope of legislation","Digital sequence information (DSI)"]},{"Name":"Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1988-08-13","Relevant_articles":"**Article 11 (2)** - Quarantine and Isolation\n\n**Article 11 (3)** - Emergency Vaccination and Quarantine and Isolation\n\n**Article 11 (5)** - Quarantine and Isolation Enforcement Mechanisms\n\n**Article 24** - Enforcement Mechanism for Emergency Vaccination  and Quarantine and Isolation (Criminalization)\n\n**First Schedule** - Actionable Diseases\n","Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"]}]},{"ISO3":"MWI","Name":"Malawi","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1965-04-09","Date_entered_into_force":"1965-04-09"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1984-03-30","Date_entered_into_force":"1984-03-30"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 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Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Water Resources Act, 2013 (No. 2 of 2013)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-04-09","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Environment Management Act, 2017 (No. 19 of 2017)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-04-30","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Waterworks Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-03-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Biosafety Act (Cap. 60:03)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Public Health Act (Chapter 34:01)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1948-07-29","Relevant_articles":"**Article 11** - Notifiable diseases\n\n**Articles 29 and 31** - Quarantine and Isolation\n\n**Articles 31 and 51 **- Emergency vaccination (51 only on Smallpox)\n\n**Article 37** - Emergency vaccination enforcement mechanism (Criminalization)\n\n**Article 38** - Entry/Exit vaccination\n\n**Article 43** - Mandatory childhood vaccination\n\n**Article 45** - Exemption provisions\n\n**Article 47** - Vaccination offered free of charge\n\n**Article 49** - Childhood vaccination enforcement mechanism (social exclusion)\n\n**Article 138** - Penalties\n\n**Part V, Article 36** Emergency authority\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency media and communications authority"]},{"Name":"Environment Management Act No. 19 of 2017","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-05-05","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"]},{"Name":"Guidelines on Access to Biological Resources","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-09-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Benefit-sharing","Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"MDG","Name":"Madagascar","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1961-01-16","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-01-16"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1969-09-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-06-26"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 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mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"]}]},{"ISO3":"LBR","Name":"Liberia","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Date_ratified":"1947-03-14","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2014-05-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-05-30"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1981-03-11","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-06-09"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) 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some positions of this owner, and the series of ranks and salaries of technical employees in it","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 121 of 2011 regarding the registration, import, manufacture and circulation of veterinary medicinal preparations, disinfectants, sterilizers, veterinary raw materials and feed additives","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Law No. 192 of 2020 to amend Law No. 77 of 13/4/2018 “Water Law”","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-10-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Law No. 690 of 2005 regulating the Ministry of Environment and defining its tasks and competences","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-08-25","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 1039 adopting the Standardizations No. 161/1999 the potable water and No. 162/1999 concerning the bottled potable water as the Lebanese Standardizations","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-08-02","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Law No. 64 of 1988 on the protection of the environment against pollution from hazardous waste disposal and substances","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1988-08-12","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Law No. 444 of 2002 on Environmental Protection","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-07-29","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Compliance"]}]},{"ISO3":"LVA","Name":"Latvia","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1991-12-04","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-12-04"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1992-05-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-05-29"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 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Law","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-02-15","Relevant_articles":"Section 54\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law')","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Veterinary Medicine Law (2001)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Cabinet Regulation No. 92 of 2004 on Requirements for the Monitoring of Surface Water, Groundwater and Protected Areas and the Development of Monitoring 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of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-10-23","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Directive (EU) 2020/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-12-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-12-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste water treatment","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-05-21","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Council Directive of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Relevant_articles":"\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Waste Management Law (2010)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-11-28","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"European Union (Veterinary Medicinal Products and Medicated Feed) Regulations 2022","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-01-28","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EU) No 511/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-05-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Compliance","Legal sanctions"]},{"Name":"(2021/C 13/01) Guidance document on the scope of application and core obligations of Regulation (EU) No 511/2014","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-08-27","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Digital sequence information (DSI)","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Access to resources","Compliance"]},{"Name":"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1866","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance"]},{"Name":"Vaccination Rules","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-09-26","Relevant_articles":"**Article 3:** Mandatory Vaccines\n\n**Article 8:** Emergency Vaccination\n\n**Article 22: **Non-medical Exemptions\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"]},{"Name":"Law on Utilisation of Genetic Resources","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-12-10","Relevant_articles":"\n","Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Legal sanctions","Compliance"]},{"Name":"Epidemiological Safety Law","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1997-12-11","Relevant_articles":"**Section 19** - Quarantine\n\n**Sections 20 and 21** - Isolation\n\n**Section 22 **- Isolation and Enforcement Mechanisms\n\n**Section 30 (1) - **Mandatory Vaccination, (3) Emergency Mandatory Vaccination\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"]},{"Name":"Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1992-04-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-04-29"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des 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(WTO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1998-10-14","Date_ratified":"1998-11-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-12-20"},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1996-08-06","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-04"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2020-06-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-06-29"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2015-06-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-09-13"},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-09-21","Date_ratified":"2020-02-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-03-19"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2018-02-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-02-06"}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Law of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 8 of January 14, 1998, on Patents","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-01-14","Relevant_articles":"Article 12\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Law No. 175 \"On veterinary practice\"","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Water Code (No. 8 of 2005)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-01-12","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Governmental Decree No. 102 validating Methodology for setting standards for maximum permissible discharges of pollutants into waterbodies","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-02-13","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"On issues related to the handling of medical waste and work with mercury-containing products in healthcare organizations of the Kyrgyz Republic","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-12-30","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"About public health","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-07-24","Relevant_articles":"**Article 16** - Enforcement Mechanism (Social Exclusion), Exemptions (Medical and Non-Medical)\n\n**Article 18** - Mandatory Emergency and Childhood Vaccination\n\n**Article 20**- Individual-level Quarantine and Isolation\n\n**Article 21**- Population-level Quarantine and Enforcement Mechanisms\n\n**Article 27** - Quarantine and Isolation Enforcement Mechanisms\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate"]}]},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World 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products"]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection Law No. 42 of 2014","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-07-13","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Resolution No.6 of 2017 regarding the Executive Regulations for the Management of Hazardous, Medical, Municipal Solid Waste and Sludge","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-05-29","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Medical waste disposal","Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Decree No.12 of 2017 issuing the Executive Regulations for the Protection of the Aquatic and Coastal Environment from Pollution","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-08-21","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Law No. 21 of 2015 on Child’s Rights","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-05-04","Relevant_articles":"**Article 18 **- Requirement for childhood vaccination\n\n**Article 83** - Enforcement of Childhood Vaccination Mechanism (Criminalization)\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"]},{"Name":"Law No. 8 of 1969 regarding health precautions to prevent communicable diseases","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1969-04-07","Relevant_articles":"**Articles 4** - Isolation\n\n**Articles 5, 6** - Quarantine\n\n**Articles 12, 13** - Emergency Vaccination\n\n**Article 15** - Emergency Vaccination and Population-level Quarantine\n\n**Article 17** - Enforcement of Emergency Vaccination (Criminalization), has since been amended\n\n**Table **- Actionable Diseases\n","Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Authority to quarantine","Authority to isolate","List of actionable diseases"]}]},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity 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37)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1977-07-29","Relevant_articles":"Sections 48-59\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"]},{"Name":"Quarantine Ordinance [Cap 85]","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Approval of other animal health measures"]},{"Name":"Environment Act 1999 (Act No. 9 of 1999)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-03-21","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Environment Regulations 2001","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-12-13","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal 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Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1964-08-28","Date_entered_into_force":"1964-08-28"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1978-12-13","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-03-13"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1976-01-07","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-01-07"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2000-05-15","Date_ratified":"2002-01-24","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11"},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Date_ratified":"1994-12-23","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01"},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Date_ratified":"1994-07-26","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-10-24"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1970-06-17","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-06-17"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Date_ratified":"2014-04-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12"},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2016-12-28","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-27"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2015-07-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23"}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Industrial Property Act, 2001","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-07-27","Relevant_articles":"Sections 72-78 and 80\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Para-professionals Act, 2011 (Cap. 366)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Paraprofessionals (Veterinary Medicines Directorate) Regulations, 2015 (L.N. No. 209 of 2015)","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Animal Diseases Act (Cap. 364)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations","Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Animal Diseases Prohibition (L.N. No. 25 of 2010)","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Water Act, 2016 (No. 43 of 2016)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-09-13","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Drinking Water Quality and Effluent Monitoring Guideline","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006 (Cap. 387)","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-09-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"The Pharmacy and Poisons (Pharmaceutical Waste Management) Rules, Legal Notice no. 99 of 2022","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-06-08","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Public Health Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1921-09-06","Relevant_articles":"**Section 17 **- lists notifiable infectious diseases.\n\n**Section 26** - pertains to isolation.\n\n**Section 27** - pertains to quarantine.\n\n**Sections 35 and 36** - mandate that the Minister may make rules about quarantine, isolation, and mandatory vaccinations during an epidemic.\n\n**Section 79** - pertains to isolation for leprosy.\n\n**Section 164** - sets penalties.\n\n\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"]},{"Name":"Science, Technology, and Innovation Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-01-14","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Legal sanctions","Access to resources"]},{"Name":"The Environmental Management and Co-Ordination Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-01-06","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Legal sanctions","Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing"]},{"Name":"The Environmental Management and Co-Ordination Regulations","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-12-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Compliance","Benefit-sharing","Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Name":"Kazakhstan","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1992-08-19","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-08-19"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1993-04-23","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-04-23"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2000-01-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-04-19"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2007-06-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2008-09-08","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-12-07"},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2015-07-27","Date_ratified":"2015-10-31","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-11-30"},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Date_ratified":"1994-09-06","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-05"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva 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veterinary","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Order No. 7-1/587 of the Minister of Agriculture validating Veterinary (sanitary-veterinary) regulations","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Water Code (No.481 of 2003)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-07-09","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Ministerial Decree No. 104 validating Sanitary Regulation ","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-01-18","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Ministerial Decree No. 50 validating the Regulation on maximum permissible harmful impacts on water bodies","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-01-19","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"On approval of the rules for provision of information on medical waste","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-03-30","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Environmental Code (Law No. 400-VI ZRK)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-01-02","Relevant_articles":"Section 19\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 612 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated September 24, 2020","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-09-24","Relevant_articles":"Article 104.7.6 - Isolation\nArticle 104.7.7 - Quarantine\nArticles 157 and 158 - Court Ordered Tuberculosis Treatment\nAnnex 1 - Requirement for Mandatory Childhood Vaccination\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Tuberculosis vaccination"]},{"Name":"Minister of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan m.a. Order No. 150 of September 21, 2023","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-09-21","Relevant_articles":"Article 3-4 - Emergency Vaccination\nArticle 13 - Exemption Provisions (Medical)\nAppendix 4 - Exemption Provisions (Non-Medical)\n","Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement"]}]},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Date_ratified":"1947-04-07","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1961-07-26","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-07-26"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 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(CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Date_ratified":"1993-11-12","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-02-10"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1977-01-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-01-20"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2012-01-10","Date_ratified":"2012-01-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12"},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2016-11-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-04"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2008-08-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23"}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Law No. 32 of 1999 on Patents","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-09-20","Relevant_articles":"Articles 22-26\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Law No. 10 on practicing the veterinary profession","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Act No. 2 of 1967 on the control of veterinary medicines and their production","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Agriculture Law No.13 of 2015","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Law on the Water Authority No.18 of 1988 as amended by Law No.62 of 2001","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-11-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Waste Management Framework Law","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-03-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Public Health Law","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-06-30","Relevant_articles":"**Chapter 5** - Quarantine and Isolation\n\n**Chapter 6** - Requirement for Childhood Vaccination, Emergency Vaccination\n\n**Article 66** - Enforcement Mechanism (Criminalization)\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate"]}]},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1951-05-16","Date_entered_into_force":"1951-05-16"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des 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monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Directive (EU) 2020/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-12-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-12-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste water treatment","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-05-21","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Council Directive of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Relevant_articles":"\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"European Union (Veterinary Medicinal Products and Medicated Feed) Regulations 2022","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-01-28","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EU) No 511/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-05-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Compliance","Legal sanctions"]},{"Name":"(2021/C 13/01) Guidance document on the scope of application and core obligations of Regulation (EU) No 511/2014","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-08-27","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Digital sequence information (DSI)","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Access to resources","Compliance"]},{"Name":"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1866","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance"]},{"Name":"Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1949-06-21","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-06-21"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1949-01-24","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-01-24"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 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provision"]},{"Name":"Veterinarian Doctor’s Law, 1991","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Water Law, 5719-1959","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1959-08-03","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Public Health Regulations 2013 The Sanitary Quality of Drinking Water and Drinking Water Facilities","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-06-26","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Effluent Quality Standards and Rules for Sewage Treatment, 2010\"","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Hazardous Substances Law, 1993","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Public Health Ordinance, 1940","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1940-01-01","Relevant_articles":"**Section 15** - gives quarantine powers to the Ministry of Health and gives government doctors the ability to order temporary isolation and quarantine.\n\n**Section 19** -  states that, in the event of a localized disease epidemic, Israeli medical authorities have the right to take any measures necessary to contain the disease, which can include the mandatory administration of vaccines.\n\n**Section 20** - pertains to emergency powers, giving the Ministry of Health the power to isolate, arrest, remove, and treat ill persons or their contacts. \n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"]}]},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Date_ratified":"1947-10-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des 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Environment","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-07-09","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Law No. 15/026 of December 31, 2015 relating to water","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-12-31","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Law No. 18/035 of December 13, 2018 Establishing the Fundamental Principles relating to the Organization of Public Health","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-12-13","Relevant_articles":"**Title 5, Chapter 1** - Quarantine and Isolation\n\n**Article 44** Transparency requirements\n\n**Article 91, 94** - Mandatory Childhood Vaccinations \n\n**Article 92** - Vaccinations will be free\n\n**Article 98** - Emergency Vaccination\n\n** Title II, Article 5 **Community engagement mandated\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Community engagement mandate","Diphtheria vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Tuberculosis vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Transparency requirements"]},{"Name":"Law No. 014-003 of 11 February relative to the Conservation of Nature","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-03-11","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Benefit-sharing","Legal sanctions"]}]},{"ISO3":"PRK","Name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1973-05-19","Date_entered_into_force":"1973-05-19"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2001-03-02","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-03-02"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1987-03-13","Date_entered_into_force":"1987-03-13"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological 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resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Act on water supply and sewerage systems","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-07-10","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-10-23","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Directive (EU) 2020/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-12-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-12-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste water treatment","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-05-21","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Council Directive of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Relevant_articles":"\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Regulation on indicators and values of acceptable pollution of surface waters and waste waters, on permits to discharge waste waters into surface water and sewerage, and on sensitive areas","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-12-30","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Wastes Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-12-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"European Union (Veterinary Medicinal Products and Medicated Feed) Regulations 2022","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-01-28","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Public Health Protection Act 2000","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-11-08","Relevant_articles":"**Section 2** - defines quarantine and isolation\n\n**Section 9 **- states that social exclusion and criminalization (fines) can be used to enforce mandatory vaccinations\n\n**Section 45** - states that the state may set the mandatory vaccinations for children and specific populations.\n\n**Section 46** states that medical exceptions, but not non-medical exemptions will be accepted.\n\n**Section 67** - gives physicians the authority to order quarantine or isolation and grants the Ministry of Health the power to oblige physicians to carry out quarantine and isolation orders.\n\n**Section 69** - designates quarantine as an extraordinary measure during an epidemic and allows for mandatory vaccinations to be used in the case of an infectious disease event (Emergency).\n\n**Section 80** - allows the Ministry of Health to carry out extraordinary measures. \n\n**Section 92K** - Penalties\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Enforcement of emergency vaccination"]},{"Name":"Decree of the Ministry of Health on vaccination against infectious diseases","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-12-15","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EU) No 511/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-05-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Compliance","Legal sanctions"]},{"Name":"(2021/C 13/01) Guidance document on the scope of application and core obligations of Regulation (EU) No 511/2014","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-08-27","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Digital sequence information (DSI)","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Access to resources","Compliance"]},{"Name":"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1866","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance"]},{"Name":"Act of 17 May 2018 on conditions of utilisation of genetic resources under the Nagoya Protocol ","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-05-17","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Legal sanctions","Scope of legislation"]},{"Name":"Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1961-01-16","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-01-16"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1961-11-13","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-11-13"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1974-10-18","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-07-01"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Date_ratified":"1973-11-06","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological 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hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Water Pollution Control (Code of Good Agricultural Practice) Order, 2007 (P.I. 263/2007)","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-06-22","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-10-23","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Directive (EU) 2020/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-12-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial 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resources","Compliance"]},{"Name":"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1866","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance"]},{"Name":"User Compliance Measures Under the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization in the Union Act of 2018","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-06-01","Relevant_articles":"Number 49(I) of 2018, pages 294-297\n","Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Legal sanctions"]},{"Name":"Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence information 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(CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Date_ratified":"1994-09-09","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-08"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Date_ratified":"1935-07-02","Date_entered_into_force":"1935-07-02"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-09-20","Date_ratified":"2017-02-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-12"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2013-07-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23"}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Law No. 19.039 on Industrial Property","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-03-09","Relevant_articles":"Article 51\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Law No. 18,755 - Establishes Regulations on the Agricultural and Livestock Service","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1988-10-23","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 25 - Regulation of Pharmaceutical Products for Exclusively Veterinary Use","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 4 – Approves Animal Food Regulations and Repeals Decrees indicated","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Resolution 4254 creates the official control system for marketing and use of anabolics for the purposes of promoting growth in cattle","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-07-27","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 46 - Standard for the emission of liquid waste into groundwater","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-02-17","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 1 - Regulation for the control of aquatic pollution","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1992-01-06","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Law No. 20,417 - Creates the Ministry, the Environmental Assessment Service and the Superintendence of the Environment","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-01-07","Relevant_articles":"\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Manual of Good Practices in the Use of Antimicrobials in Chilean Salmon Farming","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 4 - Regulations for the management of sludge generated in sewage treatment plants","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-01-30","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Decree 148 Approves Sanitary Regulation on Hazardous Waste Management","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-06-12","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Decree with Force of Law No. 458 – New General Law of Urban Planning and Construction","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1975-12-18","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"]},{"Name":"1967 Sanitary Code","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1967-12-11","Relevant_articles":"**Article 5** defines the \"health authority\" as the Minister of Health.\n\n**Articles 22 and 26** give the health authority the power to isolate and quarantine, respectively. \n\n**Article 32 and 33 **- gives the President the power to declare, upon recommendation by the Director General of Public Health, mandatory vaccinations for the Chilean population. In the event of a disease outbreak for which there is a vaccine, the president can declare that vaccine mandatory as well. Medical exemptions are acceptable. \n\n**Article 175** outlines penalties. Individuals that do not comply with mandatory vaccination requirements will be subject to a fine ranging from about 5-51,000,000 Chilean Pesos.\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination"]},{"Name":"Provides Mandatory Vaccination Against Immune Preventable Diseases of the Country's Population","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-09-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"]}]},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1960-09-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-09-20"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1959-08-04","Date_entered_into_force":"1959-08-04"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1980-08-27","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-11-25"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) 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Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2011-04-06","Date_ratified":"2018-07-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-10-25"},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2016-10-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-10"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2014-01-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23"}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March 2, 1977, on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property Organization","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1977-03-02","Relevant_articles":"Articles 49 to 58 of Annex I\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Law No. 01-009 of July 16, 2001 creating the national order of veterinarians and setting the framework for the exercise of the veterinary profession","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Order governing the entry and movement of livestock in the Central African Republic","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Law No. 65-61 regulating livestock breeding in the Central African Republic","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Law No. 03-04 of January 20, 2003 on the Hygiene Code in the Central African Republic","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-01-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Law No. 06.001 of April 12, 2006 on the Water Code of the Central African Republic","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-04-12","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Environmental Code of the Central African Republic: Law No. 07.018 of 28 December 2007","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-12-28","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Law No. 07.018 of 28 December 2007","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-12-28","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)"]}]},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1960-05-06","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-05-06"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1962-02-21","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-01-01"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1981-06-05","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-09-03"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) 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Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2016-11-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-28"},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2016-07-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March 2, 1977, on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property Organization","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1977-03-02","Relevant_articles":"Articles 49 to 58 of Annex I\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Law No. 90/033 of August 10, 1990 relating to the exercise and organization of the veterinary profession","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Law No. 2000/018 regulating veterinary pharmacy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Law No. 2001-6 on the nomenclature and zoo-sanitary regulations of livestock diseases deemed legally contagious and subject to compulsory notification","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Law No. 96-12 on the framework law relating to environmental management","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-08-05","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Law No. 98-005 of 14 April 1998 relating to the governing of water","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-04-14","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2001/165/PM specifying the procedures for protecting surface water and groundwater against pollution","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-05-08","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2005/0577/PM of February 23, 2005 on the procedures for carrying out environmental impact studies","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-02-23","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Order No. 111/PM of 06 October 2023","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-10-06","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Contractual terms"]},{"Name":"Decision No. 00150/MINEPDED of 25 Nov 2020","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-11-25","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Scope of legislation","Legal sanctions"]},{"Name":"Law No. 2021/014 of 09 July 2021","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-07-09","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1950-05-17","Date_entered_into_force":"1950-05-17"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1951-04-03","Date_entered_into_force":"1951-04-03"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1997-07-04","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-10-02"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) 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Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Date_ratified":"2015-01-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-04-19"},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2017-02-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-08"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2011-11-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23"}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Law on the Patents, Utility Model Certificates and Industrial Designs","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-01-02","Relevant_articles":"Sections 11 and 12 (Articles 47 to 64)\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"]},{"Name":"Law on Compulsory Licensing for Public Health","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-04-27","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"]},{"Name":"Law on Animal Health and Production (No. NS/RKM/0116/003)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Prakas No. 384 ProrKor.KorSorKor of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries dated on 02 October 2020 on the Procedures for Managing Veterinary Medicines and Biological Materials in Trade and Mixing","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Sub-Decree On Water Pollution Control No. 27 ANRK.BK","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-04-06","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Sub-Decree On Solid Waste Management No.36 ANRK.BK","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-04-27","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Law on Preventive Measures against the Spread of COVID-19 and Other Severe and Dangerous Contagious Diseases ","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-03-11","Relevant_articles":"**Article 3** - Emergency Vaccination Requirement (As ordered by sub-decree)\n\n**Article 11** - Enforcement Mechanism for Emergency Vaccination (Criminalization)\n\n**Article 13** - All measures and penalties outlined for COVID-19 may be made in the case of other epidemic diseases\n","Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency media and communications authority","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"]},{"Name":"Sub-Decree on Access to and Sharing of Benefits Arising from Utilization of Genetic Resources","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-05-26","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Contractual terms","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Legal sanctions","Benefit-sharing","Access to resources","Compliance","Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of 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Animals","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Law No. 86/IV/93 establishing the Environmental Policy.","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-06-26","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Legislative Decree No. 3/2015 approving the Water and Sanitation Code (CAS)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-19","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Order No. 53/2011 regulating the classification and disposal of hospital solid wastes","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-12-30","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Decree-Law No. 27/2020 approving the Legal Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-03-19","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"]}]},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1962-10-22","Date_entered_into_force":"1962-10-22"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1999-10-11","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-10-11"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 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wastewater disposal ","Medical waste disposal","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2001-185/PRES/PM/MEE setting standards for pollutant discharges into the air, water and soil","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-04-19","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Law No. 002-2001/AN on the orientation law relating to water management","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-08-08","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Law No. 006-2013/AN on the Environmental Code of Burkina Faso","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-04-02","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Law No. 23/94/ADP on the Public Health Code","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1994-05-19","Relevant_articles":"**Article 60** - Mandatory childhood vaccinations\n\n**Article 61** - Emergency vaccination\n\n**Article 64** - Compulsory Hygiene and Prophylaxis Measures During a Sanitary Alert\n\n**Article 65** - Public health alerts\n\n**Article 66** - Violation of health measures\n\n**Article 67** - Enforcement of Childhood and Emergency Vaccination (Criminalization) and Quarantine and Isolation (Hygiene and Prophylaxis Measures)\n\n**Article 68** - Exemption Provisions (Medical)\n\n**Article 75-78** - Control of vector-borne and other endemic diseases\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination 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2006","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-05-17","Relevant_articles":"Articles 1-20\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"]},{"Name":"Law on Patents and Utility Models Registration","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-03-18","Relevant_articles":"Articles 32, 32a, 66 and 74c\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law')","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Law on the Professional Organization of Veterinarians in Bulgaria","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Veterinary 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monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste water treatment","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-05-21","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Council Directive of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Relevant_articles":"\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Regulation No. 6 establishing emission standards for acceptable content of hazardous and dangerous substances in waste water discharged into water bodies","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-11-09","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Regulation No. 1 from 09.02.2015 on the requirements for activities of collecting and treating of medical waste","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-02-09","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"European Union (Veterinary Medicinal Products and Medicated Feed) Regulations 2022","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-01-28","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Health Law","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-01-01","Relevant_articles":"Article 46 - Isolation Definition\nArticle 47 - Quarantine Definition\nArticle 59 - Emergency Vaccination\nArticle 60 - Broad Powers for Minister of Health in Disease Control\nArticle 61 - Actionable Disease List, Quarantine, and Isolation\nArticle 209 - Emergency Vaccination Enforcement Mechanism\nArticle 215 - Isolation Enforcement Mechanisms\nArticle 215b - Quarantine Enforcement Mechanisms\nArticle 216 - Physician Enforcement Mechanisms\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Quarantine and 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Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1866","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance"]},{"Name":"Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence information (DSI)"]},{"Name":"Biological Diversity Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-07-10","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"]}]},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization 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of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Date_ratified":"1928-12-14","Date_entered_into_force":"1928-12-14"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1975-08-06","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-11-04"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Date_ratified":"1973-02-27","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2003-11-24","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-22"},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Date_ratified":"1994-12-21","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01"},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Date_ratified":"1994-02-28","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-05-29"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Date_ratified":"1970-08-28","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-08-28"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2011-02-02","Date_ratified":"2021-03-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-06-02"},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2008-11-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23"}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Industrial Property Law No. 9.279 of 14/05/1996 ","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-05-14","Relevant_articles":"Articles 68 to 74\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"]},{"Name":"Law No. 5517 of October 23, 1968","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 24.548 of July 3, 1934","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 5053 of April 22, 2004","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Norm No. 14 of May 17, 2012","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Norm No. 2 of January 25, 2021","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 8.468 regulating Law No. 997 on environmental pollution control","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1976-09-08","Relevant_articles":"Part II\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 92.752 approving the program of basic actions for protection of the environment","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1986-06-05","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Law No. 16.337 creating the State Water Resources Plan (PERH)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-12-14","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"CONAMA Resolution 430/11","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-05-13","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Resolution Conama No. 358 ruling on final disposal of waste originated from sanitary services","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-04-29","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Law No. 6,259 of October 30, 1975","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1975-10-30","Relevant_articles":"**Article 3** - Mandatory and Free Vaccinations\n\n**Article 5** - Enforcement Mechanism (Financial Levers - family allowance contingent on vaccination status) \n\n**Article 7** - Actionable Diseases for Quarantine and Isolation\n\n**Articles 11-13** - Broad Authority to Quarantine and Isolate\n\n**Article 14** - Enforcement Mechanisms for Quarantine and Isolation\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Authority to quarantine","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate","List of actionable diseases"]},{"Name":"Child and Adolescent Statute, 1990","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1990-07-13","Relevant_articles":"**Article 14** - Mandatory Vaccination\n\n**Article 18** - Penalty (referral to Guardianship Council)\n","Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement"]},{"Name":"Law No. 13.123 of 20 May 2015","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-05-20","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Compliance","Digital sequence information (DSI)"]},{"Name":"CGEN Resolution No. 12, of 18 September 2018","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-09-18","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Contractual terms"]},{"Name":"Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1975-02-26","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-02-26"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1968-06-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1968-06-20"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1977-11-14","Date_entered_into_force":"1978-02-12"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Date_ratified":"1992-02-05","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-02-05"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2001-06-01","Date_ratified":"2002-06-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11"},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1994-12-27","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-31"},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1992-06-08","Date_ratified":"1995-10-12","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-10"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2013-02-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12"},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2016-11-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-12"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2014-06-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Industrial Property Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-04-24","Relevant_articles":"Sections 31-33\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"]},{"Name":"Diseases of Animals Act (Chapter 37:01)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures"]},{"Name":"Veterinary Surgeons Act (Chapter 61:04)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Medicines and Related Substances Act, 2018","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Control of Goods (Animal Feed Additives and Growth Promoters) Regulations (Chapter 43:08)","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Water Act (Chapter 34:01)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1968-02-09","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Waste Management Act (Chapter 65:06)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-09-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Public Health Act (Chapter 63:01)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-02-03","Relevant_articles":"**Section 25** - Quarantine and Isolation powers granted to national government during public health emergencies\n\n**Section 57 **- Vests medical practitioners with the power to isolate, regardless of public health emergency status\n\n**Section 68** - Emergency Vaccination\n\n**Section 69 **- Medical Exemptions\n\n**Section 116 and 118** - Isolation for HIV and penalties for violation of such orders\n\n**Section 149** - Routine Childhood Vaccinations, with Mandatory Vaccinations included in Schedule 5. Penalties (Criminalization)\n\n**Section 176** - Emergency Vaccination Enforcement Mechanism (Criminalization)\n\n**Sections 25, 57, 188** - Patient penalties for violations of quarantine and isolation orders\n\n**Article 36** - Entry/Exit Vaccination (Defined as Yellow Fever in Annex 6 and 7)\n\n**Part III, 23 **Transparency requirements\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Transparency requirements"]}]},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1992-09-10","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-09-10"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1994-08-08","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-08-08"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2009-01-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-04-21"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1994-08-15","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-08-15"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2009-10-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-12-30"},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Status":"Observer","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2002-08-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-11-24"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2017-03-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-15"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Observer","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Law on Patents","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-05-28","Relevant_articles":"Articles 79 and 80\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Veterinary Law","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Regulation on the method of prescribing and dispensing of medicines for use in veterinary medicine","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Regulation on undesirable substances in animal feed","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Regulation on medical waste management","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-05","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Law on the Protection of the Population from Infectious Diseases","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-01-01","Relevant_articles":"**Article 3: **Obligates healthcare institutions to control infectious diseases through national law.\n\n**Article 8: **Lists isolatable and reportable diseases. \n\n**Article 9: **Special measures for the control of infectious diseases are to be carried out in accordance with federal and cantonal programs.\n\n**Article 11: **Qualifies both quarantine and isolation to fall under special measures in Article 9.\n\n**Article 21: **Obligates healthcare institutions to isolate patients.\n\n**Article 22: **During epidemics the Federal Minister can make decisions about isolation, but if the epidemic impacts only one canton, then the canton can make decisions about isolation with prior consent from the Federal Minister.\n\n**Article 40: **Outlines the mandatory vaccinations, vaccinations for country entry/exit and states that any vaccination can be made mandatory against any infectious disease for which there are epidemiological indications that vaccination is necessary. \n\n**Article 41: **States the requirements for medical exemptions. \n\n**Article 46: **Establishes the Federal Minister's authority to quarantine, sets quarantinable diseases, requires the quarantine of healthcare workers treating patients with quarantinable diseases, and authorizes cantons to physically secure quarantine conditions.\n\n**Article 47: **Establishes cantonal authority to quarantine through \"home isolation\" orders for family members of the sick.\n\n**Article 70: **States that a fine of 100-2,000 KM can be imposed on any individual who fails to comply with mandatory and emergency vaccinations or persons who fail to comply with quarantine orders, home isolation orders, and isolation orders.\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate"]}]},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Date_ratified":"1949-12-23","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-12-23"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1986-05-06","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-05-06"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1979-07-06","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-10-04"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Date_ratified":"1975-10-30","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-10-30"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Date_ratified":"2002-04-22","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11"},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Date_ratified":"1995-08-13","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-09-12"},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Date_ratified":"1994-10-03","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1985-01-14","Date_entered_into_force":"1985-01-14"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2016-10-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-04"},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2018-01-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-30"}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Decision No. 486 of the Andean Community Commission Establishing the Common Regime on Industrial Property","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-09-14","Relevant_articles":"Articles 61 to 69\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"General Animal Health Regulations (REGENSA), 2022","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"SENASAG Administrative Resolution No. 76","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Supreme Decree No. 24,176 - Regulation of the Environmental Law. Regulation on water pollution","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1995-12-08","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Law No. 71 - Law of rights of mother earth","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-12-21","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"SENASAG Administrative Resolution No. 09/2021 – Approves the General Animal Health Regulation REGENSA V.2021","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-01-25","Relevant_articles":"Title VIII\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Law No 2066, Law of the Provision and Use of Potable Water and Sanitary Sewerage ","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-04-11","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Law of October 26, 1906 - Water Regulations","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1906-10-26","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Supreme Decree No. 24,176 - Regulation of the Environmental Law. Regulations for activities with dangerous substances","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1995-12-08","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Health Code of Bolivia","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1978-07-20","Relevant_articles":"Section 3\n**Article 79** - Mandatory and Emergency Vaccination\n","Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"]},{"Name":"Decision 486","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-09-14","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Access to resources","Legal sanctions"]},{"Name":"Decision 391 ","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-07-17","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Legal sanctions"]},{"Name":"Regulation of Decision 391 of the Commission of the Cartagena Agreement and of the Biosafety, Supreme Decree N 24676","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1997-06-21","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Access to resources","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation","Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1982-03-08","Date_entered_into_force":"1982-03-08"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1990-12-14","Date_entered_into_force":"1990-12-14"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2002-08-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-11-13"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1978-06-08","Date_entered_into_force":"1978-06-08"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2002-08-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11"},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Status":"Observer","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Date_ratified":"1995-08-25","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-11-23"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1978-06-12","Date_entered_into_force":"1978-06-12"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Date_ratified":"2013-09-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12"},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2017-09-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-10-19"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Observer","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Industrial Property Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan of 2001","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-07-13","Relevant_articles":"Section 15 (1)-(3)\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Livestock Rules and Regulations of Bhutan 2008","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures"]},{"Name":"Medicines Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan 2003","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Water Act of Bhutan, 2011","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-05-31","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Water Quality Standards, 2018","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-07-06","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Water Regulation of Bhutan 2014","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Waste Prevention and Management Act of Bhutan, 2009","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Immunization of Children and Pregnant Mothers","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":"1988-02-26","Relevant_articles":"Annex 1\n","Topics":["General vaccination policies","Childhood vaccination"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"]},{"Name":"The Biodiversity Act of Bhutan 2022","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-07-15","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Benefit-sharing","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Compliance","Digital sequence information 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Book XI 'Intellectual Property' to the Code of Economic Law","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-04-19","Relevant_articles":"Articles XI.37-43\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law')","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Law on the practice of veterinary medicine","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Animal Health Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health 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Section 160 sets forth penalties.\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate"]},{"Name":"Environmental Health Services (Collection and Disposal of Waste) Regulations, 2004 (Cap. 232)","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-03-31","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Biological Resources and Traditional Knowledge Act 2019","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-03-08","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Benefit-sharing"]},{"Name":"An Act to promote general vaccination","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1860-04-12","Relevant_articles":"**Article 13 **- Mandatory Childhood Vaccination\n\n**Article 15** - Exemption Provisions\n\n**Article 18** - Enforcement Mechanisms (Criminalization)\n","Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement"]}]},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1992-10-02","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-10-02"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1995-02-28","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-28"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 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provision"]},{"Name":"Veterinary Act No. 992-IIQ","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection Law of 1999, No. 678–IQ","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-06-08","Relevant_articles":"\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Law No. 1175-VQ on environmental impact assessment","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-06-12","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and 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1970","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1970-07-07","Relevant_articles":"Section 36\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"]},{"Name":"Federal Act that enacts a new Act on veterinarians and amends the association of veterinarians' Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law')","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Act concerning the defence against and elimination of epizootic diseases","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Veterinary Medicines Control Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-01-15","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Water Rights Act 1959","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1959-10-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"National Water Management Plan Ordinance 2009","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-03-30","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Federal Act on Sustainable Waste Management","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-07-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Environment Promotion Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-03-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-10-23","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Directive (EU) 2020/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-12-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-12-16","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste water treatment","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-05-21","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Sewerage","Effluent 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Monitoring and Surveillance) Regulations 2004","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines (Exemptions and Prohibited Substances) Regulations 2011","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Building Act 2004","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-08-24","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Water Services (Drinking Water Standards for New Zealand) Regulations 2022","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-06-07","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Water Services Act 2021","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-10-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management 2020","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-08-03","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Management of Healthcare Waste","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-05-26","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Resource Management Act 1991","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-07-22","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]}]},{"ISO3":"LSO","Name":"Lesotho","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1967-07-07","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-07-07"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1984-06-22","Date_entered_into_force":"1984-06-22"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2003-10-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-12-30"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Date_ratified":"1977-09-06","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-09-06"},{"Name":"Cartagena 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authority","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate"]},{"Name":"Water Act, 2008 (No. 15 of 2008)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Lesotho Electricity and Water Authority Water and Sewage Treatment Facilities Safety Standards 2013","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-05-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"]},{"Name":"The Public Health Order 1970","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1970-01-01","Relevant_articles":"**Article 25** - Requirement for Childhood Vaccination\n\n**Article 27** - Emergency Vaccination\n\n**Article 28** - Medical Exemption\n\n**Article 31 **- Vaccinations to be provided free of charge\n\n**Article 34** - Enforcement Mechanism (Social Exclusion)\n\n**Article 88** - Enforcement Mechanism (Criminalization)\n\n**Part II: Article 5**: Community Engagement \n","Topics":["General vaccination policies","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Transparency requirements"]},{"Name":"Environment Act 2008","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-12-05","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing","Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Scope of legislation","Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"]}]},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1950-05-17","Date_entered_into_force":"1950-05-17"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1951-02-06","Date_entered_into_force":"1951-02-06"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2004-03-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-05-30"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Date_ratified":"1973-03-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2004-08-03","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-11-01"},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2012-10-26","Date_ratified":"2013-01-03","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-02-02"},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1996-09-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-12-19"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1989-01-16","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-01-16"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2012-09-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12"},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2016-09-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2015-09-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23"}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Law No. 38/NA of November 15, 2017, on Intellectual Property","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-05-25","Relevant_articles":"Article 64\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Law on Animal Husbandry and Veterinary (Revised) No. 08 / NA","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 199/GOL on Veterinary Medicines","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medical waste disposal","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Decision No. 0545/MOAF on antimicrobials for animals and aquatic animals","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Decision No. 0545/MOAF on antimicrobials for animals and aquatic animals","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-05-12","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Law on Water and Water Resource","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-10-11","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection Law 2013 (Revised Version No. 29/NA)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-12-18","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Decision No. 1687/MONRE on the Pollution Control","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-04-07","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Law on Vaccination","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-06-25","Relevant_articles":"**Articles 6, 14, 60** - Mandatory Childhood and Emergency Vaccination\n\n**Article 38 **- Enforcement of Childhood Vaccination (Social Exclusion)\n\n**Article 89 **- Enforcement of Childhood and Emergency Vaccination\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"]},{"Name":"Biotechnology Safety Law","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-01-28","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Scope of legislation"]}]},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1971-04-26","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-04-26"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2004-10-08","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-10-08"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1977-08-26","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-11-24"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1972-06-02","Date_ratified":"1997-05-07","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-05-07"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Date_ratified":"2004-06-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-09-07"},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1996-09-23","Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"1996-10-23"},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Date_ratified":"1994-06-10","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-09-08"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1966-11-05","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-11-05"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2014-07-03","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12"},{"Name":"Paris 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1994)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1994-05-24","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Environmental Quality Standards Regulations, 1999","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Gambia Public Utilities Regulatory Authority Act, 2001","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-12-24","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Biodiversity and Wildlife Act 2003","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of 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agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Medicinal Products Decree 2011","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Environment Management Act 2005 (No. 1 of 2005)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-03-17","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Water Authority of Fiji Promulgation 2007 (Promulgation No. 25 of 2007)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Sewerage","Water quality monitoring"]},{"Name":"Public Health Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1936-01-01","Relevant_articles":"Part VII details powers in infectious disease management, assigning quarantine and isolation powers to the national level. Article 69, section 3 c,d allow for the ordering of emergency vaccination and state that any attempt to forego this vaccination or otherwise interfere will result in a fine of $40. The first schedule lists actionable diseases.\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Sewerage"]}]},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1973-04-16","Date_entered_into_force":"1973-04-16"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1970-11-23","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-11-23"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 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(CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Date_ratified":"1994-11-09","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-07"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1991-07-10","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-07-10"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-20"},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2022-05-23","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-05-23"}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Patents, Utility Models and Industrial Designs Act, 1997","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1997-09-04","Relevant_articles":"Section 12\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Veterinary Public Health Act, 2013","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Medicines and Related Substances Control Act, 2015","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Animal Disease (Prohibition of use of Anabolic Hormones, Thyrostatic Substances and Growth Promoters) Regulations, 2006","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Water Act 2003 (No. 7 of 2003)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-03-05","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Environmental Management Act 2002","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing","Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring","Scope of legislation"]},{"Name":"Water Pollution Control Regulations, 1999","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"The Public Health Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1969-08-01","Relevant_articles":"**Section 6 **- pertains to quarantine and isolation.\n\n**Sections 6, 7: **Emergency Vaccination\n\n**Section 27** - pertains to penalties. \n\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Sewerage","Transparency requirements"]}]},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization 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agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Waste Disposal Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-06-14","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"]},{"Name":"Communicable Disease Control Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1944-12-06","Relevant_articles":"**Article 2** - Competent Authorities Definition\n\n**Article 3** - Actionable Diseases\n\n**Article 5** - Gives Local Authorities the Power of Home-isolation\n\n**Article 27** - Childhood Vaccination, Enforcement of Childhood Vaccination (Social Exclusion), Exemption Provisions (Medical)\n\n**Articles 36, 48** - Emergency Vaccination\n\n**Articles 36 and 70** - Quarantine and Isolation Penalties\n\n**Article 37** - Local Isolation\n\n**Article 44** - Competent Authority Isolation and Isolatable Diseases\n\n**Article 45** - Isolation Enforcement Mechanism\n\n**Article 48 **- Competent Authority Quarantine Authority\n\n**Article 67** - Enforcement of Emergency Vaccination (Criminalization)\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"]}]},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1961-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-01-01"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1959-09-21","Date_entered_into_force":"1959-09-21"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1989-02-02","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-05-03"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological 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of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null}],"Documents":[{"Name":"Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March 2, 1977, on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property Organization","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1977-03-02","Relevant_articles":"Articles 49 to 58 of Annex I\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Decree 09-1436 2009-11-06 PR/PM/MERA Decree establishing the organization chart of the Ministry of Livestock and Animal Resources","Type":"Other","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Law No. 024/PR/2000, relating to Pharmacy","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medicated feed"]},{"Name":"Law No. 014/PR/98 defining the general principles of environmental protection","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-08-17","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Law No. 016/PR/99 establishing the Water Code","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-08-18","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Decree No. 630 /PR/PM/MEERH/2010 Regulating Environmental Impact Studies","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-08-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"]}]},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Date_ratified":"1946-08-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1959-04-14","Date_entered_into_force":"1959-04-14"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 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Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-05-13","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Competent veterinary authority","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"]},{"Name":"Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-09-14","Relevant_articles":"\n","Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"]},{"Name":"Canada Water Act","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1985-01-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Feeds Regulations, 1983","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"]},{"Name":"Wastewater Systems Effluent Regulations","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-06-29","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Type":"Supporting document","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence information (DSI)"]}]},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Treaties":[{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1967-04-25","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-04-25"},{"Name":"International Agreement for the creation of an Office International des Epizooties","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1999-11-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-11-29"},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15"},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1992-12-09","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-03-09"},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1973-02-16","Date_ratified":"1973-02-16","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26"},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2002-09-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11"},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01"},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Date_ratified":"1993-12-10","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-10"},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"1976-07-16","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-07-16"},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Status":"Non-party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Status":"Party","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04"},{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Status":"Party","Date_signed":null,"Date_ratified":"2020-04-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-04-01"}],"Documents":[{"Name":"The Patents Act, Chapter 314","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-08-06","Relevant_articles":"Articles 49 and 50\n","Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"]},{"Name":"Veterinary Surgeons (Registration) Act (Chapter 374)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Drug Abuse (Prevention and Control) Regulations, 1993","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"]},{"Name":"Animals (Diseases and Importation Control) Regulations, 1961","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"]},{"Name":"Sewerage Regulations, 1980, (S.I. No. 151)","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1982-08-03","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"]},{"Name":"Barbados Water Authority","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1980-10-08","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "]},{"Name":"Health Services Act (Act No. 38 of 1969)","Type":"Legislation","Date_of_original_publication":"1969-09-01","Relevant_articles":null,"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal","Water quality standards"]},{"Name":"Health Services (Communicable and Notifiable Diseases) Regulations, 1969","Type":"Regulation","Date_of_original_publication":"1969-10-29","Relevant_articles":"**Article 10** - Emergency Vaccination, Quarantine, and Isolation\n\n**Article 12** - Childhood Vaccination, Enforcement Mechanism for Childhood Vaccination (Social Exclusion), Exemption Provisions\n\n**Article 16** - Enforcement Mechanisms of Emergency Vaccination, Quarantine, and Isolation (Criminalization)\n\n**First Schedule **- Quarantinable, Isolatable, and Notifiable Diseases\n\n**Second Schedule** - Additional Notifiable Diseases\n","Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement"]}]}],"Treaties":[{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Short_name":"TRIPS Agreement","Description":"The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is one of three core treaties managed by the World Trade Organization (WTO). TRIPS obligates countries to establish and enforce a minimum level of protection for intellectual property (IP) rights. It also provides a framework for dispute mediation and implementation of national IP regulations in developing countries. The Doha Declaration, adopted by the WTO in 2001, reaffirmed that the TRIPS agreement should be interpreted and implemented in a manner that promoted equitable access to medicines for the protection of public health. TRIPS has played a key role in debates over intellectual property related to pharmaceutical technologies.\n\nWTO Members’ national IP regimes must meet the minimum standards set by the TRIPS Agreement. Domestic patent legislation is available by country on the <a href=\"/topics/trade-and-intellectual-property/\">trade and intellectual property</a> page.\n","Treaty_footnotes":"All World Trade Organization (WTO) member states are automatically party to TRIPS and were given a grace period of one year to comply with the treaty after it entered into force on 1 January 1995. The date that each country ratified the Marrakesh Agreement (and thus joined the WTO) is available on the <a href=\"/treaties/world-trade-organization/\">World Trade Organization</a> page.\n\nOn 5 December 2005, WTO members approved amendments to the TRIPS agreement to formalize and make permanent the provisions on patents and public health. The table below shows WTO member status and whether or not members have accepted the amendment to TRIPS, which opened for acceptance on 1 December 2007. WTO members have until 31 December 2023 to accept the amendment. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-12-06","Languages":["English","French","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights","Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce","Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio"],"Related_treaties":["Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization 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and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2013-09-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2014-05-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2010-07-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2016-03-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United 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America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2005-12-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2014-07-31","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2017-01-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2009-08-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Short_name":"Biological Weapons Convention","Description":"The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), formally known as \"The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction” was designed to supplement the <a href=\"/treaties/geneva-protocol/\">Geneva Protocol</a> of 1925 which banned the usage, but not possession, of biological and chemical weapons. The BWC explicitly states that parties may not, “develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain” any biological agents that have no peaceful purposes, or technologies that could be used to disseminate biological weapons. Parties are also required to destroy any existing biological weapons technologies. \n","Treaty_footnotes":"The BWC has 185 states parties (as of March 2023). Parties were given the option to submit to any of the following three depositories: United States, United Kingdom or the Soviet Union (now the Russian Federation). If states deposited their instruments of ratification/accession to more than one depositary, the earliest date was used. For more detail, view the treaty’s status from the United Nation's Office for Disarmament Affairs.\n\nDownload the data in this table to view any reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs). RUDs submitted exclusively to the Russian Federation are not publicly available at this time.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1972-04-10","Languages":["English","Arabic","Chinese (Simplified)","French","Russian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Biological Weapons Convention","اتفاقية الأسلحة البيولوجية","生物武器公约","La Convention sur les Armes Biologiques","Конвенция о биологическом оружии","Convención de Armas Biológicas"],"Related_treaties":null,"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"PNG","Name":"Papua New Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-10-27","Date_ratified":"1980-10-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1975-03-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-06-03","Date_ratified":"1992-06-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-09-28","Date_ratified":"2001-09-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-03-02","Date_ratified":"2015-03-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-07-26","Date_ratified":"2016-07-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-01-29","Date_ratified":"2003-01-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VCT","Name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-05-13","Date_ratified":"1999-05-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HUN","Name":"Hungary","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-12-27","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LKA","Name":"Sri Lanka","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-11-18","Date_ratified":"1976-11-18","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MCO","Name":"Monaco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-04-30","Date_ratified":"1999-04-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-04-05","Date_ratified":"1993-04-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SUR","Name":"Suriname","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-01-06","Date_ratified":"1993-01-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-02-23","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HTI","Name":"Haiti","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"STP","Name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-08-24","Date_ratified":"1979-08-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Name":"Iraq","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-06-19","Date_ratified":"1991-06-19","Date_signed":"1972-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HND","Name":"Honduras","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-03-14","Date_ratified":"1979-03-14","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAN","Name":"Panama","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1974-03-20","Date_signed":"1972-05-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1984-11-15","Date_ratified":"1984-11-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"WSM","Name":"Samoa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-09-21","Date_ratified":"2017-09-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-04-17","Date_ratified":"1991-04-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIU","Name":"Niue","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-06-14","Date_ratified":"2018-06-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-05-30","Date_ratified":"1975-05-30","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-03-01","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-06-19","Date_ratified":"2008-06-19","Date_signed":"1972-09-28","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1984-09-27","Date_ratified":"1984-09-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-01-16","Date_ratified":"1989-01-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-01-15","Date_ratified":"2008-01-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NER","Name":"Niger","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-06-23","Date_signed":"1972-04-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-11-27","Date_ratified":"1979-11-27","Date_signed":"1972-08-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1972-07-03","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-03-26","Date_ratified":"1992-03-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLB","Name":"Solomon Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-06-17","Date_ratified":"1981-06-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-03-23","Date_ratified":"2016-03-23","Date_signed":"1972-05-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-05-12","Date_ratified":"1992-05-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-09-04","Date_signed":"1973-02-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KIR","Name":"Kiribati","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVK","Name":"Slovakia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-01-01","Date_ratified":"1993-01-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MUS","Name":"Mauritius","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-08-07","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1990-11-05","Date_ratified":"1990-11-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1985-03-11","Date_ratified":"1985-03-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLT","Name":"Malta","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-04-07","Date_ratified":"1975-04-07","Date_signed":"1972-09-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SEN","Name":"Senegal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1975-03-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-10-20","Date_ratified":"1977-10-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-26","Date_ratified":"1996-01-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1975-03-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-12-04","Date_ratified":"2008-12-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei 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Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-06-20","Date_ratified":"1980-06-20","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KEN","Name":"Kenya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-01-07","Date_ratified":"1976-01-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MRT","Name":"Mauritania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-01-28","Date_ratified":"2015-01-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBR","Name":"Liberia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-11-04","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea Bissau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-08-20","Date_ratified":"1976-08-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NRU","Name":"Nauru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-03-05","Date_ratified":"2013-03-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NOR","Name":"Norway","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-08-01","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-11-03","Date_ratified":"1975-11-03","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYR","Name":"Syrian Arab Republic","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1972-04-14","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-12-31","Date_ratified":"1991-12-31","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-03-20","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-19","Date_ratified":"2007-07-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDV","Name":"Maldives","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-08-02","Date_ratified":"1993-08-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-08-01","Date_ratified":"2016-08-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IND","Name":"India","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1974-07-15","Date_signed":"1973-01-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRY","Name":"Paraguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-06-09","Date_ratified":"1976-06-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-09-06","Date_ratified":"2016-09-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Name":"Mozambique","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-03-29","Date_ratified":"2011-03-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWE","Name":"Sweden","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-02-05","Date_ratified":"1976-02-05","Date_signed":"1975-02-27","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-02-27","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan ","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-02-15","Date_ratified":"2023-02-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-04-28","Date_ratified":"1976-04-28","Date_signed":"1972-04-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LTU","Name":"Lithuania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-02-10","Date_ratified":"1998-02-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-08-14","Date_ratified":"2019-08-14","Date_signed":"1972-08-16","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-05-07","Date_ratified":"1997-05-07","Date_signed":"1972-06-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRK","Name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1987-03-13","Date_ratified":"1987-03-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MHL","Name":"Marshall Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-11-15","Date_ratified":"2012-11-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNG","Name":"Mongolia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-09-05","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NPL","Name":"Nepal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-11-04","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-11","Date_ratified":"1996-01-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"OMN","Name":"Oman","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-03-31","Date_ratified":"1992-03-31","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LIE","Name":"Liechtenstein","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-05-30","Date_ratified":"1991-05-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SRB","Name":"Serbia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-04-27","Date_ratified":"1992-04-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1978-06-08","Date_ratified":"1978-06-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NAM","Name":"Namibia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-02-25","Date_ratified":"2022-02-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRI","Name":"Puerto Rico","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"POL","Name":"Poland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-01-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-06-06","Date_ratified":"1975-06-06","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-09-16","Date_ratified":"1975-09-16","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-03-09","Date_ratified":"1983-03-09","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-10-22","Date_ratified":"1986-10-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRN","Name":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-08-22","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1975-03-12","Date_signed":"1972-06-14","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-11-06","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-03-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KNA","Name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-04-02","Date_ratified":"1991-04-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SAU","Name":"Saudi 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(Federated States of)","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COG","Name":"Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1978-10-23","Date_ratified":"1978-10-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-04-06","Date_ratified":"1981-04-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LUX","Name":"Luxembourg","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-03-23","Date_ratified":"1976-03-23","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-01-07","Date_ratified":"2002-01-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNE","Name":"Montenegro","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-06-03","Date_ratified":"2006-06-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-05-22","Date_ratified":"1996-05-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVN","Name":"Slovenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-04-19","Date_ratified":"1992-04-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-05-05","Date_ratified":"2003-05-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PHL","Name":"Philippines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-05-19","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MKD","Name":"North Macedonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-12-26","Date_ratified":"1996-12-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIC","Name":"Nicaragua","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-08-07","Date_ratified":"1975-08-07","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISL","Name":"Iceland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-02-15","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PER","Name":"Peru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1985-06-05","Date_ratified":"1985-06-05","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1978-10-18","Date_ratified":"1978-10-18","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-08-10","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Considering the obligations resulting from its status as a permanently neutral state, the Republic of Austria declares a reservation to the effect that its co-operation within the framework of this Convention cannot exceed the limits determined by the status of permanent neutrality and membership with the United Nations.  This reservation refers in particular to Article VII of this Convention as well as to any similar provision replacing or supplementing this Article."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-05-26","Date_ratified":"1975-05-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-06-07","Date_ratified":"1994-06-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAR","Name":"Morocco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-04-21","Date_ratified":"2002-04-21","Date_signed":"1972-05-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDG","Name":"Madagascar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-03-07","Date_ratified":"2008-03-07","Date_signed":"1972-10-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1987-06-25","Date_ratified":"1987-06-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-10-20","Date_ratified":"1986-10-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NLD","Name":"Netherlands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-06-22","Date_ratified":"1981-06-22","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PLW","Name":"Palau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-02-20","Date_ratified":"2003-02-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-10-05","Date_ratified":"1977-10-05","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SMR","Name":"San Marino","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1975-03-11","Date_signed":"1972-09-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-01-18","Date_ratified":"2013-01-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-08-15","Date_ratified":"1994-08-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-02-16","Date_signed":"1973-02-16","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ROU","Name":"Romania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-07-25","Date_ratified":"1979-07-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-09","Date_ratified":"2016-11-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NGA","Name":"Nigeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-07-03","Date_signed":"1972-07-03","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-10-27","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-04-28","Date_ratified":"1993-04-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-09-25","Date_ratified":"2018-09-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1982-06-08","Date_ratified":"1982-06-08","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SDN","Name":"Sudan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-10-17","Date_ratified":"2003-10-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-10-28","Date_ratified":"1988-10-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBN","Name":"Lebanon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-04-26","Date_ratified":"1975-04-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLE","Name":"Sierra Leone","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-06-19","Date_ratified":"1976-06-19","Date_signed":"1972-11-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IDN","Name":"Indonesia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-02-04","Date_ratified":"1992-02-04","Date_signed":"1972-06-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-10-19","Date_ratified":"1983-10-19","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LSO","Name":"Lesotho","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-09-06","Date_ratified":"1977-09-06","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SGP","Name":"Singapore","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-12-02","Date_ratified":"1975-12-02","Date_signed":"1972-06-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-11-10","Date_ratified":"1976-11-10","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-08-02","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLI","Name":"Mali","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-11-25","Date_ratified":"2002-11-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RWA","Name":"Rwanda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-05-20","Date_ratified":"1975-05-20","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NZL","Name":"New Zealand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-12-13","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-09-18","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PSE","Name":"State of Palestine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-09","Date_ratified":"2018-01-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-04-22","Date_ratified":"1980-04-22","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHE","Name":"Switzerland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-05-04","Date_ratified":"1976-05-04","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ITA","Name":"Italy","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-05-30","Date_ratified":"1975-05-30","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRT","Name":"Portugal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-05-15","Date_ratified":"1975-05-15","Date_signed":"1972-06-29","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-04-07","Date_ratified":"1983-04-07","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-06-27","Date_ratified":"2005-06-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RUS","Name":"Russian Federation","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1975-03-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-06-01","Date_ratified":"1979-06-01","Date_signed":"1972-04-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-12-10","Date_ratified":"1975-12-10","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-05-18","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-02-05","Date_ratified":"1992-02-05","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-05-28","Date_ratified":"1975-05-28","Date_signed":"1973-01-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-09-19","Date_signed":"1972-05-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JAM","Name":"Jamaica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-08-13","Date_ratified":"1975-08-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-10-18","Date_ratified":"2011-10-18","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-06-18","Date_ratified":"1991-06-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-10-30","Date_ratified":"1975-10-30","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-04-25","Date_ratified":"1975-04-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-07-18","Date_signed":"1972-04-14","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-10-15","Date_ratified":"2004-10-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAK","Name":"Pakistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1974-09-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-08-16","Date_ratified":"2007-08-16","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-04-15","Date_ratified":"1979-04-15","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ESP","Name":"Spain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-06-10","Date_ratified":"1979-06-10","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-11-26","Date_ratified":"1986-11-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MWI","Name":"Malawi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-04-02","Date_ratified":"2013-04-02","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDA","Name":"Republic of Moldova","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-01-28","Date_ratified":"2005-01-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GUY","Name":"Guyana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-03-26","Date_ratified":"2013-03-26","Date_signed":"1973-01-03","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1974-02-04","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-12-17","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYC","Name":"Seychelles","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-10-11","Date_ratified":"1979-10-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1974-10-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBY","Name":"Libya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1982-01-19","Date_ratified":"1982-01-19","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1975-03-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-06-21","Date_ratified":"1993-06-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MYS","Name":"Malaysia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-09-06","Date_ratified":"1991-09-06","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MEX","Name":"Mexico","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1974-04-08","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MMR","Name":"Myanmar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-12-01","Date_ratified":"2014-12-01","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NCL","Name":"New Caledonia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LCA","Name":"Saint Lucia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-11-26","Date_ratified":"1986-11-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Short_name":"Cartagena Protocol","Description":"The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity governs the transnational movement of living modified organisms (LMOs), often referred to colloquially as genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The treaty allows countries to manage and restrict the introduction of LMOs into their ecosystems through [Advanced Informed Agreements](https://bch.cbd.int/help/topics/en/The_Advance_Informed_Agreement_procedure.html). Article 20 established a [Biosafety Clearing-House](https://bch.cbd.int/en/kb/tags/about/What-are-the-various-categories-of-records-in-the-BCH-/619c553f4f1f30000140eeba), which documents national records related to biosafety laws, risk assessments, and other content; reference records from biosafety organizations, laboratories, and other non-governmental parties, and documents from the CBD Secretariat. \n","Treaty_footnotes":"Countries automatically become a party to the Cartagena Protocol 90 days after depositing their instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.\nDownload the data in this table to view any reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs).\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-01-29","Languages":["English","Arabic","Chinese (Simplified)","French","Russian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety","بروتوكول قرطاجنة للسلامة البيولوجية","卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书","Protocole de Cartagena sur la Prévention des Risques Biotechnologiques","Картахенский протокол по биобезопасности","Protocolo de Cartagena sobre Seguridad de la Biotecnología"],"Related_treaties":["Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing"],"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-05-21","Date_ratified":"2013-02-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-05-09","Date_ratified":"2005-02-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-11-03","Date_ratified":"2004-08-05","Date_signed":"2000-05-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-05-28","Date_ratified":"2009-02-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-12-09","Date_ratified":"2003-09-10","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-07-29","Date_ratified":"2004-04-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-08-27","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-06-30","Date_ratified":"2005-04-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-04-14","Date_ratified":"2004-01-15","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-05-07","Date_ratified":"2012-02-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-05-05","Date_ratified":"2004-02-05","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-09-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-08-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-07-14","Date_ratified":"2004-04-15","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-05-12","Date_ratified":"2004-02-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-05-31","Date_ratified":"2005-03-02","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-08-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-04-22","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-12-30","Date_ratified":"2009-10-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-06-11","Date_signed":"2001-06-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-22","Date_ratified":"2003-11-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2000-10-13","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-11-02","Date_ratified":"2003-08-04","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-12-31","Date_ratified":"2008-10-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-12-16","Date_ratified":"2003-09-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2003-02-20","Date_signed":"2001-02-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2001-04-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-01-30","Date_ratified":"2005-11-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-02-16","Date_ratified":"2008-11-18","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-01-30","Date_ratified":"2006-11-01","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-09-06","Date_ratified":"2005-06-08","Date_signed":"2023-08-08","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2003-05-20","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-06-23","Date_ratified":"2009-03-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2001-05-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-05-07","Date_ratified":"2007-02-06","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-06-10","Date_ratified":"2015-03-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-08-29","Date_signed":"2000-09-08","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-09-17","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-03-04","Date_ratified":"2003-12-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2001-10-08","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-06-21","Date_ratified":"2005-03-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-08-27","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-04-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-10-11","Date_ratified":"2004-07-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-09-18","Date_ratified":"2006-06-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2003-01-30","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-03-21","Date_ratified":"2003-12-23","Date_signed":"2000-12-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-12-25","Date_ratified":"2003-09-26","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-06-08","Date_ratified":"2005-03-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-06-22","Date_ratified":"2004-03-24","Date_signed":"2000-09-06","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-04-13","Date_ratified":"2006-01-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-01-07","Date_ratified":"2003-10-09","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-08-27","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       \"The European Community declares that, in accordance with the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 175(l) thereof, it is competent for entering into international agreements, and for implementing the obligations resulting therefrom, which contribute to the pursuit of the following objectives:\n       - preserving, protecting and improving the quality of the environment;\n       - protecting human health;\n       - prudent and rational utilisation of natural resources;\n       - promoting measures at international level to deal with regional or worldwide environmental problems.\n       Moreover, the European Community declares that it has already adopted legal instruments, binding on its Member States, covering matters governed by this Protocol, and will submit and update, as appropriate, a list of those legal instruments to the Biosafety Clearing House in accordance with Article 20(3)(a) of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.\n       The European Community is responsible for the performance of those obligations resulting from the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety which are covered by Community law in force.\n       The exercise of Community competence is, by its nature, subject to continuous development.\""},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2001-06-05","Date_signed":"2001-05-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-10-07","Date_ratified":"2004-07-09","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2003-04-07","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-31","Date_ratified":"2007-05-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-09-07","Date_ratified":"2004-06-09","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-02-02","Date_ratified":"2008-11-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-18","Date_ratified":"2003-11-20","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2003-05-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-08-19","Date_ratified":"2004-05-21","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-05-05","Date_ratified":"2004-02-05","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-01-26","Date_ratified":"2004-10-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-03-10","Date_ratified":"2007-12-11","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea Bissau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-08-17","Date_ratified":"2010-05-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GUY","Name":"Guyana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-06-16","Date_ratified":"2008-03-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HTI","Name":"Haiti","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HND","Name":"Honduras","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-02-16","Date_ratified":"2008-11-18","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HUN","Name":"Hungary","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-04-12","Date_ratified":"2004-01-13","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISL","Name":"Iceland","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2001-06-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IND","Name":"India","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2003-01-17","Date_signed":"2001-01-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IDN","Name":"Indonesia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-03-03","Date_ratified":"2004-12-03","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRN","Name":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-18","Date_ratified":"2003-11-20","Date_signed":"2001-04-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Name":"Iraq","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-06-01","Date_ratified":"2014-03-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-12","Date_ratified":"2003-11-14","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ITA","Name":"Italy","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-06-22","Date_ratified":"2004-03-24","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JAM","Name":"Jamaica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-12-24","Date_ratified":"2012-09-25","Date_signed":"2001-06-04","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-19","Date_ratified":"2003-11-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-09","Date_ratified":"2003-11-11","Date_signed":"2000-10-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Name":"Kazakhstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-12-07","Date_ratified":"2008-09-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KEN","Name":"Kenya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-01-24","Date_signed":"2000-05-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KIR","Name":"Kiribati","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-07-19","Date_ratified":"2004-04-20","Date_signed":"2000-09-07","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-30","Date_ratified":"2017-06-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-01-03","Date_ratified":"2005-10-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic 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Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-12-11","Date_ratified":"2014-09-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-17","Date_ratified":"2003-11-19","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2003-04-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-01-31","Date_ratified":"2011-11-02","Date_signed":"2001-06-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-01-23","Date_ratified":"2019-10-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-05-13","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-04-20","Date_ratified":"2004-01-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-03-01","Date_ratified":"2005-12-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-07-25","Date_ratified":"2004-04-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-05-26","Date_ratified":"2005-02-25","Date_signed":"2001-06-04","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Short_name":"World Health Organization","Description":"The World Health Organization (WHO) constitution, signed at the 1946 International Health Conference, formally acknowledged the right to health as a human right and established the specialized agency of the United Nations to help secure the “highest possible level of health” for all. The WHO’s mandate is to coordinate international health work among different countries through efforts such as disease eradication, standardization of diagnostics and pharmaceutical products, mental and environmental health, and other activities. The WHO Constitution has been amended four times since its inception – the attached document includes those changes.\n","Treaty_footnotes":"All signatories were attendees at the International Health Conference in 1946, all others accessed or definitively signed at a later date.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1946-07-22","Languages":["English","Arabic","Chinese (Simplified)","French","Russian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Constitution of the World Health Organization","دستور منظمة الصحة العالمية","世界卫生组织组织法","Constitution de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé","Устав Всемирной организации здравоохранения","Constitución de la Organización Mundial de la Salud"],"Related_treaties":["International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005"],"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-19","Date_ratified":"1948-04-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1947-05-26","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1962-11-08","Date_ratified":"1962-11-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-01-15","Date_ratified":"1997-01-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-05-15","Date_ratified":"1976-05-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1984-03-12","Date_ratified":"1984-03-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-10-22","Date_ratified":"1948-10-22","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-05-04","Date_ratified":"1992-05-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1948-02-02","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1947-06-30","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-10-02","Date_ratified":"1992-10-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1974-04-01","Date_ratified":"1974-04-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-11-02","Date_ratified":"1971-11-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1972-05-19","Date_ratified":"1972-05-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-04-25","Date_ratified":"1967-04-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1948-04-07","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-25","Date_ratified":"1948-06-25","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1990-08-23","Date_ratified":"1990-08-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-09-20","Date_ratified":"1960-09-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1982-03-08","Date_ratified":"1982-03-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-12-23","Date_ratified":"1949-12-23","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-09-10","Date_ratified":"1992-09-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-02-26","Date_ratified":"1975-02-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-02","Date_ratified":"1948-06-02","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei 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Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-10-04","Date_ratified":"1960-10-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1962-10-22","Date_ratified":"1962-10-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1950-05-17","Date_ratified":"1950-05-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-05-06","Date_ratified":"1960-05-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1946-08-29","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-01-05","Date_ratified":"1976-01-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-09-20","Date_ratified":"1960-09-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-01-01","Date_ratified":"1961-01-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-10-15","Date_ratified":"1948-10-15","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1946-07-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong 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China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1959-05-14","Date_ratified":"1959-05-14","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-12-09","Date_ratified":"1975-12-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1984-05-09","Date_ratified":"1984-05-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-03-17","Date_ratified":"1949-03-17","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-10-28","Date_ratified":"1960-10-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-06-11","Date_ratified":"1992-06-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1950-05-09","Date_ratified":"1950-05-09","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-01-16","Date_ratified":"1961-01-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-01-22","Date_ratified":"1993-01-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"Czechoslovakia had signed and accepted the Convention on 22 July 1946 and 1 March 1948, respectively."},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-02-24","Date_ratified":"1961-02-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-19","Date_ratified":"1948-04-19","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1978-03-10","Date_ratified":"1978-03-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-08-13","Date_ratified":"1981-08-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-21","Date_ratified":"1948-06-21","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-03-01","Date_ratified":"1949-03-01","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1947-12-16","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-22","Date_ratified":"1948-06-22","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-05-05","Date_ratified":"1980-05-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-07-24","Date_ratified":"1993-07-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-03-31","Date_ratified":"1993-03-31","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1973-04-16","Date_ratified":"1973-04-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1947-04-11","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1972-01-01","Date_ratified":"1972-01-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1947-10-07","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-16","Date_ratified":"1948-06-16","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-11-21","Date_ratified":"1960-11-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-04-26","Date_ratified":"1971-04-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-05-26","Date_ratified":"1992-05-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1951-05-29","Date_ratified":"1951-05-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"The German Democratic Republic had accepted the Constitution on 8 May 1973."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1957-04-08","Date_ratified":"1957-04-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1948-03-12","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1974-12-04","Date_ratified":"1974-12-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-08-26","Date_ratified":"1949-08-26","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1959-05-19","Date_ratified":"1959-05-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea 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Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1946-12-18","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-05-04","Date_ratified":"1992-05-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1947-09-26","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-09-27","Date_ratified":"2002-09-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-05-13","Date_ratified":"1960-05-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Associate member","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-05-08","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-08-14","Date_ratified":"1975-08-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1963-01-03","Date_ratified":"1963-01-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1956-05-14","Date_ratified":"1956-05-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1948-01-02","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-07-02","Date_ratified":"1992-07-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-05-07","Date_ratified":"1993-05-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1963-03-07","Date_ratified":"1963-03-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1948-04-03","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1972-03-30","Date_ratified":"1972-03-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1946-07-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1962-03-15","Date_ratified":"1962-03-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-21","Date_ratified":"1948-06-21","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"Accepted subject to the provisions of the joint resolution of the Congress of the United States of America approved 14 June 1948 (Public Law 643, 80th Congress), section 4 of which reads as follows: \"In adopting this joint resolution the Congress does so with the understanding that, in the absence of any provision in the World Health Organization Constitution for withdrawal from the organization, the United States reserves its right to withdraw from the organization on a one-year notice, provided, however, that the financial obligations of the United States to the organization shall be met in full for the organization's current fiscal year.\"\n\n\"The World Health Assembly adopted unanimously on 2 July 1948 the following resolution: \"The Assembly recognized the validity of the ratification by the United States of America and resolved that the Secretary-General of the United Nations be advised of this decision.\""},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-04-22","Date_ratified":"1949-04-22","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-05-22","Date_ratified":"1992-05-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-03-07","Date_ratified":"1983-03-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-07-07","Date_ratified":"1948-07-07","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1950-05-17","Date_ratified":"1950-05-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"By a letter dated at Hanoi on 12 July 1976, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Socialist Republic of Viet-Nam notified the Director-General of the World Health Organization that the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam and the Republic of South Viet-Nam had united to form the Socialist Republic of Viet-Nam, and that the latter would continue to exercise the official membership in the World Health Organization of the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam and the Republic of South Viet-Nam.  The above-mentioned communication from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Socialist Republic of Viet-Nam was brought to the attention of the Member States of the World Health Organization by a circular letter from the Director-General of that Organization dated 30 August 1976.  The Thirtieth World Health Assembly took note of the said notification in its resolution WHA 30.13 dated 10 May 1977.  The Constitution of the World Health Organization had been accepted on behalf of the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam on 22 October 1975 (See CN.304.1975-Treaties-22) and on behalf of the Republic of Viet-Nam (later replaced by the Republic of South Viet-Nam) (See CN.86.1950-Treaties) on 17 May 1950. The Amendments to articles 34 and 55 of the Constitution of the World Health Organization had been accepted on behalf of the Republic of Viet-Nam on 28 October 1974 (See CN.285.1974-Treaties-17) and on behalf of the Socialist Republic of Viet-Nam on 10 March 1977 (See CN.48.1977-Treaties-7)."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1968-05-06","Date_ratified":"1968-05-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1965-02-02","Date_ratified":"1965-02-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-05-16","Date_ratified":"1980-05-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Short_name":"Convention on Biological Diversity","Description":"The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) governs international efforts to conserve biological diversity, and ensure an equitable distribution of the benefits arising from genetic resources. The treaty recognizes member states’ sovereignty over their natural resources, including genetic material (Art. 15), which has proved controversial when exercised over pathogens. \nThere are two protocols to the Convention on Biological Diversity: the <a href=\"/treaties/cartagena-protocol/\">Cartagena Protocol</a>, which governs the handling and transport of living modified organisms (LMOs), and the <a href=\"/treaties/nagoya-protocol/\">Nagoya Protocol</a>, which governs the equitable distribution of benefits arising from a country’s genetic resources.\n","Treaty_footnotes":"Countries automatically become a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity 90 days after depositing their instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. \nDownload the data in this table to view any reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs).\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1992-06-05","Languages":["English","Arabic","Chinese (Simplified)","French","Russian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Convention on Biological Diversity","اتفاقية التنوع البيولوجي","生物多样性公约","Convention sur la diversité biologique","Конвенция о биологическом разнообразии","Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica"],"Related_treaties":["Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing"],"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-12-18","Date_ratified":"2002-09-19","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-04-05","Date_ratified":"1994-01-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-11-12","Date_ratified":"1995-08-14","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-05-05","Date_ratified":"2015-02-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-06-30","Date_ratified":"1998-04-01","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-03-09","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-20","Date_ratified":"1994-11-22","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Argentine Government considers that this Convention represents a step forward in that it establishes among its objectives the sustainable use of biological diversity. Likewise, the definitions contained in article 2 and other provisions of the Convention indicate that the terms \"genetic resources\", \"biological resources\" and \"biological material\" do not include the human genome. In accordance with the commitments entered into in the Convention, the Argentine Nation will pass legislation on the conditions of access to biological resources and the ownership of future rights and benefits arising from them. The Convention is fully consistent with the principles established in the \"Agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights\", including trade in counterfeit goods, contained in the Final Act of the Uruguay Round of GATT."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-05-14","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-06-18","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-16","Date_ratified":"1994-08-18","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Republic of Austria declares in accordance with article 27, paragraph 3 of the Convention that it accepts both of the means of dispute settlement mentioned in this paragraph as compulsory in relation to any Party accepting an obligation concerning one or both of these means of dispute settlement."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-11-01","Date_ratified":"2000-08-03","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-09-02","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-28","Date_ratified":"1996-08-30","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-08-01","Date_ratified":"1994-05-03","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-10","Date_ratified":"1993-12-10","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-09-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-02-20","Date_ratified":"1996-11-22","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-30","Date_ratified":"1993-12-30","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-09-28","Date_ratified":"1994-06-30","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-11-23","Date_ratified":"1995-08-25","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-10-03","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-11-24","Date_ratified":"2002-08-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-10","Date_ratified":"1995-10-12","Date_signed":"1992-06-08","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-05-29","Date_ratified":"1994-02-28","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-07-27","Date_ratified":"2008-04-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-07-16","Date_ratified":"1996-04-17","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-09-02","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-07-14","Date_ratified":"1997-04-15","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-10","Date_ratified":"1995-02-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-17","Date_ratified":"1994-10-19","Date_signed":"1992-06-14","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1992-12-04","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-06-27","Date_ratified":"1995-03-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-06-13","Date_ratified":"1995-03-15","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-09-05","Date_ratified":"1994-06-07","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-08","Date_ratified":"1994-09-09","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Government of Chile, on ratifying the Convention on Biological Diversity of 1992, wishes to place on record that the pine tree and other species that the country exploits as one of its forestry resources are considered exotic and are not taken to fall within the scope of the Convention."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-01-05","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-26","Date_ratified":"1994-11-28","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-28","Date_ratified":"1994-09-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-04-20","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-24","Date_ratified":"1994-08-26","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-27","Date_ratified":"1994-11-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-01-05","Date_ratified":"1996-10-07","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-06-06","Date_ratified":"1994-03-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Government of the Republic of Cuba declares, with respect to article 27 of the Convention on Biological Diversity, that as far as the Republic of Cuba is concerned, disputes that arise between Parties concerning the interpretation or application of this international legal instrument shall be settled by negotiation through the diplomatic channel or, failing that, by arbitration in accordance with the procedure laid down in Annex II on arbitration of the Convention."},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-10-08","Date_ratified":"1996-07-10","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-03","Date_ratified":"1993-12-03","Date_signed":"1993-06-04","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-03","Date_ratified":"1994-12-03","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-21","Date_ratified":"1993-12-21","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-30","Date_ratified":"1994-09-01","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-07-05","Date_ratified":"1994-04-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-02-23","Date_ratified":"1996-11-25","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-02-23","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-08-31","Date_ratified":"1994-06-02","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-07","Date_ratified":"1994-09-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-06","Date_ratified":"1994-12-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-06-19","Date_ratified":"1996-03-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-10-25","Date_ratified":"1994-07-27","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-07","Date_ratified":"1994-11-09","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-07-04","Date_ratified":"1994-04-05","Date_signed":"1992-06-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-21","Date_ratified":"1993-12-21","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Within their respective competence, the European Community and its Member States wish to reaffirm the importance they attach to transfers of technology and to biotechnology in order to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The compliance with intellectual property rights constitutes an essential element for the implementation of policies for technology transfer and co-investment.\nFor the European Community and its member States, transfers of technology and access to biotechnology, as defined in the text of the Convention on Biological Diversity, will be carried out in accordance with article 16 of the said Convention and in compliance with the principles and rules of protection of intellectual property, in particular multilateral and bilateral agreements signed or negotiated by the Contracting Parties to this Convention.\nThe European Community and its Member States will encourage the use of the financial mechanism established by the Convention to promote the voluntary transfer of intellectual property rights held by European operators, in particular as regards the granting of licences, through normal commercial mechanisms and decisions, while ensuring adequate and effective protection of property rights."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-02-25","Date_signed":"1992-10-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-10-25","Date_ratified":"1994-07-27","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-09-29","Date_ratified":"1994-07-01","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Upon signature:\nDeclaration:\nWith reference to article 3, that it interprets that article as a guiding principle to be taken into account in the implementation of the Convention;\nWith reference to article 21, paragraph 1, that the decision taken periodically by the Conference of the Parties concerns the \"amount of resources needed\" and that no provision of the Convention authorizes the Conference of the Parties to take decisions concerning the amount, nature or frequency of the contributions from Parties to the Convention.\n\nUpon ratification:\nDeclaration:\nWith reference to article 3, that it interprets that article as a guiding principle to be taken into account in the implementation of the Convention;\nThe French Republic reaffirms its belief in the importance of the transfer of technology and biotechnology in guaranteeing the protection and long-term utilization of biological diversity. Respect for intellectual property rights is an essential element of the implementation of policies for technology transfer and co-investment.\nThe French Republic affirms that the transfer of technology and access to biotechnology, as defined in the Convention on Biological Diversity, will be implemented according to article 16 of that Convention and with respect for the principles and rules concerning the protection of intellectual property, including multilateral agreements signed or negotiated by the Contracting Parties to the present Convention.\nThe French Republic will encourage recourse to the financial mechanism established by the Convention for the purpose of promoting the voluntary transfer of intellectual property rights under French ownership,  inter alia, as regards the granting of licences, by traditional commercial decisions and mechanisms while ensuring the appropriate and effective protection of property rights.\nWith reference to article 21, paragraph 1, the French Republic considers that the decision taken periodically by the Conference of the Parties concerns the \"amount of resources needed\" and that no provision of the Convention authorizes the Conference of the Parties to take decisions concerning the amount, nature or frequency of the contributions from Parties to the Convention.\nUpon its ratification of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the French Republic reiterated its declaration made upon its ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-06-12","Date_ratified":"1997-03-14","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-09-08","Date_ratified":"1994-06-10","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-08-31","Date_ratified":"1994-06-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Republic of Georgia will use both means for dispute settlement referred to in the Convention:\n       1. Arbitral consideration in accordance with the procedure given in the enclosure II, Part I.\n       2.  Submitting of disputes to the International Court."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-21","Date_ratified":"1993-12-21","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-27","Date_ratified":"1994-08-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-02","Date_ratified":"1994-08-04","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-09","Date_ratified":"1994-08-11","Date_signed":"1992-12-03","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-10-08","Date_ratified":"1995-07-10","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-05-07","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea Bissau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-25","Date_ratified":"1995-10-27","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GUY","Name":"Guyana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-27","Date_ratified":"1994-08-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HTI","Name":"Haiti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-12-24","Date_ratified":"1996-09-25","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HND","Name":"Honduras","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-10-29","Date_ratified":"1995-07-31","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HUN","Name":"Hungary","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-05-25","Date_ratified":"1994-02-24","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISL","Name":"Iceland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-11","Date_ratified":"1994-09-12","Date_signed":"1992-06-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IND","Name":"India","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-05-19","Date_ratified":"1994-02-18","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IDN","Name":"Indonesia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-21","Date_ratified":"1994-08-23","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRN","Name":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-04","Date_ratified":"1996-08-06","Date_signed":"1992-06-14","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Name":"Iraq","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-10-26","Date_ratified":"2009-07-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-06-20","Date_ratified":"1996-03-22","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Ireland wishes to reaffirm the importance it attaches to transfers of technology and to biotechnology in order to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The compliance with intellectual property rights constitutes an essential element for the implementation of policies for technology transfer and co-investment.\nFor Ireland, transfers of technology and access to biotechnology, as defined in the text of the Convention on Biological Diversity and in compliance with the principles and rules of protection of intellectual property, in particular multilateral and bilateral agreements signed or negotiated by the contracting parties to this Convention.\nIreland will encourage the use of the financial mechanism established by the Convention to promote the voluntary transfer of intellectual property rights held by Irish operators, in particular as regards the granting of licences, through normal commercial mechanisms and decisions, while ensuring adequate and effective protection of property rights."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-11-05","Date_ratified":"1995-08-07","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ITA","Name":"Italy","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-07-14","Date_ratified":"1994-04-15","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification:\n\"The Italian Government [. . .] declares its understanding that the decision to be taken by the Conference of the Parties under article 21.1 of the Convention refers to the `amount of resources needed' by the financial mechanism, not to the extent or nature and form of the contributions of the Contracting Parties.\""},{"ISO3":"JAM","Name":"Jamaica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-04-06","Date_ratified":"1995-01-06","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-05-28","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-02-10","Date_ratified":"1993-11-12","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Name":"Kazakhstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-05","Date_ratified":"1994-09-06","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KEN","Name":"Kenya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-10-24","Date_ratified":"1994-07-26","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KIR","Name":"Kiribati","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-14","Date_ratified":"1994-08-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-10-31","Date_ratified":"2002-08-02","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-04","Date_ratified":"1996-08-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-12-19","Date_ratified":"1996-09-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LVA","Name":"Latvia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-03-13","Date_ratified":"1995-12-14","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Republic of Latvia declares in accordance with article 27 paragraph 3 of the Convention that it accepts both the means of dispute settlement mentioned in this paragraph as compulsory."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Name":"Lebanon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-15","Date_ratified":"1994-12-15","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LSO","Name":"Lesotho","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-04-10","Date_ratified":"1995-01-10","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBR","Name":"Liberia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-02-06","Date_ratified":"2000-11-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBY","Name":"Libya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-10-10","Date_ratified":"2001-07-12","Date_signed":"1992-06-29","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LIE","Name":"Liechtenstein","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-02-17","Date_ratified":"1997-11-19","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Principality of Liechtenstein wishes to reaffirm the importance it attaches to transfers of technology and to biotechnology in order to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The compliance with intellectual property rights constitutes an essential element for the implementation of policies for technology transfer and co-investment.\n\nFor the Principality of Liechtenstein, transfers of technology and access to biotechnology, as defined in the text of the [said] Convention, will be carried out in accordance with article 16 of the said Convention and in compliance with the principles and rules of protection of intellectual property, in particular multilateral and bilateral agreements signed or negotiated by the Contracting Parties to this Convention.\n\nThe Principality of Liechtenstein will encourage the use of the financial mechanism established by the Convention to promote the voluntary transfer of intellectual property rights held by Liechtenstein operators, in particular as regards the granting of licenses, through normal commercial mechanisms and decisions, while ensuring adequate and effective protection of property rights."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Name":"Lithuania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-05-01","Date_ratified":"1996-02-01","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LUX","Name":"Luxembourg","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-08-07","Date_ratified":"1994-05-09","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDG","Name":"Madagascar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-06-02","Date_ratified":"1996-03-04","Date_signed":"1992-06-08","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MWI","Name":"Malawi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-05-03","Date_ratified":"1994-02-02","Date_signed":"1992-06-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MYS","Name":"Malaysia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-09-22","Date_ratified":"1994-06-24","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDV","Name":"Maldives","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1992-11-09","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLI","Name":"Mali","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-06-27","Date_ratified":"1995-03-29","Date_signed":"1992-09-30","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLT","Name":"Malta","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-03-29","Date_ratified":"2000-12-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MHL","Name":"Marshall Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1992-10-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MRT","Name":"Mauritania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-14","Date_ratified":"1996-08-16","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MUS","Name":"Mauritius","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1992-09-04","Date_signed":"1992-06-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MEX","Name":"Mexico","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-03-11","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FSM","Name":"Micronesia (Federated States of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-09-18","Date_ratified":"1994-06-20","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MCO","Name":"Monaco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1992-11-20","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNG","Name":"Mongolia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-09-30","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNE","Name":"Montenegro","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-06-03","Date_ratified":"2006-10-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAR","Name":"Morocco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-11-19","Date_ratified":"1995-08-21","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Name":"Mozambique","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-11-23","Date_ratified":"1995-08-25","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MMR","Name":"Myanmar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-23","Date_ratified":"1994-11-25","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NAM","Name":"Namibia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-08-14","Date_ratified":"1997-05-16","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NRU","Name":"Nauru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-02-08","Date_ratified":"1993-11-11","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NPL","Name":"Nepal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-02-21","Date_ratified":"1993-11-23","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NLD","Name":"Netherlands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-10-10","Date_ratified":"1994-07-12","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands declares, in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 27 of the Convention on Biological Diversity, that it accepts both means of dispute settlement referred to in that paragraph as compulsory in relation to any Party accepting one or both means of dispute settlement."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Name":"New Caledonia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NZL","Name":"New Zealand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-09-16","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIC","Name":"Nicaragua","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-02-18","Date_ratified":"1995-11-20","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NER","Name":"Niger","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-10-23","Date_ratified":"1995-07-25","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NGA","Name":"Nigeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-27","Date_ratified":"1994-08-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIU","Name":"Niue","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-05-28","Date_ratified":"1996-02-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRK","Name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-24","Date_ratified":"1994-10-26","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MKD","Name":"North Macedonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-03-02","Date_ratified":"1997-12-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NOR","Name":"Norway","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-07-09","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"OMN","Name":"Oman","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-09","Date_ratified":"1995-02-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAK","Name":"Pakistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-10-24","Date_ratified":"1994-07-26","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PLW","Name":"Palau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-04-06","Date_ratified":"1999-01-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PSE","Name":"State of Palestine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-04-02","Date_ratified":"2015-01-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAN","Name":"Panama","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-04-17","Date_ratified":"1995-01-17","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PNG","Name":"Papua New Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-03-16","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Government of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea declares its understanding that ratification of the Convention shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under International Law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of Biological Diversity as derogating from the principles of general International Law."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Name":"Paraguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-05-25","Date_ratified":"1994-02-24","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PER","Name":"Peru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-06-07","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PHL","Name":"Philippines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-01-06","Date_ratified":"1993-10-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"POL","Name":"Poland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-04-17","Date_ratified":"1996-01-18","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRT","Name":"Portugal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-21","Date_ratified":"1993-12-21","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRI","Name":"Puerto Rico","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"QAT","Name":"Qatar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-19","Date_ratified":"1996-08-21","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDA","Name":"Republic of 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Federation","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-07-04","Date_ratified":"1995-04-05","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RWA","Name":"Rwanda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-08-27","Date_ratified":"1996-05-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KNA","Name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-01-07","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LCA","Name":"Saint Lucia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-07-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VCT","Name":"Saint Vincent and the 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Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-01","Date_ratified":"1995-10-03","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-12-10","Date_ratified":"2009-09-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-31","Date_ratified":"1995-11-02","Date_signed":"1993-06-04","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-10-03","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan 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Arab Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-04-03","Date_ratified":"1996-01-04","Date_signed":"1993-05-03","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-01-27","Date_ratified":"1997-10-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-01-29","Date_ratified":"2003-10-31","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-01-08","Date_ratified":"2006-10-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-02","Date_ratified":"1995-10-04","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-08-17","Date_ratified":"1998-05-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad 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Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-10-30","Date_ratified":"1996-08-01","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-07-15","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-05-15","Date_ratified":"1997-02-14","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-12-17","Date_ratified":"1996-09-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-03-20","Date_ratified":"2002-12-20","Date_signed":"1992-06-08","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-09-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-08","Date_ratified":"1995-02-07","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United 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America","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1993-06-04","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-02-03","Date_ratified":"1993-11-05","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-10-17","Date_ratified":"1995-07-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-03-25","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-12","Date_ratified":"1994-09-13","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-14","Date_ratified":"1994-11-16","Date_signed":"1993-05-28","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-05-21","Date_ratified":"1996-02-21","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-05-28","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-09","Date_ratified":"1994-11-11","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Short_name":"CITES","Description":"The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) governs the trade of wild plants and animals to protect endangered species from over-exploitation. Countries become a party to CITES voluntarily, after which it is legally binding. CITES provides a framework and states parties must adopt their own implementing national legislation. Under CITES, the appointed management authority must issue permits or certificates for the import or export of certain specimens. CITES officially regulates endangered species listed in the treaty appendix (last updated in 2019), but countries can establish more restrictive laws that protect additional species.\n","Treaty_footnotes":"CITES has 184 parties, including 183 states and the European Union. CITES entered into force 90 days after ratification by the tenth signatory state. After that day, CITES entered into force for each state party 90 days after the deposit of their instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.\n\nAdditionally, [150 parties have accepted the amendment to Article XI](https://cites.org/eng/disc/parties/bonn.php), which was adopted at Bonn, Germany on 22 June 1979 and entered into force on 13 April 1987. [103 parties have accepted the amendment to Article XXI](https://cites.org/eng/disc/parties/gaborone.php), which was adopted at Gaborone, Botswana on 30 April 1983 and entered into force on 29 November 2013.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1973-03-03","Languages":["English","Chinese (Simplified)","French","Russian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora","濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约","Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d'extinction","Конвенция о международной торговле видами дикой фауны и флоры, находящимися под угрозой исчезновения","Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres"],"Related_treaties":null,"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-01-28","Date_ratified":"1985-10-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-25","Date_ratified":"2003-06-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1984-02-21","Date_ratified":"1983-11-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-01-04","Date_ratified":"2021-10-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-12-31","Date_ratified":"2013-10-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and 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(WOAH) tracks and reports epizootic disease outbreaks, sets animal health and safety standards, and provides technical support for infrastructure development and outbreak response. WOAH was titled the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) until 2003, and changed its acronym to WOAH in 2022. WOAH regularly updates a [public tracker](https://wahis.woah.org/#/event-management]) documenting epizootic outbreaks and efforts to contain them. \n\n","Treaty_footnotes":"Twenty-eight states were signatories of the international agreement, which, upon ratification, created the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) on 25 January 1924. The agreement to establish the organization enters into force on the same day it is ratified for all states parties except for the following countries which submitted declarations of accession after it had already entered into force in those countries: Algeria, Cameroon, Madagascar, and Zambia.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1924-01-25","Languages":["French","German","Italian"],"Original_language_titles":["Arrangement international pour la création, à Paris, d’un Office international des Épizooties","Internationales Übereinkommen für die Schaffung eines internationalen Seuchenamtes in Paris","Accordo internazionale che istituisce un Ufficio internazionale delle epizoozie a Parigi"],"Related_treaties":null,"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-07-25","Date_ratified":"1960-07-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-02-11","Date_ratified":"1991-02-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1962-07-03","Date_ratified":"1969-02-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-01-16","Date_ratified":"1998-01-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-04-06","Date_ratified":"1979-04-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua 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Moldova","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-24","Date_ratified":"1995-01-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COG","Name":"Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-06-20","Date_ratified":"1983-06-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ROU","Name":"Romania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1927-07-16","Date_ratified":"1927-07-16","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RUS","Name":"Russian Federation","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1927-10-29","Date_ratified":"1927-10-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RWA","Name":"Rwanda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-05-07","Date_ratified":"2002-05-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KNA","Name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LCA","Name":"Saint Lucia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-05-26","Date_ratified":"2018-05-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VCT","Name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"WSM","Name":"Samoa","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SMR","Name":"San Marino","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-04-09","Date_ratified":"2009-04-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"STP","Name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-05-08","Date_ratified":"2002-05-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SAU","Name":"Saudi Arabia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-02-22","Date_ratified":"1971-02-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SEN","Name":"Senegal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-02-22","Date_ratified":"1961-02-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SRB","Name":"Serbia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-11-21","Date_ratified":"2002-11-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYC","Name":"Seychelles","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-05-20","Date_ratified":"2010-05-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLE","Name":"Sierra Leone","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-04-13","Date_ratified":"1970-04-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SGP","Name":"Singapore","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-11-02","Date_ratified":"1993-11-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVK","Name":"Slovakia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-05-03","Date_ratified":"1993-05-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVN","Name":"Slovenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-12-30","Date_ratified":"1991-12-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLB","Name":"Solomon Islands","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1974-05-10","Date_ratified":"1974-05-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1936-11-04","Date_ratified":"1936-11-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1953-11-21","Date_ratified":"1953-11-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan ","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-05-30","Date_ratified":"2014-05-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ESP","Name":"Spain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1927-02-11","Date_ratified":"1927-02-11","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LKA","Name":"Sri Lanka","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-03-12","Date_ratified":"1971-03-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SDN","Name":"Sudan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1959-10-10","Date_ratified":"1959-10-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SUR","Name":"Suriname","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-01-10","Date_ratified":"2002-01-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWE","Name":"Sweden","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1925-09-17","Date_ratified":"1925-09-17","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHE","Name":"Switzerland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1926-07-06","Date_ratified":"1926-07-06","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYR","Name":"Syrian Arab Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-10-24","Date_ratified":"1986-10-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-09-21","Date_ratified":"1992-09-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1927-05-06","Date_ratified":"1927-05-06","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-11-16","Date_ratified":"2010-11-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1968-08-12","Date_ratified":"1968-08-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-05-18","Date_ratified":"1998-05-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1925-02-14","Date_ratified":"1925-02-14","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-03-17","Date_ratified":"1930-03-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-09-25","Date_ratified":"1992-09-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1982-08-10","Date_ratified":"1982-08-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-06-16","Date_ratified":"1993-06-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-04-14","Date_ratified":"1980-04-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1925-07-11","Date_ratified":"1925-07-11","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-05-09","Date_ratified":"1967-05-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-07-29","Date_ratified":"1975-07-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1931-05-23","Date_ratified":"1931-05-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-10-09","Date_ratified":"1992-10-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-06-29","Date_ratified":"1981-06-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-01-23","Date_ratified":"1948-01-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1951-02-22","Date_ratified":"1951-02-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-07-15","Date_ratified":"1999-07-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1964-10-24","Date_ratified":"1970-01-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-12-11","Date_ratified":"1961-12-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Short_name":"International Health Regulations","Description":"The International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 are a legally binding agreement designed to facilitate rapid identification and response to public health emergencies. Under the IHR, all 196 states parties must be capable of detecting, assessing, reporting and responding to disease outbreaks. Countries are also required to establish a reporting framework that ensures a national representative (the “IHR National Focal Point”) that can notify the World Health Organization (WHO) of a potential Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) within 24 hours of its identification. To facilitate these capacities, countries are supposed to provide one another technical and financial support to develop core capacities, and conduct [self assessments](https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240051980).\n","Treaty_footnotes":"The Revised IHR (2005) were adopted at the 58th World Health Assembly on May 23, 2005. They entered into force for all WHO Member states on 15 June 2007, except for the following: India (8 Aug 2007), Liechtenstein (28 March 2012), Montenegro (5 February 2008), South Sudan (16 April 2013), and the USA (18 July 2007). Download the data in this table to view any reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs).\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-05-23","Languages":["English","Arabic","Chinese (Simplified)","French","Russian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["International Health Regulations (2005) Third Edition","اللوائح الصحية الدولية (2005) الإصدار الثالث","国际卫生条例（2005）第三版","Règlement sanitaire international (2005) troisième édition","Международные медико-санитарные правила (2005 г.), третье издание","Reglamento Sanitario Internacional (2005) tercera edición"],"Related_treaties":["Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)"],"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"1. The Government of the People's Republic of China decides that the International Health Regulations (2005) (hereinafter referred to as “the IHR”) applies to the entire territory of the People's Republic of China, including the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macau Special Administrative Region and the Taiwan Province.\n2. The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China is designated as China's National Focal Point, pursuant to Paragraph 1 of Article 4 of the IHR. The local health administrative authorities are the health authorities responsible for the implementation of the IHR in their respective jurisdictions. The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China and its local offices are the competent authorities of the points of entry referred to in Article 22 of the IHR.\n3. To meet the needs of applying the IHR, the Government of the People's Republic of China is revising the Frontier Health and Quarantine Law of the People's Republic of China. It has incorporated the development, enhancement and maintenance of the core capability-building for rapid\nand effective response to public health hazards and public health emergencies of international concern into its program of establishing a national health emergency response system during the 11th Five-year\nPlan for National Economic and Social Development. It is formulating the technical standards for the surveillance, reporting, assessment, determination and notification of public health emergencies of international concern. It has established an inter-agency information-sharing and coordination mechanism for implementing the IHR. And it has conducted cooperation and exchanges with relevant states parties on the implementation of the IHR.\n4. The Government of the People's Republic of China endorses and will implement the resolution of the 59th World Health Assembly calling upon its member states to comply immediately, on a voluntary basis, with provisions of the IHR considered relevant to the risk posed by the avian\ninfluenza and pandemic influenza. "},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reply"],"RUDs_text":"Reply dated 24 January 2007 to the statement made by the Republic of Turkey on 14 December 2006\nThe Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations Office and other International Organizations in Geneva presents its compliments to the Director General of the World Health Organization and, with reference to the latter's Note Verbale under ref.no. C.L.3.2007, dated January\n17th, 2007, and the Note Verbale enclosed therein of the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Turkey ref. no 520.20/2006/BMCO DT/12201, dated December 14th, 2006, has the honour to draw the attention of the Director General to the fact that the correct title of the Montreux Convention regarding the regime of the straights of the Dardanelles, the Marmara sea and the Bosporus is: “The Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straights signed at Montreux on July 20th, 1936”.\nFurthermore, concerning the reference made in the aforementioned Note Verbale of the Permanent Mission of Turkey to the maritime traffic regulations unilaterally adopted in Turkey in 1998, we would like to remind the Director General that they are in contravention to the provisions of\nthe International Law of the Sea, the Montreux Convention and the relevant rules and Recommendations of the International Maritime Organization adopted on June 1st, 1994.\n\nReply dated 16 April 2007 to the Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Turkey dated 1 March 2007\nA. Firstly, it should be noted that there is no substantive link between the content of the Turkish statement contained in Note Verbale 520.20/BMCO DT/12201 dated 14th December 2006 and the new International Health Regulations. In fact, the Turkish statement seeks to elicit tacit acceptance\nor recognition of the national regulations, adopted by Turkey, concerning maritime traffic through the Straits.\nHowever, these regulations were adopted unilaterally and were not approved by the International Maritime Organization or the parties of the Montreux Convention of 1936 which governs the issue.\nConcerning its precise content, the statement goes on to assert that Turkey rightly points out that as far as the implementation of the new International Health Regulations for maritime traffic in the Straits is concerned, this should be done in accordance with the provisions of the Montreux Convention of 1936 regarding the regime of the Straits. It is, however, self-evident that the new Health Regulations do not influence the existing international regime of navigation through the Straits, neither\ncould they do so, as there is no connection of substance between them.\nThe Turkish statement goes on to assert that the Turkish Maritime Traffic Regulations of 1998 will also be taken into account. This means that the Turkish Authorities will enforce the International Health Regulations subject to certain ill-defined national modifications, which are in fact themselves in contravention of the international obligations Turkey has undertaken under the Montreux Convention.\nFurthermore, the Turkish Authorities reserve the right to also take into account any further revision of their national traffic regulations, to be adopted in the same unilateral way in the future. In fact, this would seem simply that, in so far as the Straits are concerned, Turkey may implement the new International Heath Regulations as it sees fit.\nThe reference, therefore, to national legislation and to any future revisions of this legislation, while irrelevant to the subject at hand, is nonetheless problematic because it seeks to subject international conventional obligations to national rules and regulations.\nB. Furthermore, the Turkish Regulations concerning traffic in the Straits are themselves not in conformity with:\n- The 1936 Montreux Convention: this Convention enshrines full freedom of navigation (articles 1 and 2) through the Straits without any restrictions whatsoever (apart from sanitary control) and without any formalities, irrespective of the kind of cargo or the timing of the transit. Thus, the\nTurkish Regulations by, amongst other things, imposing a compulsory reporting system (Reg. 6, 25 and al.) and, particularly, by providing for the possibility of the total suspension of traffic (Reg.20) are incompatible with the Montreux Convention.\n- The IMO Rules and Regulations: Paragraphs 1.2 and 1.3 foresee that only in the case where a vessel is unable to comply with the Traffic Separation Scheme do the Turkish Authorities have the right to temporarily suspend two-way traffic and to regulate the resulting one way traffic. The IMO Rules and Regulations on no account foresee a total suspension of traffic in the Straits. The Turkish Regulations, on the other hand, provide for the possibility to completely suspend traffic in general for a wide variety of reasons.\n- The international law of the sea regarding navigation through international straits: such law encourages cooperation in order to ensure the safe transit of vessels through the Straits and in order to protect the environment. The Turkish Regulations, however, were adopted unilaterally, in contravention of the law of the sea and the relevant law of treaties.\nC. As to the Turkish Note dated 1st March 2007 (Ref. No: 520.20/2007/BMCO DT/1711), the information contained there in is inaccurate on several points. More specifically, the said Turkish Note states:\n- that the Turkish Regulations “have been put into effect taking into account Turkey's obligations and rights arising from the Montreux Convention”, whereas the latter contains and rights arising from the Montreux Convention”, whereas the latter contains no provision which authorizes Turkey to unilaterally issue traffic regulations.\n- that Turkey “informed IMO of the safety measures taken in the Straits”, whereas Turkey has\nconsistently refused to officially submit its national regulations to IMO for discussion and examination, alleging that it is a matter of exclusive Turkish jurisdiction.\n- that “...Traffic Separation Schemes and Reporting System... were adopted by IMO together with some other rules in 1995”, whereas only Traffic Separation Schemes were adopted by that Organization, together with the relevant IMO Rules and Recommendations. The Reporting System included in the Turkish Regulations was never adopted by IMO.\n- that “...the maritime Safety Committee of the IMO confirmed at its 71st session that the routing system and the associated IMO Rules and Recommendations… had contributed significantly to an increase in safety ...” in an attempt to create the impression that the IMO is referring to the Turkish Regulations, whereas it is only referring to the measures adopted within the IMO itself.\nIn the light of the above, Greece considers the statement made by Turkey in its Note Verbale\n520.20/2006/BMCO DT/12201 dated 14th December 2006 as irrelevant to the International Health Regulations, thus having no legal effect as to the latter's implementation. Furthermore, Greece reiterates the point made in her Note Verbale no. (331) 6395/6/AS 168 dated 24 January 2007 as to the importance of using the correct terminology when referring to international instruments such as the Montreux Convention. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea Bissau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GUY","Name":"Guyana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HTI","Name":"Haiti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HND","Name":"Honduras","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HUN","Name":"Hungary","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISL","Name":"Iceland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IND","Name":"India","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-08-08","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"I am directed to refer to Reservations in respect of India mentioned in Annexure-II to IHR 1969\n(Revised up to 1983) {copy enclosed} and to request you to notify the following Reservations in respect of India for notification under Article 62 of the recently circulated IHR 2005:-\nProposed Reservation to IHR 2005:-\n1. The Government of India reserves the right to consider the whole territory of a country as infected with yellow fever whenever yellow fever has been notified under Article 6 and other relevant articles in this regard of IHR (2005). The Government of India reserves the right to continue to regard an area as infected with yellow fever until there is definite evidence that yellow-fever infection has been completely eradicated from that area.\n2. Yellow Fever disease will be treated as disease of Public health emergency of international concern and all health measures being applied presently like disinsection of conveyance, vaccination requirements and quarantine of passengers and crew (as may be required) (as per Article 7, 9.2(b), 42 and relevant annexures) will be continued as has been stipulated under Annex-II of IHR-1969 (Revised in 1983). "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Name":"Indonesia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRN","Name":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":"The Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations Office and other International Organizations in Geneva presents its compliments to the World Health Organization and with reference to note verbale No. C.L.2.2007 dated 17 January 2007 concerning the Reservation and Understandings of the Government of the United States of America on the International Health Regulations (IHR), has the honor to convey the official objection of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the same Reservation and Understandings, based on the following:\nAccording to the IHR, while “States may make reservations to these Regulations”, “such reservations shall not be incompatible with the object and purpose of these regulations”. Furthermore, in accordance with the IHR, “the implementation of these Regulations shall be guided by the goal of their universal application for the protection of all people of the world from the international spread of disease”. The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran believes that, by giving more prominence to federalism than its obligations under the IHR, the reserving Government attempts to evade its due responsibilities and obligations. The aforementioned Government, by adopting a selective approach, provides its states with the option of exempting themselves from full compliance with the provisions of the IHR. Since implementation of the IHR largely depends on the development, strengthening and maintenance of the core capacity requirements set forth in Annex 1, reservation of such a general\nnature leads to undermining the IHR foundations as well as its integrity and universal applicability. Such reservation is considered to be incompatible with the object and purpose of these Regulations and is, therefore, unacceptable.\nMoreover, the understandings and interpretations assumed by a government, too, should not affect the obligations to be undertaken by that government and must not be incompatible with the object and purpose of the Regulations.\nAs regards to the first Understanding of the reserving Government, it must be recalled that the majority of W.H.O. Member States participating in the IHR negotiations, categorically rejected the inclusion of the related interpretation within the provisions of the IHR. Their rejections were\nprompted to avoid confusion over respective obligations of the State Parties under the IHR and to preempt overlapping of the competencies and duplication of work among the relevant intergovernmental organizations or international bodies. Article 6.1 and 14.2 of the IHR address such concerns.\nThe second Understanding attempts to dilute the obligations of the U.S. Government under the IHR. It is an attempt to place national interests above the treaty obligations by excluding the U.S. Armed Forces from the IHR bindings. The universal applicability of the IHR for the protection of all\npeoples of the world from the international spread of diseases leaves no room for exempting the American Armed Forces, in particular those operating abroad. Such an exemption could not be conceded to, taking into account the nature, direction and possible public health consequences of the U.S. Armed Forces operations. It should be recalled that during IHR negotiations, the majority of W.H.O. Member States strongly rejected the above exclusion proposed by the U.S. Government. It is, therefore, in violation of the U.S. obligations under the IHR and is incompatible with the object and purpose of these regulations, to which the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran strongly objects.\nThe Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran reiterates that it does not consider the Reservation and the two Understandings stated by the U.S. Government, as legally binding."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Name":"Iraq","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ITA","Name":"Italy","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JAM","Name":"Jamaica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Name":"Kazakhstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KEN","Name":"Kenya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KIR","Name":"Kiribati","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LVA","Name":"Latvia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBN","Name":"Lebanon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LSO","Name":"Lesotho","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBR","Name":"Liberia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBY","Name":"Libya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LIE","Name":"Liechtenstein","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-03-28","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LTU","Name":"Lithuania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LUX","Name":"Luxembourg","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDG","Name":"Madagascar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MWI","Name":"Malawi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MYS","Name":"Malaysia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDV","Name":"Maldives","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLI","Name":"Mali","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLT","Name":"Malta","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MHL","Name":"Marshall Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MRT","Name":"Mauritania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MUS","Name":"Mauritius","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MEX","Name":"Mexico","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FSM","Name":"Micronesia (Federated States of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MCO","Name":"Monaco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNG","Name":"Mongolia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNE","Name":"Montenegro","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-02-05","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAR","Name":"Morocco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Name":"Mozambique","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MMR","Name":"Myanmar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NAM","Name":"Namibia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NRU","Name":"Nauru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NPL","Name":"Nepal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NLD","Name":"Netherlands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NCL","Name":"New Caledonia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NZL","Name":"New Zealand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIC","Name":"Nicaragua","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NER","Name":"Niger","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NGA","Name":"Nigeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIU","Name":"Niue","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRK","Name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MKD","Name":"North Macedonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NOR","Name":"Norway","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"OMN","Name":"Oman","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAK","Name":"Pakistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PLW","Name":"Palau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PSE","Name":"State of Palestine","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAN","Name":"Panama","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PNG","Name":"Papua New Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRY","Name":"Paraguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PER","Name":"Peru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PHL","Name":"Philippines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"POL","Name":"Poland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRT","Name":"Portugal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union (EU) on the reservation of\nthe Government of the United States of America concerning the International Health\nRegulations\n\nThe International Health Regulations (IHR) are a very effective tool for reinforcing the connection between the surveillance systems and in establishing rapid reaction mechanisms. The EC and its 27 Member States have strongly supported the revised IHR, which recently came into force, and we will\ncontinue this support for the implementation of the IHR in full and without restrictions.\nThe EC and its 27 Member States take note of the above mentioned reservation and declare that they understand it to mean that, in accordance with the principle that a Party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform its international obligations, this reservation in no way intends to question the obligations stemming from the IHR. The EC and its 27 Member\nStates understand that the Federal Government of the United States of America fully recognises those obligations and that it will exercise every effort to ensure that the provisions of the IHR are fully implemented and given full effect by the pertinent authorities in the United States of America.\n\nDeclaration of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union (EU) on the statement of the Government of Turkey concerning the International Health Regulations\nThe International Health Regulations (IHR) are a very effective tool for reinforcing the connection between the surveillance systems and in establishing rapid reaction mechanisms. The EC and its 27\nMember States have strongly supported the revised IHR, which recently came into force, and we will continue this support for the implementation of the IHR in full and without restrictions.\nThe EC and its 27 Member States take note of Turkey's intention to implement the provisions of the IHR in accordance with the Convention regarding the regime of the Straits, signed at Montreux on 20 July 1936.\nThe EC and its 27 Member States understand the desire of the Turkish authorities to respect their international obligations, such as the Montreux Convention regarding traffic in the Straits. In this respect they would like to refer to Article 57 of the IHR, which provides that States parties recognize that the IHR and other relevant international agreements should be interpreted so as to be compatible.\nThe provisions of the IHR shall not affect the rights and obligations of any State party deriving from other international agreements.\nConcerning the reference by Turkey to internal legislation which has no direct bearing on the implementation of the IHR, the EC and its 27 Member States understand that Turkey will ensure that the application of its internal legislation fully respects the letter and spirit of the IHR and the regime of freedom of navigation in the Straits as established by the Montreux Convention.\n\nDeclaration of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union (EU) on the reservation of the Government of India concerning the International Health Regulations\nThe International Health Regulations (IHR) are a very effective tool for reinforcing the connection between the surveillance systems and in establishing rapid reaction mechanisms. The EC and its 27\nMember States have strongly supported the revised IHR, which recently came into force, and we will continue this support for the implementation of the IHR in full and without restrictions.\nThe EC and its 27 Member States understand the willingness of the Government of India to apply strong measures in order to keep the territory of India free of yellow fever. The EC and its 27 Member\nStates recognise the challenges in ensuring the surveillance and protection of such a large territory, considering the existence of factors (e.g. presence of aedes) which may facilitate the spread of contamination.\nThe EC and its 27 Member States nevertheless expect that this reservation will be implemented in a reasonable way, considering the potentially unnecessary interference it could have with international\ntraffic and trade from the largest part of the geographical territory of the EC in the case of a yellow fever outbreak in an outermost region of the EU or in a non-European part of a Member State of the EC (e.g. Guyana, Antilles). The fact that the Government of India considers yellow fever to be a notifiable disease should not trigger disproportionate control measures.\nThe commitment of the EC and its 27 Member States to ensure the rapid and comprehensive implementation of the IHR will reinforce the measures already implemented to maintain the whole territory of the EC free of yellow fever. "},{"ISO3":"PRI","Name":"Puerto Rico","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"QAT","Name":"Qatar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDA","Name":"Republic of Moldova","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COG","Name":"Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ROU","Name":"Romania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RUS","Name":"Russian Federation","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RWA","Name":"Rwanda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KNA","Name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LCA","Name":"Saint Lucia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VCT","Name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"WSM","Name":"Samoa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SMR","Name":"San Marino","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"STP","Name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SAU","Name":"Saudi Arabia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SEN","Name":"Senegal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SRB","Name":"Serbia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYC","Name":"Seychelles","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLE","Name":"Sierra Leone","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SGP","Name":"Singapore","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVK","Name":"Slovakia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVN","Name":"Slovenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLB","Name":"Solomon Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SDN","Name":"Sudan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ESP","Name":"Spain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LKA","Name":"Sri Lanka","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan ","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-04-16","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SUR","Name":"Suriname","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWE","Name":"Sweden","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHE","Name":"Switzerland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYR","Name":"Syrian Arab Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Following their adoption by the World Health Assembly in May 2005, the International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 will enter into force on 15 June 2007.\nThe Kingdom of Tonga supports the important contribution the IHR 2005 will make to the strengthening of national and global systems for the protection of public health from the spread of disease.\nThe Kingdom of Tonga understands that in order to be effective, the IHR 2005 will need to operate at various levels within each country, as well as between countries internationally and the World Health Organization. With this in mind, Tonga has, with support from regional partners including WHO, taken a number of steps to prepare for the entry into force of the new regime. However, it is not possible to confirm that all the required adjustments will be able to be achieved by 15 June 2007.\nTherefore, on behalf of the Kingdom of Tonga, and in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 59 of the IHR 2005, I declare that the following adjustments may not be completed by June 2007.\nThe outstanding adjustments are as follows:\n1. Complete the review of the Public Health Act 1992 to ensure legislative consistency with the IHR 2005;\n2. Strengthen existing systems for the regular, national reporting of notifiable diseases, including the reporting of any events of potential public health significance, irrespective of their source;\n3. Various enhancements to border health protection functions, including improved reporting and response capacities for public health events at Fua'amotu Airport and surveillance and control of vector/reservoir species at Fua'amotu airport and the seaport at Nuku'alofa.\nThe Kingdom of Tonga is, and will remain, committed to playing its part in the collective actions that contribute to the protection of public health for all people of the world. It is my intention that the outstanding adjustments will be achieved by 31 December 2007, and certainly no later than 15 June\n2008. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration","Reply"],"RUDs_text":"Statement made by the Republic of Turkey on 14 December 2006\n\nTurkey will implement the provisions of the International Health Regulations in accordance with the Convention regarding the regime of the Turkish Straits, signed at Montreux on 20 July 1936, as well as by taking into account Turkish 1998 Maritime Traffic Regulations for the Turkish Straits and any future revisions to be made thereto.\n\nReply dated 1 March 2007 to the Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Greece dated 24 January 2007:\nThe Maritime Traffic Regulations for the Turkish Straits have been put into effect taking into account Turkey's obligations and rights arising from the Montreux Convention. The said Regulations do not contain any element that is in contravention of international law or International Maritime Organization's (IMO) Rules and Recommendations and are being implemented accordingly.\nThe measures taken in the Turkish Straits in accordance with the said Regulations are aimed at improving the safety of navigation, human life, cultural and environmental heritage. Moreover, the safety measures are needed vis-à-vis the risks and dangers of passage of the increased number of tanker traffic in the Straits.\nTurkey has duly informed IMO of the safety measures taken in the Straits. Besides, Traffic Separation Schemes and Reporting System, established within the framework of the Turkish Straits Regulations, were adopted by IMO together with some other rules in 1995.\nFurthermore, the Maritime Safety Committee of the IMO confirmed at its 71st session on May 1999 that the routeing system and the associated IMO Rules and Recommendations relating to the Turkish Straits have proven to be effective and successful and had contributed significantly to an increase in safety and a reduction of the risk of collisions.\nThe Turkish Straits Vessel Traffic Services which have been functioning since 31 December 2003 within the framework of the Montreux Convention, IMO Rules and the Turkish Straits Regulations, provide traffic arrangements successfully with high standard technical equipment and\nqualified expert personnel.\nAccordingly, the arguments in the above-mentioned Note of the Permanent Mission of Greece are unfounded and the statement of Turkey registered in our Note dated 14 December 2006 (Ref. no: 520.20/2006/BMCO DT/12201) remains unchanged and valid. \n\nReply dated 18 May 2007 to the Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Greece dated 16 April 2007:\nThe Permanent Mission of the Republic of Turkey to the United Nations Office at Geneva and other International Organizations in Switzerland presents its compliments to the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) and with reference to the latter's Note dated 9 May 2007 (Ref. no: C.L.22.2007) and the Note enclosed therein of the Permanent Mission of Greece dated 16 April 2007 (Ref. no: 6395(3160)/22/AS 783) has the honour to inform the Director-General of the following.\nThe Permanent Mission of the Republic of Turkey would like to underline that the statement in this Mission's Note of December 14, 2006 (No: 520.20/BMCO DT/12201) was a factual representation of the state of affairs.\nFurthermore, the Permanent Mission would like to point out that the arguments and assertions raised in the Greek Delegation's above-mentioned Note are unfounded. Turkey's position on the Maritime Traffic Regulations for the Turkish Straits is also acknowledged by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and remains unchanged. In fact, Turkish Straits Vessel Traffic Services (TSVTS) center is effectively providing traffic information, navigational assistance and traffic organization under the existing regulations to all vessels passing through the Straits.\nAs to the terminology used when referring to the Montreux Convention, the Permanent Mission, with all due respect to the wording of the said Convention, would like to emphasize the fact that the Straits subject of the said Convention are the \"Turkish Straits\", namely, the \"Strait of İstanbul\" and the \"Strait of Çanakkale\". "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-18","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation","Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Mission, by means of this note, informs the Acting Director-General of the World Health Organization that the Government of the United States of America accepts the IHRs, subject to the reservation and understandings referred to below.\nThe Mission, by means of this note, and in accordance with Article 22 of the Constitution of the World Health Organization and Article 59(1) of the IHRs, submits the following reservation on behalf of the Government of the United States of America:\nThe Government of the United States of America reserves the right to assume obligations under these Regulations in a manner consistent with its fundamental principles of federalism. With respect to obligations concerning the development, strengthening, and maintenance of the core capacity requirements set forth in Annex 1, these Regulations shall be implemented by the Federal Government or the state governments, as appropriate and in accordance with our Constitution, to the extent that the implementation of these obligations comes under the legal jurisdiction of the Federal Government. To the extent that such obligations come under the legal jurisdiction of the state governments, the Federal Government shall bring such obligations with a favorable recommendation to the notice of the appropriate state authorities.\nThe Mission, by means of this note, also submits three understandings on behalf of the Government of the United States of America. The first understanding relates to the application of the IHRs to incidents involving natural, accidental or deliberate release of chemical, biological or radiological materials:\nIn view of the definitions of “disease,” “event,” and “public health emergency of international concern” as set forth in Article 1 of these Regulations, the notification requirements of Articles 6 and 7, and the decision instrument and guidelines set forth in Annex 2, the United States understands that States Parties to these Regulations have assumed an obligation to notify to WHO potential public health emergencies of international concern, irrespective of origin or source, whether they involve the natural, accidental or deliberate release of biological, chemical or radionuclear materials.\nThe second understanding relates to the application of Article 9 of the IHRs:\nArticle 9 of these Regulations obligates a State Party “as far as practicable” to notify the World Health Organization (WHO) of evidence received by that State of a public health risk occurring outside of its\nterritory that may result in the international spread of disease. Among other notifications that could prove to be impractical under this article, it is the United States' understanding that any notification that would undermine the ability of the U.S. Armed Forces to operate effectively in pursuit of U.S. national security interests would not be considered practical for purposes of this Article.\nThe third understanding relates to the question of whether the IHRs create judicially enforceable private rights. Based on its delegation's participation in the negotiations of the IHRs, the Government of the United States of America does not believe that the IHRs were intended to create judicially enforceable private rights: The United States understands that the provisions of the Regulations do not create judicially enforceable private rights."},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Short_name":"World Trade Organization","Description":"The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formally established by the Final Act of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, or Marrakesh Agreement on 1 January 1995. \n\nThe General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the <a href=\"/treaties/trips-agreement/\">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)</a> are annexes to this umbrella Agreement; all WTO member states are automatically bound to these treaties and do not undergo a separate signature and ratification process for them. The WTO is responsible for settling disputes that arise between member states under these trade agreements, and works with developing countries to support the development of technical trade laws and capacities.\n\nThis document includes: Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations; Declaration on the Contribution of the WTO to Achieving Greater Coherence in Global Economic Policymaking; Decision on Trade and Environment; Decision on the Acceptance of and Accession to the Agreement Establishing the WTO.\n","Treaty_footnotes":"The parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) became the original WTO member states after ratifying the Marrakesh Agreement, which entered into force on 1 January 1995. All other members have joined the organization as a result of negotiation, and the terms of accession are dependent upon the country's stage of economic development and the current trade regime. An offer of accession is given once consensus is reached among members.\n\nThe WTO has 164 members and 25 observer governments. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1994-04-15","Languages":["English","English"],"Original_language_titles":["Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization","Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization"],"Related_treaties":["Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)"],"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-07-29","Date_ratified":"2016-06-29","Date_signed":"2015-12-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-09-08","Date_ratified":"2000-08-09","Date_signed":"2000-07-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-23","Date_ratified":"1996-10-24","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-29","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-02-05","Date_ratified":"2003-01-06","Date_signed":"2002-12-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-06","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-07-27","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1199-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-02-22","Date_ratified":"1996-01-23","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-09-12","Date_ratified":"1995-08-13","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-31","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-12-27","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-21","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-11-16","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-12-01","Date_ratified":"1996-11-01","Date_signed":"1996-10-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-06-03","Date_ratified":"1995-05-04","Date_signed":"1994-08-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-07-23","Date_ratified":"1995-06-23","Date_signed":"1994-12-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-10-13","Date_ratified":"2004-09-13","Date_signed":"2003-09-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-12-13","Date_ratified":"1995-11-13","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-07-23","Date_ratified":"2008-06-23","Date_signed":"2007-12-18","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-31","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-10-19","Date_ratified":"1996-09-19","Date_signed":"1994-12-08","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-28","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-12-11","Date_ratified":"2001-11-11","Date_signed":"2001-11-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-28","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-23","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":"2002-01-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-04-30","Date_ratified":"1995-03-31","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-26","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-29","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-11-30","Date_ratified":"2000-10-31","Date_signed":"2000-07-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-04-20","Date_ratified":"1995-03-21","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-07-30","Date_ratified":"1995-06-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-23","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-01-01","Date_ratified":"1996-12-02","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-31","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1995-03-30","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-12-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-09","Date_ratified":"1995-02-07","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-21","Date_ratified":"1995-12-22","Date_signed":"1995-09-27","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-06-30","Date_ratified":"1995-05-31","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-07","Date_ratified":"1995-04-07","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-11-13","Date_ratified":"1999-10-14","Date_signed":"1999-05-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-28","Date_signed":"1994-10-28","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-14","Date_ratified":"1995-12-15","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of 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Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-07-26","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1996-06-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-02","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-12-30","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan ","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ESP","Name":"Spain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-07-06","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LKA","Name":"Sri Lanka","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-07-06","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SDN","Name":"Sudan","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SUR","Name":"Suriname","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWE","Name":"Sweden","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-22","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHE","Name":"Switzerland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-07-01","Date_ratified":"1995-06-01","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYR","Name":"Syrian Arab Republic","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-03-02","Date_ratified":"2013-01-31","Date_signed":"2012-12-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-28","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-31","Date_ratified":"1995-04-19","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-27","Date_ratified":"2007-06-27","Date_signed":"2005-12-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-01","Date_ratified":"1995-01-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-29","Date_ratified":"1995-02-27","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-26","Date_ratified":"1995-02-24","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-05-16","Date_ratified":"2008-04-16","Date_signed":"2008-02-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-04-10","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1996-03-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-09-06","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-12-30","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-29","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-08-24","Date_ratified":"2012-07-25","Date_signed":"2011-10-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-01-11","Date_ratified":"2006-12-12","Date_signed":"2006-11-07","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-06-26","Date_ratified":"2014-05-27","Date_signed":"2013-12-04","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-05","Date_ratified":"1995-02-03","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Short_name":"Nagoya Protocol","Description":"The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity governs the distribution of benefits (financial earnings, academic credit, etc.) from discoveries made using genetic resources. Under the Nagoya Protocol, states parties are required to provide prior informed consent when taking genetic resources from another country, and to negotiate Mutually Agreed Terms (MATs) on the benefits that may be accrued from research and development performed using those resources. The Nagoya Protocol does not specifically include pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses), which has created some controversy over efforts to negotiate MATs related to medical countermeasure development. \n\nStates parties are required to enact domestic access and benefit sharing legislation for genetic resources.\n","Treaty_footnotes":"Countries automatically become a party to the Nagoya Protocol 90 days after depositing their instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. Download the data in this table to view any reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs).\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-10-29","Languages":["English","Arabic","Chinese (Simplified)","French","Russian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","بروتوكول ناغويا بشأن الحصول وتقاسم المنافع","关于获取和惠益分享的名古屋议定书","Protocole de Nagoya sur l'accès et le partage des avantages","Нагойский протокол о доступе и совместном использовании выгод","El Protocolo de Nagoya sobre Acceso y Participación en los Beneficios"],"Related_treaties":["Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity"],"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-09-04","Date_ratified":"2018-06-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-01-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-02-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-05-07","Date_ratified":"2017-02-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-12","Date_ratified":"2016-12-12","Date_signed":"2011-07-28","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-09","Date_ratified":"2016-12-09","Date_signed":"2011-11-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       The Argentine Republic declares that the provisions on benefit-sharing in this Protocol are applicable to genetic resources and their derivatives.\n       Likewise, the provisions of this Protocol are applicable to the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and their derivatives originating in the Argentine Republic and acquired after the entry into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity.\n       The Argentine Republic declares that, under article 4, paragraph 4, of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, this does not apply in respect of the genetic resources covered by the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture or in respect of the specific genetic resources covered by any other international access and benefit-sharing instrument that does not run counter to the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Protocols thereto, which are in effect on the date of its entry into force."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2012-01-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-10-18","Date_ratified":"2018-07-20","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-03-30","Date_ratified":"2021-12-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-05-23","Date_ratified":"2022-02-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-04-10","Date_ratified":"2023-01-10","Date_signed":"2011-09-06","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-06-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-07","Date_ratified":"2016-08-09","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Upon signature\n       “This signature engages also the French Community, the Flemish Community, the German-speaking Community, the Walloon Region, the Flemish Region and the Brussels-Capital Region.”"},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-01-22","Date_signed":"2011-10-28","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-09-30","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-02-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-06-02","Date_ratified":"2021-03-04","Date_signed":"2011-02-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"\nDeclarations made upon ratification\n       I - In accordance with the terms of article 28 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, regarding the application of paragraph 2 of article 33 of the Protocol, the provisions of the Nagoya Protocol, for the purpose of its implementation, shall not have retroactive effects;\n       II - in accordance with the terms of article 8(c) of the Protocol, the economic exploitation for agricultural activities, in accordance with the definition provided for in Act N. 13.123, of 20 May 2015, resulting from reproductive material from species introduced in the country by human action before the entry into force of the Protocol shall not be subject to the sharing of benefits foreseen in the Protocol;\n       III - in accordance with the provision on article 2 read in conjunction with paragraph 3 of article 15 of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and considering the application of the provisions in articles 5 and 6 of the Protocol, Brazil considers as found in “in situ” condition the species and varieties that form spontaneous populations that have acquired distinctive characteristics in the country and the traditional local variety or breed locally adapted, as per the definition in domestic legislation, in particular article 2 of Act N. 13.123, of 20 May 2015, with a framing of this country under the concept of “country of origin” of these genetic resources;\n       IV - Act N. 13.123, of 20 May of 2015, is considered the domestic law for the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-09","Date_ratified":"2016-08-11","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-01-10","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-04-19","Date_ratified":"2015-01-19","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-28","Date_ratified":"2016-11-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-09-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-10-25","Date_ratified":"2018-07-27","Date_signed":"2011-04-06","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-09","Date_ratified":"2017-10-11","Date_signed":"2012-01-31","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-09-06","Date_ratified":"2016-06-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       Unless otherwise notified by the Government of the People’s Republic of China, the Protocol shall not apply to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China and the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-02-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-05-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-07-06","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-09-24","Date_signed":"2012-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-12-01","Date_ratified":"2015-09-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-12-16","Date_ratified":"2015-09-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-12-29","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-08-04","Date_ratified":"2016-05-06","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-05-05","Date_ratified":"2015-02-04","Date_signed":"2011-09-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-05-01","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Upon its Approval of the Protocol, the Government of Denmark notified the Secretary-General that the Protocol shall not apply in respect of Greenland and the Faroe Islands."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-12-30","Date_ratified":"2015-10-01","Date_signed":"2011-10-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-02-11","Date_ratified":"2014-11-13","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-12-19","Date_ratified":"2017-09-20","Date_signed":"2011-04-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-10-28","Date_signed":"2012-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-06-11","Date_ratified":"2019-03-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-03-19","Date_ratified":"2018-12-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-20","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-11-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-05-16","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-10-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-09-01","Date_ratified":"2016-06-03","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-29","Date_ratified":"2016-08-31","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       1. The French Republic reiterates the declaration that it made upon the ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity concerning article 16 on the transfer of technology, with regard to the implementation of articles l and 23 of the Protocol.\n       2. The French Republic recalls the terms of decision UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/ XII/12 of 25 June 2014 in connection with the use of the term 'indigenous peoples and local communities' instead of the term 'indigenous and local communities' found in various provisions of the Protocol:\n       - The use of the term 'indigenous peoples and local communities' in future decisions and all secondary documents under the Protocol shall have no effect on the legal meaning of the articles of the Protocol that use the term 'indigenous and local communities';\n       - The use of the term 'indigenous peoples and local communities' cannot be interpreted as implying for any Party the amendment of rights or obligations under the Protocol;\n       - The use of the term 'indigenous peoples and local communities' in future decisions and all secondary documents shall not serve as a context for the interpretation of the Protocol, or a subsequent agreement nor subsequent practice, among the Parties to the Protocol, within the\n       meaning of article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties of 23 May 1969, which codifies customary international law in this area.\n       With reference to the declaration that it made during the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of 13 September 2007, France would recall that, in accordance with the constitutional principles of the indivisibility of the Republic and the unity of the French people, the French people is composed of all French citizens without distinctionbased on origin, race or religion. Under those principles and the principle of the equality of citizens before the law, only the French people as a whole can be granted rights."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2011-11-11","Date_signed":"2011-05-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-07-20","Date_ratified":"2016-04-21","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-11-06","Date_ratified":"2019-08-08","Date_signed":"2011-05-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-05-14","Date_ratified":"2020-02-14","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-09-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-06-18","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-01-05","Date_ratified":"2014-10-07","Date_signed":"2011-12-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea Bissau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-09-24","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GUY","Name":"Guyana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-04-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HTI","Name":"Haiti","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HND","Name":"Honduras","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-08-12","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HUN","Name":"Hungary","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-04-29","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISL","Name":"Iceland","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IND","Name":"India","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-10-09","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IDN","Name":"Indonesia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-09-24","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRN","Name":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Name":"Iraq","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-07-27","Date_ratified":"2023-04-28","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ITA","Name":"Italy","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JAM","Name":"Jamaica","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-20","Date_ratified":"2017-05-22","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-01-10","Date_signed":"2012-01-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Name":"Kazakhstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-09-15","Date_ratified":"2015-06-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KEN","Name":"Kenya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-04-07","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KIR","Name":"Kiribati","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-09-02","Date_ratified":"2021-06-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-30","Date_ratified":"2017-06-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-09-13","Date_ratified":"2015-06-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-09-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LVA","Name":"Latvia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBN","Name":"Lebanon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-11","Date_ratified":"2017-10-13","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LSO","Name":"Lesotho","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-02-10","Date_ratified":"2014-11-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBR","Name":"Liberia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-11-15","Date_ratified":"2015-08-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBY","Name":"Libya","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LIE","Name":"Liechtenstein","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LTU","Name":"Lithuania","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-12-29","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LUX","Name":"Luxembourg","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2016-10-25","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDG","Name":"Madagascar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-03","Date_signed":"2011-09-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MWI","Name":"Malawi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-11-24","Date_ratified":"2014-08-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MYS","Name":"Malaysia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-02-03","Date_ratified":"2018-11-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDV","Name":"Maldives","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-09-29","Date_ratified":"2019-07-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLI","Name":"Mali","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-29","Date_ratified":"2016-08-31","Date_signed":"2011-04-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLT","Name":"Malta","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-01","Date_ratified":"2016-12-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MHL","Name":"Marshall Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-01-08","Date_ratified":"2014-10-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MRT","Name":"Mauritania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-11-16","Date_ratified":"2015-08-18","Date_signed":"2011-05-18","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MUS","Name":"Mauritius","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-12-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MEX","Name":"Mexico","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-05-16","Date_signed":"2011-02-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FSM","Name":"Micronesia (Federated States of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-01-30","Date_signed":"2012-01-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MCO","Name":"Monaco","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNG","Name":"Mongolia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-05-21","Date_signed":"2012-01-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNE","Name":"Montenegro","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-11-12","Date_ratified":"2020-08-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAR","Name":"Morocco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-07-21","Date_ratified":"2022-04-22","Date_signed":"2011-12-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Name":"Mozambique","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-07","Date_signed":"2011-09-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MMR","Name":"Myanmar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-01-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NAM","Name":"Namibia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-05-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NRU","Name":"Nauru","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NPL","Name":"Nepal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-03-28","Date_ratified":"2018-12-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NLD","Name":"Netherlands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-17","Date_ratified":"2016-08-19","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NCL","Name":"New Caledonia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NZL","Name":"New Zealand","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIC","Name":"Nicaragua","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-09-10","Date_ratified":"2020-06-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NER","Name":"Niger","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-02","Date_signed":"2011-09-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NGA","Name":"Nigeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-09-27","Date_ratified":"2022-06-29","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIU","Name":"Niue","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRK","Name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-12-30","Date_ratified":"2019-10-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MKD","Name":"North Macedonia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NOR","Name":"Norway","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-10-01","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"OMN","Name":"Oman","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-09-21","Date_ratified":"2020-06-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAK","Name":"Pakistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-02-21","Date_ratified":"2015-11-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PLW","Name":"Palau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-09-11","Date_ratified":"2018-06-13","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PSE","Name":"State of Palestine","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAN","Name":"Panama","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-12-12","Date_signed":"2011-05-03","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PNG","Name":"Papua New Guinea","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRY","Name":"Paraguay","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PER","Name":"Peru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-08","Date_signed":"2011-05-04","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PHL","Name":"Philippines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-12-28","Date_ratified":"2015-09-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"POL","Name":"Poland","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRT","Name":"Portugal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-10","Date_ratified":"2017-04-11","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRI","Name":"Puerto Rico","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"QAT","Name":"Qatar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-25","Date_ratified":"2017-01-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDA","Name":"Republic of Moldova","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-21","Date_ratified":"2016-08-24","Date_signed":"2012-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COG","Name":"Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-08-12","Date_ratified":"2015-05-14","Date_signed":"2011-09-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ROU","Name":"Romania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-08-20","Date_ratified":"2019-05-22","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RUS","Name":"Russian Federation","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RWA","Name":"Rwanda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-03-20","Date_signed":"2011-02-28","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KNA","Name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-12-04","Date_ratified":"2018-09-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LCA","Name":"Saint Lucia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-06-12","Date_ratified":"2022-03-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VCT","Name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"WSM","Name":"Samoa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-05-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SMR","Name":"San Marino","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"STP","Name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-10","Date_ratified":"2017-01-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SAU","Name":"Saudi Arabia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-10-08","Date_ratified":"2020-07-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SEN","Name":"Senegal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-06-01","Date_ratified":"2016-03-03","Date_signed":"2012-01-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SRB","Name":"Serbia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-01-28","Date_ratified":"2018-10-30","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYC","Name":"Seychelles","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-04-20","Date_signed":"2011-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLE","Name":"Sierra Leone","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-30","Date_ratified":"2016-11-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SGP","Name":"Singapore","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVK","Name":"Slovakia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-03-28","Date_ratified":"2015-12-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVN","Name":"Slovenia","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-09-27","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLB","Name":"Solomon Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-01-22","Date_ratified":"2019-10-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2012-01-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-01-10","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-17","Date_ratified":"2017-05-19","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan ","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ESP","Name":"Spain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-06-03","Date_signed":"2011-07-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LKA","Name":"Sri Lanka","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SDN","Name":"Sudan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-07","Date_signed":"2011-04-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SUR","Name":"Suriname","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWE","Name":"Sweden","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-07","Date_ratified":"2016-09-08","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHE","Name":"Switzerland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-11","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYR","Name":"Syrian Arab Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-04-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       The accession of the Syrian Arab Republic to this Protocol shall in no way imply its recognition of Israel or entail its entry into any dealings with Israel in the matters governed by the provisions thereof."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-09-04","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2012-01-31","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-05-10","Date_ratified":"2016-02-10","Date_signed":"2011-09-27","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-01-01","Date_ratified":"2019-10-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-11-25","Date_ratified":"2021-08-27","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-02-02","Date_ratified":"2020-11-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-11-26","Date_ratified":"2018-08-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-06-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-05-16","Date_ratified":"2022-02-15","Date_signed":"2012-01-30","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-12-11","Date_ratified":"2014-09-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-05-22","Date_ratified":"2016-02-22","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-04-19","Date_ratified":"2018-01-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-14","Date_signed":"2011-07-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-01","Date_signed":"2011-11-18","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-01-08","Date_ratified":"2018-10-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-04-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-02-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-08-18","Date_ratified":"2016-05-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-11-30","Date_ratified":"2017-09-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Short_name":"Paris Agreement","Description":"The Paris Agreement is a landmark climate change treaty requiring countries to take measures intended to prevent global warming from exceeding 1.5 – 2 degrees Celsius (compared to preindustrial levels). States parties are expected to meet nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and become increasingly stringent every 5 years. Developed nations are also required to support climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts in developing countries. \n","Treaty_footnotes":"The Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016. For states that deposited their instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval after that day, the agreement entered into force on the thirtieth day after their date of deposit. \n\nPer China's declaration, the Agreement applies to Hong Kong and Macao as well. Download the data in this table to view all reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs).\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-12-12","Languages":["English","French","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Paris Agreement","Accord de Paris","El Acuerdo de París"],"Related_treaties":null,"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-17","Date_ratified":"2017-02-15","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-19","Date_ratified":"2016-10-20","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-23","Date_ratified":"2017-03-24","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-12-16","Date_ratified":"2020-11-16","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-22","Date_ratified":"2017-03-23","Date_signed":"2016-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-09","Date_ratified":"2016-11-09","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-08","Date_ratified":"2017-01-09","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-08-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-22","Date_ratified":"2016-12-23","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-05-06","Date_ratified":"2017-04-06","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration made upon signature:\n       “This signature engages also the Walloon Region, the Flemish Region and the Brussels-Capital Region.”"},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-30","Date_ratified":"2016-10-31","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-10-19","Date_ratified":"2017-09-19","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-15","Date_ratified":"2017-03-16","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-12","Date_ratified":"2016-11-11","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-29","Date_ratified":"2016-11-29","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “The Republic of Bulgaria recognizes that in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention. In this context the Republic of Bulgaria notes that as a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Bulgaria is not included in Annex II.”"},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-12","Date_ratified":"2016-11-11","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-02-16","Date_ratified":"2018-01-17","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-08","Date_ratified":"2017-02-06","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-07-29","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-10-21","Date_ratified":"2017-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-10","Date_ratified":"2016-10-11","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-11","Date_ratified":"2017-01-12","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-12","Date_ratified":"2017-02-10","Date_signed":"2016-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-03","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       In accordance with the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China and the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, the Government of the People’s Republic of China decides that the Agreement applies to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-08-11","Date_ratified":"2018-07-12","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-23","Date_ratified":"2016-11-23","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-01","Date_signed":"2016-06-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       The Government of the Cook Islands declares its understanding that acceptance of the Paris Agreement and its application shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to the impacts of climate change.\n       The Government of the Cook Islands further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emissions reduction obligations in the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature stabilisation level at or above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for our national interests."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-12","Date_ratified":"2016-10-13","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-24","Date_ratified":"2016-10-25","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-06-23","Date_ratified":"2017-05-24","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-27","Date_ratified":"2016-12-28","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-03","Date_ratified":"2017-01-04","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-11-04","Date_ratified":"2017-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-12","Date_ratified":"2017-12-13","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-01","Date_ratified":"2016-11-01","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-12","Date_ratified":"2016-11-11","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-10-21","Date_ratified":"2017-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-10-20","Date_ratified":"2017-09-20","Date_signed":"2016-07-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-29","Date_ratified":"2017-06-29","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-26","Date_ratified":"2017-03-27","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-11-29","Date_ratified":"2018-10-30","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-03-09","Date_ratified":"2023-02-07","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-04","Date_ratified":"2016-11-04","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-08","Date_ratified":"2017-03-09","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “Declaration by the Union made in accordance with Article 20(3) of the Paris Agreement\n       The following States are at present Members of the European Union: the Kingdom of Belgium, the Republic of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Estonia, Ireland, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Republic of Croatia, the Italian Republic, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Poland, the Portuguese Republic, Romania, the Republic of Slovenia, the Slovak Republic, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.\n       The European Union declares that, in accordance with the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 191 and Article 192(1) thereof, it is competent to enter into international agreements, and to implement the obligations resulting therefrom, which contribute to the pursuit of the following objectives:\n       -  preserving, protecting and improving the quality of the environment;\n       -  protecting human health;\n       -  prudent and rational utilisation of natural resources;\n       -  promoting measures at international level to deal with regional or worldwide environmental problems, and in particular combating climate change.\n       …\n       The European Union will continue to provide information, on a regular basis on any substantial modifications in the extent of its competence, in accordance with Article 20(3) of the Agreement.”"},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-14","Date_ratified":"2016-11-14","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-02","Date_ratified":"2016-11-02","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-07","Date_ratified":"2016-11-07","Date_signed":"2016-04-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-06-07","Date_ratified":"2017-05-08","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-13","Date_ratified":"2016-10-14","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-24","Date_ratified":"2017-01-25","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea Bissau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-11-21","Date_ratified":"2018-10-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GUY","Name":"Guyana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-05-20","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HTI","Name":"Haiti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-30","Date_ratified":"2017-07-31","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HND","Name":"Honduras","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HUN","Name":"Hungary","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISL","Name":"Iceland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IND","Name":"India","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-02","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “The Government of India declares its understanding that, as per its national laws; keeping in view its development agenda, particularly the eradication of poverty and provision of basic needs for all its citizens, coupled with its commitment to following the low carbon path to progress, and on the assumption of unencumbered availability of cleaner sources of energy and technologies and financial resources from around the world; and based on a fair and ambitious assessment of global commitment to combating climate change, it is ratifying the Paris Agreement.”"},{"ISO3":"IDN","Name":"Indonesia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-30","Date_ratified":"2016-10-31","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRN","Name":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Name":"Iraq","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-12-01","Date_ratified":"2021-11-01","Date_signed":"2016-12-08","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-04","Date_ratified":"2016-11-04","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-22","Date_ratified":"2016-11-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ITA","Name":"Italy","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-12","Date_ratified":"2016-11-11","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JAM","Name":"Jamaica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-05-10","Date_ratified":"2017-04-10","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-08","Date_ratified":"2016-11-08","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-04","Date_ratified":"2016-11-04","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Name":"Kazakhstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-05","Date_ratified":"2016-12-06","Date_signed":"2016-08-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KEN","Name":"Kenya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-27","Date_ratified":"2016-12-28","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KIR","Name":"Kiribati","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-05-23","Date_ratified":"2018-04-23","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-03-19","Date_ratified":"2020-02-18","Date_signed":"2016-09-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-07","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LVA","Name":"Latvia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-15","Date_ratified":"2017-03-16","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBN","Name":"Lebanon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-03-06","Date_ratified":"2020-02-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LSO","Name":"Lesotho","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-19","Date_ratified":"2017-01-20","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBR","Name":"Liberia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-09-26","Date_ratified":"2018-08-27","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBY","Name":"Libya","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LIE","Name":"Liechtenstein","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-10-20","Date_ratified":"2017-09-20","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LTU","Name":"Lithuania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-04","Date_ratified":"2017-02-02","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LUX","Name":"Luxembourg","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-04","Date_ratified":"2016-11-04","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDG","Name":"Madagascar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MWI","Name":"Malawi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-29","Date_ratified":"2017-06-29","Date_signed":"2016-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MYS","Name":"Malaysia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-16","Date_ratified":"2016-11-16","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDV","Name":"Maldives","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLI","Name":"Mali","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-23","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLT","Name":"Malta","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MHL","Name":"Marshall Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “…the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic's instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record;\n       FURTHERMORE, the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands declares that, in light of best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests…”"},{"ISO3":"MRT","Name":"Mauritania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-29","Date_ratified":"2017-02-27","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MUS","Name":"Mauritius","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MEX","Name":"Mexico","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Interpretative declaration:\n       … in accordance with their national legal framework, and in consideration of the best and most up-to-date scientific information available and incorporated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Mexican States understands greenhouse gas emissions to mean the release into the atmosphere of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors and aerosols into the atmosphere, including, where applicable, greenhouse compounds, within a specific area and during a specific period of time."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Name":"Micronesia (Federated States of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-15","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “The Government of the Federated States of Micronesia declares its understanding that its ratification of the Paris Agreement does not constitute a renunciation of any rights of the Government of the Federated States of Micronesia under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change, and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation and liability due to the adverse effects of climate change; and\n       The Government of the Federated States of Micronesia further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessments on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in the Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature increase above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for the national interests of the Government of the Federated States of Micronesia.”"},{"ISO3":"MCO","Name":"Monaco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-23","Date_ratified":"2016-10-24","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNG","Name":"Mongolia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNE","Name":"Montenegro","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-19","Date_ratified":"2017-12-20","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAR","Name":"Morocco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Name":"Mozambique","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-07-04","Date_ratified":"2018-06-04","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MMR","Name":"Myanmar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-10-19","Date_ratified":"2017-09-19","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NAM","Name":"Namibia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NRU","Name":"Nauru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “… the Government, of Nauru declares its understanding that the ratification of the Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility [for] the adverse effects of climate change.\n       FURTHER, the Government of Nauru declares that no provisions in the Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from the principles of general international law.\n       AND FURTHER, the Government of Nauru declares its understanding that Article 8 and decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 51 in no way limits the ability of Parties to UNFCCC or the Agreement to raise, discuss, or address any present or future concerns regarding the issues of liability and compensation.\n       The Republic of Nauru put forth its concern intended to recognize and acknowledge its national interest...”"},{"ISO3":"NPL","Name":"Nepal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NLD","Name":"Netherlands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-27","Date_ratified":"2017-07-28","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “The Kingdom of the Netherlands, for the European part of the Netherlands, declares in accordance with Article 14, paragraph 2, of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in conjunction with Article 24 of the Paris Agreement, that it accepts both means of dispute settlement referred to in that paragraph as compulsory in relation to any Party accepting one or both means of dispute settlement.”"},{"ISO3":"NCL","Name":"New Caledonia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NZL","Name":"New Zealand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-04","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIC","Name":"Nicaragua","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-11-22","Date_ratified":"2017-10-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NER","Name":"Niger","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NGA","Name":"Nigeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-06-15","Date_ratified":"2017-05-16","Date_signed":"2016-09-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIU","Name":"Niue","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-27","Date_ratified":"2016-10-28","Date_signed":"2016-10-28","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “The Government of Niue declares its understanding that acceptance of the Paris Agreement and its application shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to the impacts of climate change.\n       The Government of Niue further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emissions reduction obligations in the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature stabilisation level at or above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for our national interests.”"},{"ISO3":"PRK","Name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-08-01","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MKD","Name":"North Macedonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-02-08","Date_ratified":"2018-01-09","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NOR","Name":"Norway","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-06-20","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"OMN","Name":"Oman","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-06-21","Date_ratified":"2019-05-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAK","Name":"Pakistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-10","Date_ratified":"2016-11-10","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PLW","Name":"Palau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PSE","Name":"State of Palestine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAN","Name":"Panama","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PNG","Name":"Papua New Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRY","Name":"Paraguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-13","Date_ratified":"2016-10-14","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PER","Name":"Peru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-07-25","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PHL","Name":"Philippines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-22","Date_ratified":"2017-03-23","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “THAT it is the understanding of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines that its accession to and the implementation of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of rights under any local and international laws or treaties, including those concerning State responsibility for loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change;\n       THAT, the accession to and implementation of the Paris Agreement by the Republic of the Philippines is for the purpose of supporting the country's national development objectives and priorities such as sustainable industrial development, the eradication of poverty and provision of basic needs, and securing social and climate justice and energy security for all its citizens.”"},{"ISO3":"POL","Name":"Poland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-06","Date_ratified":"2016-10-07","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification:\n       “The Government of the Republic of Poland recognizes that under Article 9 paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention. In this context the Government of the Republic of Poland notes that Poland is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change not included in Annex II.”"},{"ISO3":"PRT","Name":"Portugal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRI","Name":"Puerto Rico","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"QAT","Name":"Qatar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-23","Date_ratified":"2017-06-23","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDA","Name":"Republic of Moldova","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-20","Date_ratified":"2017-06-20","Date_signed":"2016-09-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COG","Name":"Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-05-21","Date_ratified":"2017-04-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ROU","Name":"Romania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-01","Date_ratified":"2017-06-01","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RUS","Name":"Russian Federation","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-11-06","Date_ratified":"2019-10-07","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       1. The Russian Federation recognizes that, in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 9 of the Agreement, developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation of climate change and adaptation to it in continuation of their existing obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of 9 May 1992 (hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”). In this context, the Russian Federation notes that as a Party to the Convention the Russian Federation is not included in Annex II to the Convention.\n       2. The Russian Federation proceeds from the importance of conservation and enhancement of absorbing capacity of forests and other ecosystems, as well as from the necessity of the maximum possible account of this capacity including in the implementation of the Agreement’s mechanisms.\n       3. The Russian Federation considers unacceptable the use of the Agreement and its mechanisms as tools to create barriers to sustainable social and economic development of the Parties to the Convention."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Name":"Rwanda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-05","Date_ratified":"2016-10-06","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KNA","Name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LCA","Name":"Saint Lucia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VCT","Name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-06-29","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"WSM","Name":"Samoa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SMR","Name":"San Marino","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-10-26","Date_ratified":"2018-09-26","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"STP","Name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-02","Date_ratified":"2016-11-02","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SAU","Name":"Saudi Arabia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-03","Date_ratified":"2016-11-03","Date_signed":"2016-11-03","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SEN","Name":"Senegal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SRB","Name":"Serbia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-24","Date_ratified":"2017-07-25","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYC","Name":"Seychelles","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-29","Date_signed":"2016-04-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLE","Name":"Sierra Leone","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-01","Date_ratified":"2016-11-01","Date_signed":"2016-09-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SGP","Name":"Singapore","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVK","Name":"Slovakia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVN","Name":"Slovenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-15","Date_ratified":"2016-12-16","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLB","Name":"Solomon Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “… the Government of Solomon Islands declares its understanding that acceptance of the aforesaid Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change;\n       FURTHER, that the Government of Solomon Islands declares that no provision in this Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to impacts of climate change;\n       AND that the Government of Solomon Islands declares that the low ambition of the Paris Agreement and its adequacy to stabilize global temperature to safe level of below 1.5 degree Celsius, such emissions will have severe impacts and undermining our sustainable development efforts…”"},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-01","Date_ratified":"2016-11-01","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-03","Date_ratified":"2016-11-03","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan ","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-03-25","Date_ratified":"2021-02-23","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ESP","Name":"Spain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-11","Date_ratified":"2017-01-12","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       In the case where this Agreement is ratified by the United Kingdom and its application extended to the territory of Gibraltar, Spain wishes to make the following declaration:\n       1. Gibraltar is a non-autonomous territory whose international relations come under the responsibility of the United Kingdom and which is subject to a decolonisation process in accordance with the relevant decisions and resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations.\n       2. The authorities of Gibraltar have a local character and exercise exclusively internal competences which have their origin and their foundation in the distribution and attribution of competences performed by the United Kingdom in compliance with its internal legislation, in its capacity as sovereign State on which the mentioned non-autonomous territory depends.\n       3. As a result, the eventual participation of authorities of Gibraltar in the application of this Agreement will be understood as carried out exclusively as part of the internal competences of Gibraltar and cannot be considered to modify in any way what was established in the two previous paragraphs.\n       4. The application of this Agreement to Gibraltar cannot be interpreted as an recognition of any rights or situations regarding areas not covered by article 10 of the Treaty of Utrecht of 13 July 1713, concluded between the Crowns of Spain and of the United Kingdom."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Name":"Sri Lanka","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SDN","Name":"Sudan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-09-01","Date_ratified":"2017-08-02","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SUR","Name":"Suriname","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-03-15","Date_ratified":"2019-02-13","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWE","Name":"Sweden","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-12","Date_ratified":"2016-10-13","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHE","Name":"Switzerland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-11-05","Date_ratified":"2017-10-06","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYR","Name":"Syrian Arab Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-12-13","Date_ratified":"2017-11-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-21","Date_ratified":"2017-03-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-09-15","Date_ratified":"2017-08-16","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-28","Date_ratified":"2017-06-28","Date_signed":"2016-09-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-03-24","Date_ratified":"2018-02-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-12","Date_ratified":"2017-02-10","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-11-10","Date_ratified":"2021-10-11","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration made upon ratification:\n       The Republic of Turkey, on the basis of “equity, common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” as clearly and accurately recognized under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of 9 May 1992 and the Paris Agreement, and by recalling decisions 26/CP.7, 1/CP.16, 2/CP.17, 1/CP.18 and 21/CP.20 adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, declares that Turkey will implement the Paris Agreement as a developing country and in the scope of her nationally determined contribution statements, provided that the Agreement and its mechanisms do not prejudice her right to economic and social development."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-19","Date_ratified":"2016-10-20","Date_signed":"2016-09-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “The Government of Tuvalu hereby notifies that it will apply the Paris Agreement provisionally as provided for in paragraph 4 of Decision 1/CP.21.\n       […]\n       The Government of Tuvalu further declares its understanding that acceptance of the aforesaid Paris Agreement and its provisional application shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to the impacts of climate change.\n       The Government of Tuvalu further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emissions reduction obligations in the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature stabilisation level at or above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for our national interests.”"},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-19","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-18","Date_ratified":"2016-11-18","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-06-17","Date_ratified":"2018-05-18","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-02-19","Date_ratified":"2021-01-20","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-18","Date_ratified":"2016-10-19","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-12-09","Date_ratified":"2018-11-09","Date_signed":"2017-04-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “WHEREAS the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic’s instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record;\n       FURTHERMORE, that the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares that, in light of best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests...”"},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-10-04","Date_ratified":"2022-09-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"       “By acceding to the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in the name and on behalf of Vatican City State, the Holy See intends to contribute to the efforts of all States to work together in solidarity, in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in an effective response to the challenges posed by climate change to humankind and to our common home.\n       In light of the territorial nature of the obligations set forth in the Paris Agreement, the Holy See declares, for the avoidance of doubt, that in acceding to the Agreement only in the name and on behalf of Vatican City State it commits itself to apply its provisions exclusively within the Territory of the Vatican City State, as circumscribed by the Leonine Walls.\n       The Holy See, in conformity with its particular mission, reiterates, on behalf of Vatican City State, its position regarding the term ‘gender’ used in the Preamble (PP11) and articles 7.5 and 11.2 of the Paris Agreement. The Holy See underlines that any reference to ‘gender’ and related terms in any document that has been or that will be adopted by the Conference of State Parties or by its subsidiary bodies is to be understood as grounded on the biological sexual identity that is male and female.\n       The Holy See upholds and promotes a holistic and integrated approach that is firmly centered on the human dignity and integral development of every person.”"},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-20","Date_ratified":"2017-07-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-03","Date_ratified":"2016-11-03","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2016-09-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-08","Date_ratified":"2016-12-09","Date_signed":"2016-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-09-06","Date_ratified":"2017-08-07","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Short_name":"Geneva Protocol","Description":"The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol) was signed at Geneva on 17 June 1925 following widespread use of chemical weapons during World War I. \n\nThe Geneva Protocol prohibits the use of chemical and biological weapons during conflicts. However, it does not prohibit the production, storage, or development of chemical and biological weapons, and was consequently followed by the <a href=\"/treaties/biological-weapons-convention/\">Biological Weapons Convention</a> (1972) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993).\n","Treaty_footnotes":"The Geneva Protocol has 36 signatory states and 146 states parties. It entered into force for each state party on the date of the deposit of their instrument of ratification.\n\nDownload the data in this table to view any reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs). Many states parties have rescinded or modified their reservations since they originally ratified or accessed to the treaty. The reservations included here are current as of 2022. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1925-06-17","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Geneva Protocol"],"Related_treaties":null,"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-09-02","Date_ratified":"1986-09-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-12-12","Date_ratified":"1989-12-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-01-14","Date_ratified":"1992-01-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L’Algérie a notifié par note verbale du 8 janvier 1992 les réserves suivantes : « le gouvernement algérien ne sera lié par le protocole qu’à l’égard des Etats qui l’ont ratifié ou qui y ont adhéré et qu’il cessera d’être lié par ledit protocole à l’égard de tout Etat dont les forces armées ou les forces armées de ses alliés ne respecteraient pas les dispositions du protocole ».\n\n"},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1990-10-30","Date_ratified":"1990-10-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L’Angola a adhéré le 2 mars 1990 sous réserve que « en adhérant au protocole du 17 juin 1925, la République populaire d’Angola déclare que celui-ci ne lie que les Etats qui le signent et le ratifient ou y adhérent définitivement. » Elle « déclare que celui-ci cesserait d’être obligatoire vis-à-vis de tout Etat ennemi dont les forces armées ou alliées de droit ou de fait ne respecteraient pas les prohibitions qui font l’objet dudit protocole ».\n\n"},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-02-01","Date_ratified":"1989-02-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1969-05-08","Date_ratified":"1969-05-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-03-13","Date_ratified":"2018-03-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-01-22","Date_ratified":"1930-01-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L'Australie a, par communication du 25 novembre 1986, levé la réserve qu'elle avait formulée le 24 mai\n1930 (notifiée par le gouvernement français en date du 9 décembre 1986)."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1928-05-09","Date_ratified":"1928-05-09","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-11-09","Date_ratified":"1988-11-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L’Etat de Bahrein a adhéré le 20 octobre 1988 sous réserve que « le gouvernement de Bahreïn ne sera lié par le protocole qu’à l’égard des Etats qui l’ont ratifié ou qui y ont adhéré et qu’il cessera d’être lié par ledit protocole à l’égard de tout Etat dont les forces armées ou les forces armées de ses alliés ne respecteraient pas les dispositions du protocole ». Sous réserve également que « l’accession par l’Etat de Bahreïn au protocole signé le 17 juin 1925 ne constitue pas reconnaissance de l’Etat d’Israël et ne doive pas être la source de l’établissement de quelques relations que ce soit »."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-05-20","Date_ratified":"1989-05-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Le Bangladesh a adhéré le 6 janvier 1989 sous réserve que « le gouvernement bangladeshi ne sera lié par le protocole qu’à l’égard des Etats qui l’ont ratifié ou qui y ont adhéré et qu’il cessera d’être lié par ledit protocole à l’égard de tout Etat dont les forces armées ou les forces armées de ses alliés ne respecteraient pas les dispositions du protocole »."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-07-16","Date_ratified":"1976-07-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"A retiré la réserve faite par le Royaume-Uni le 9 avril 1930 (communication du 22 juin 1976)."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1928-12-04","Date_ratified":"1928-12-04","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"La Belgique a, par communication du 17 février 1997, retiré les réserves faites lors de sa ratification (notification par le gouvernement français sur instruction du 27 février 1997)."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-12-04","Date_ratified":"1986-12-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1978-06-12","Date_ratified":"1978-06-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1985-01-14","Date_ratified":"1985-01-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-08-28","Date_ratified":"1970-08-28","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1934-03-07","Date_ratified":"1934-03-07","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"La Bulgarie a levé la réserve qu'elle avait formulée lors de sa ratification du protocole le 7 mars 1934 (communication du gouvernement bulgare du 2 octobre 1991 notifiée par le gouvernement français en date du 15 octobre 1991)."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-03-01","Date_ratified":"1971-03-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-03-15","Date_ratified":"1983-03-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Par note verbale du 30 septembre 1993, le ministère des Affaires étrangères et de la Coopération internationale du Cambodge a indiqué que le gouvernement royal du Cambodge s'estime lié par le protocole du 17 juin 1925 auquel le gouvernement de coalition du Cambodge démocratique avait adhéré le 15 mars 1983. Cette adhésion de 1983 avait été considérée comme sans effet légal par l’Australie, la Bulgarie, Cuba, l'Ethiopie, la France, la Hongrie, l’île Maurice, la Mongolie, la Pologne, la RDA, la Tchécoslovaquie, l'URSS, le Vietnam."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-04-21","Date_ratified":"1989-04-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-05-06","Date_ratified":"1930-05-06","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Understanding / Declaration\tPar note verbale du 30 septembre 1993, le ministère des Affaires étrangères et de la Coopération internationale du Cambodge a indiqué que le gouvernement royal du Cambodge s'estime lié par le protocole du 17 juin 1925 auquel le gouvernement de coalition du Cambodge démocratique avait adhéré le 15 mars 1983. Cette adhésion de 1983 avait été considérée comme sans effet légal par l’Australie, la Bulgarie, Cuba, l'Ethiopie, la France, la Hongrie, l’île Maurice, la Mongolie, la Pologne, la RDA, la Tchécoslovaquie, l'URSS, le Vietnam."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-05-20","Date_ratified":"1991-05-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-07-30","Date_ratified":"1970-07-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1935-07-02","Date_ratified":"1935-07-02","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication en date du 11 septembre 1991, le Chili a levé la réserve qu'il avait formulée lors de sa ratification du protocole (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 15 octobre 1991)."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-08-07","Date_ratified":"1929-08-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"La République populaire de Chine a adhéré au Protocole par déclaration de succession, le 13 juillet 1952.  \n\nChina made the following statement on succession in 1952: \"The Central Peoples Government considers that the said Protocol is conducive to the strengthening of international peace and security and is in conformity with humanitarian principles and therefore has decided to recognize the accession to the protocol. The Central People Government shall undertake to implement strictly the provisions of the Protocol provided that all other contracting and acceding powers observe them reciprocally.\""},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-11-24","Date_ratified":"2015-11-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-06-17","Date_ratified":"2009-06-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-07-27","Date_ratified":"1970-07-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-09-25","Date_ratified":"2006-09-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-05-24","Date_ratified":"1966-05-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-11-29","Date_ratified":"1966-11-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-09-19","Date_ratified":"1993-09-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"La République fédérative tchèque et slovaque a levé la réserve qu'elle avait formulée lors de sa ratification du protocole de Genève le 16 août 1938 (communication du gouvernement de la République fédérative tchèque et slovaque du 25 septembre 1990 notifiée par le gouvernement français en date du 8 novembre 1990)."},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-05-05","Date_ratified":"1930-05-05","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-12-04","Date_ratified":"1970-12-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-09-10","Date_ratified":"1970-09-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1928-12-06","Date_ratified":"1928-12-06","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-01-12","Date_ratified":"2010-01-12","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-05-16","Date_ratified":"1989-05-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1931-08-28","Date_ratified":"1931-08-28","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication reçue par l’Ambassade de France à Talinn le 28 mai 1999, l’Estonie a retiré les réserves qu’elles avait faites lors de sa ratification (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 29 juillet 1999)."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-07-10","Date_ratified":"1991-07-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1935-10-07","Date_ratified":"1935-10-07","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1973-03-21","Date_ratified":"1973-03-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par déclaration de succession en date du 26 janvier 1973, les Iles Fidji émettent la réserve suivante que « ledit protocole n’oblige le gouvernement de Fidji que vis-à-vis des Etats qui l’ont à la fois signé et ratifié ou qui y auront adhéré définitivement. Ledit protocole cessera d’être obligatoire pour le gouvernement de Fidji à l’égard de toute puissance ennemie dont les forces armées ou dont les forces armées alliées ne respecteraient pas les interdictions qui font l’objet de ce protocole »."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-06-26","Date_ratified":"1929-06-26","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1926-05-10","Date_ratified":"1926-05-10","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par déclaration du 25 novembre 1996, la France a, retiré ses réserves (notification par le gouvernement français sur instruction du 12 décembre 1996)."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-11-05","Date_ratified":"1966-11-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-04-25","Date_ratified":"1929-04-25","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-05-02","Date_ratified":"1967-05-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1931-05-30","Date_ratified":"1931-05-30","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-01-03","Date_ratified":"1989-01-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-05-03","Date_ratified":"1983-05-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea Bissau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-05-20","Date_ratified":"1989-05-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GUY","Name":"Guyana","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HTI","Name":"Haiti","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HND","Name":"Honduras","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HUN","Name":"Hungary","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1952-10-11","Date_ratified":"1952-10-11","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISL","Name":"Iceland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-12-19","Date_ratified":"1966-12-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IND","Name":"India","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-04-09","Date_ratified":"1930-04-09","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L’Inde a ratifié ce protocole le 13 juin 1929 sous réserve que « ledit protocole n’oblige Sa Majesté Britannique que vis-à-vis des Etats qui l’ont signé et ratifié ou qui y ont adhéré définitivement. » Sous réserve que «ledit protocole cessera d’être obligatoire pour Sa Majesté Britannique à l’égard de toute puissance ennemie dont les forces armées ou dont les forces armées alliées ne respecteraient pas les interdictions qui font l’objet de ce protocole. »"},{"ISO3":"IDN","Name":"Indonesia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-01-14","Date_ratified":"1971-01-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRN","Name":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-07-04","Date_ratified":"1929-07-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Name":"Iraq","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1931-08-18","Date_ratified":"1931-08-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L’Irak a adhéré le 7 avril 1931 sous réserve que « le gouvernement irakien ne sera lié par les dispositions du protocole que vis-à-vis des Etats qui l’ont à la fois signé et ratifié, ou qui y auront adhéré, et qu’il ne sera pas lié par le protocole vis-à-vis de tout Etat ennemi dont les forces armées ou dont les alliés ne respectent pas les dispositions du protocole. »\n\n"},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-08-18","Date_ratified":"1930-08-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication du 10 février 1972, l'Irlande a retiré la réserve qu'elle avait formulée lors de son adhésion (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 25 mai 1972)."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1969-02-10","Date_ratified":"1969-02-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L’Etat d’Israël a adhéré le 22 janvier 1969 sous réserve que « ledit protocole n’engage l’Etat d’Israël que vis-à-vis des Etats qui l’ont signé et ratifié ou qui y ont adhéré. Ledit protocole cessera ipso facto d’être obligatoire pour l’Etat d’Israël vis-à-vis de tout Etat ennemi dont les forces armées ou les forces armées de ses alliés, ou les forces régulières et irrégulières, ou des groupes ou individus opérant à partir de son territoire, ne respecteraient pas les interdictions qui font l’objet de ce protocole. »\n\n"},{"ISO3":"ITA","Name":"Italy","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1928-04-03","Date_ratified":"1928-04-03","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JAM","Name":"Jamaica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-07-28","Date_ratified":"1970-07-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-05-21","Date_ratified":"1970-05-21","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-01-20","Date_ratified":"1977-01-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation","Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"La Jordanie a adhéré le 10 octobre 1976 sous réserve que « l’adhésion du Royaume Hachémite de Jordanie au protocole sus désigné n’implique en aucune manière la reconnaissance d’Israël. L’adhésion du Royaume Hachémite de Jordanie au protocole sus désigné n’oblige pas celui-ci à conclure avec Israël l’un quelconque des arrangements indiqués dans le protocole. Le gouvernement Royaume Hachémite de Jordanie s’engage à respecter les obligations contenues dans le protocole à l’égard des Etats qui s’engagent pareillement. Le gouvernement du Royaume Hachémite de Jordanie ne s’engage pas à l’égard des Etats dont les forces armées, régulières ou irrégulières, ne respectent pas les dispositions du protocole sus désigné. »"},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Name":"Kazakhstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-04-20","Date_ratified":"2020-04-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KEN","Name":"Kenya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-06-17","Date_ratified":"1970-06-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KIR","Name":"Kiribati","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-12-15","Date_ratified":"1971-12-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-06-29","Date_ratified":"2020-06-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-01-16","Date_ratified":"1989-01-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LVA","Name":"Latvia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1931-06-03","Date_ratified":"1931-06-03","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBN","Name":"Lebanon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1969-04-15","Date_ratified":"1969-04-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LSO","Name":"Lesotho","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1972-03-10","Date_ratified":"1972-03-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBR","Name":"Liberia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1927-04-02","Date_ratified":"1927-04-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBY","Name":"Libya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-12-21","Date_ratified":"1971-12-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LIE","Name":"Liechtenstein","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-05-16","Date_ratified":"1991-05-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LTU","Name":"Lithuania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1933-06-15","Date_ratified":"1933-06-15","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LUX","Name":"Luxembourg","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1936-09-01","Date_ratified":"1936-09-01","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDG","Name":"Madagascar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-08-02","Date_ratified":"1967-08-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MWI","Name":"Malawi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-09-04","Date_ratified":"1970-09-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MYS","Name":"Malaysia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-12-07","Date_ratified":"1970-12-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDV","Name":"Maldives","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-12-27","Date_ratified":"1966-12-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLI","Name":"Mali","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLT","Name":"Malta","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-10-09","Date_ratified":"1970-10-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MHL","Name":"Marshall Islands","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MRT","Name":"Mauritania","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MUS","Name":"Mauritius","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-12-23","Date_ratified":"1970-12-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MEX","Name":"Mexico","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1932-03-28","Date_ratified":"1932-03-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FSM","Name":"Micronesia (Federated States of)","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MCO","Name":"Monaco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-12-15","Date_ratified":"1966-12-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNG","Name":"Mongolia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1968-11-18","Date_ratified":"1968-11-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication du gouvernement du 15 mai 1990, la Mongolie a levé la réserve qu'elle avait formulée lors de son adhésion (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 10 juillet 1990)."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Name":"Montenegro","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAR","Name":"Morocco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-10-07","Date_ratified":"1970-10-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Name":"Mozambique","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MMR","Name":"Myanmar","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NAM","Name":"Namibia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NRU","Name":"Nauru","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NPL","Name":"Nepal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1969-05-07","Date_ratified":"1969-05-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NLD","Name":"Netherlands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-10-31","Date_ratified":"1930-10-31","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration","Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"a) Y compris les Indes néerlandaises, Surinam, Curaçao.\n\nb) Par communication reçue le 17 juillet 1995, les Pays-Bas ont retiré les réserves qu'ils avaient faites lors de leur ratification (notification par le gouvernement français sur instruction du 25 juillet 1995)."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Name":"New Caledonia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NZL","Name":"New Zealand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-01-22","Date_ratified":"1930-01-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication du 6 janvier 1989, la Nouvelle-Zélande a retiré les réserves qu'elle avait formulées lors de son adhésion (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 20 mai 1989)."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Name":"Nicaragua","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1990-10-05","Date_ratified":"1990-10-05","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Le Nicaragua a ratifié le protocole le 7 septembre 1990. Instrument reçu par le gouvernement de la République française le 5 octobre 1990 ; notification en date du 5 octobre 1990."},{"ISO3":"NER","Name":"Niger","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-04-05","Date_ratified":"1967-04-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NGA","Name":"Nigeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1968-10-09","Date_ratified":"1968-10-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Le Nigeria a adhéré le 23 septembre 1968 sous réserve que « le protocole n’oblige le Nigeria que vis-à-vis des Etats effectivement liés par celui-ci et cessera de lier le Nigeria à l’égard des Etats dont les forces ou dont les forces armées alliées ne respecteront pas les interdictions qui font l’objet de ce protocole. »\n\n"},{"ISO3":"PRK","Name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-12-22","Date_ratified":"1988-12-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"La Corée du Nord a adhéré le 8 décembre 1988 sous réserve que « the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea recognizes the 1925 Geneva Protocol as one of major elements for the promotion of disarmament and the maintenance of lasting peace and hereby expresses its conviction that the obligations of this Protocol will be faithfully carried out by all the Contracting Parties. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea also states that it will not exclude the right to exercise its sovereignty vis-à-vis the other Contracting Party which violates this Protocol in its implementation »."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Name":"North Macedonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-08-20","Date_ratified":"2015-08-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"Formerly known as the former Yuguslav Republic of Macedonia until 13 February 2019.\n \nNote: Although the United Nations has received a Note Verbale dated 14 February 2019 from the Republic of North Macedonia regarding the name change, the official lists of the depositary countries are yet to reflect the change.\n"},{"ISO3":"NOR","Name":"Norway","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1932-07-27","Date_ratified":"1932-07-27","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"OMN","Name":"Oman","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAK","Name":"Pakistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-04-15","Date_ratified":"1960-04-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par déclaration de succession du 13 avril 1960, le Pakistan déclare être lié au protocle de 1925 que l’Inde avait ratifié sous réserve que « ledit protocole n’oblige Sa Majesté Britannique que vis-à-vis des Etats qui l’ont signé et ratifié ou qui y ont adhéré définitivement. » Sous réserve que «ledit protocole cessera d’être obligatoire pour Sa Majesté Britannique à l’égard de toute puissance ennemie dont les forces armées ou dont les forces armées alliées ne respecteraient pas les interdictions qui font l’objet de ce protocole. »"},{"ISO3":"PLW","Name":"Palau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PSE","Name":"State of Palestine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-19","Date_ratified":"2018-01-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAN","Name":"Panama","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-11-26","Date_ratified":"1970-11-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"Le Panama a ratifié son adhésion le 15 mars 1971."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Name":"Papua New Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-09-02","Date_ratified":"1980-09-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par déclaration de succession en date du 2 septembre 1980 la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée émet la réserve que « le gouvernement de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée n’est lié par ledit protocole qu’envers les puissances et Etats qui ont à la fois signé et ratifié le protocole ou y ont adhéré, et le gouvernement de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée cessera d’être lié par le protocole envers toute puissance ennemie dont les forces armées ou celles de ses alliés ne respectent pas le protocole. »"},{"ISO3":"PRY","Name":"Paraguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1933-10-22","Date_ratified":"1933-10-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"Notification régularisée le 13 janvier 1969."},{"ISO3":"PER","Name":"Peru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1985-06-05","Date_ratified":"1985-06-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PHL","Name":"Philippines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1973-05-29","Date_ratified":"1973-05-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"POL","Name":"Poland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-02-04","Date_ratified":"1929-02-04","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRT","Name":"Portugal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-07-01","Date_ratified":"1930-07-01","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Le Portugal a ratifié ce protocole le 30 mai 1930 sous réserve que « ledit protocole n’oblige le gouvernement de la République Portugaise que vis-à-vis des Etats qui l’ont à la fois signé et ratifié ou qui y auront adhéré. »; et\n\n« Ledit protocole cessera de plein droit d’être obligatoire pour le gouvernement de la République Portugaise à l’égard de tout Etat ennemi dont les forces armées ou dont les alliés ne respecteraient pas les interdictions qui font l’objet de ce protocole. »\n\n-----\n\nPar communication en date du 23 décembre 2002, le Portugal a retiré les réserves qu'il avait formulées.\n-----\n\nPar communication en date du 21 mars 2014, le Portugal a retiré le réserve suivant: «  ledit protocole n’oblige le gouvernement de la République Portugaise que vis-à-vis des Etats qui l’ont à la fois signé et ratifié ou qui y auront adhéré.  »\n\nEnglish text:\n\nBy its communication on 21 March 2014, Portugal withdrew its reservation according to which it said that the Protocol was only binding on the Portuguese Republic as regards to those States which have both signed and ratified the Protocol or have finally acceded thereto."},{"ISO3":"PRI","Name":"Puerto Rico","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"QAT","Name":"Qatar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-09-16","Date_ratified":"1976-09-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDA","Name":"Republic of Moldova","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-01-14","Date_ratified":"2011-01-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COG","Name":"Congo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ROU","Name":"Romania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-08-23","Date_ratified":"1929-08-23","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication du 16 juillet 1991, la Roumanie a levé les réserves qu'elle avait formulées lors de leur ratification du protocole (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 23 juillet 1991)."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Name":"Russian Federation","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1928-04-05","Date_ratified":"1928-04-05","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication du 18 janvier 2001, la Fédération de Russie a retiré les réserves qui avait été formulées le 5 avril 1928 par l’Union soviétique lors de sa ratification du protocole (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 22 janvier 2001)."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Name":"Rwanda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1964-03-21","Date_ratified":"1964-03-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KNA","Name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-10-26","Date_ratified":"1989-10-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LCA","Name":"Saint Lucia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-12-21","Date_ratified":"1988-12-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VCT","Name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-04-23","Date_ratified":"1999-04-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"WSM","Name":"Samoa","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SMR","Name":"San Marino","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"STP","Name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SAU","Name":"Saudi Arabia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-01-27","Date_ratified":"1971-01-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SEN","Name":"Senegal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-06-15","Date_ratified":"1977-06-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SRB","Name":"Serbia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-01-20","Date_ratified":"2003-01-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYC","Name":"Seychelles","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLE","Name":"Sierra Leone","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-02-20","Date_ratified":"1967-02-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SGP","Name":"Singapore","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVK","Name":"Slovakia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-07-01","Date_ratified":"1997-07-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"La Slovaquie a indiqué le 22 septembre 1993 qu'elle se considère liée par le protocole de Genève du 17 juin 1925 et l'a confirmé par une communication du 1er juillet 1997 (notification par le Gouvernement français sur instruction du 2 juillet 1997).\n\n"},{"ISO3":"SVN","Name":"Slovenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-04-08","Date_ratified":"2008-04-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLB","Name":"Solomon Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-06-01","Date_ratified":"1981-06-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par déclaration de succession 1 juin 1981, les Iles Salomon émettent le réserve que « les obligations dérivant dudit protocole ne lieront les Iles Salomon que dans leurs relations avec les Etats qui ont ratifié le protocole ou qui y ont adhéré et qui respectent ces dispositions. »\n\n"},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-05-24","Date_ratified":"1930-05-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L'Afrique du Sud a, par communication du 12 juillet 1996, retiré les réserves faites lors de son adhésion (notification par le gouvernement français sur instruction du 20 octobre 1996)."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-12-29","Date_ratified":"1988-12-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"La Corée du Sud a adhéré le 26 décembre 1988 sous réserve que « le gouvernement de Corée du sud ne sera lié par le protocole qu’à l’égard des Etats qui l’ont ratifié ou qui y ont adhéré et qu’il cessera d’être lié par ledit protocole à l’égard de tout Etat dont les forces armées ou les forces armées de ses alliés ne respecteraient pas les dispositions du protocole ».\n\n(Lettre du 19 septembre 2002 au sujet d’une levée partielle de réserves)"},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan ","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ESP","Name":"Spain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-08-22","Date_ratified":"1929-08-22","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication du 27 novembre 1992, l'Espagne a retiré la réserve qu'elle avait formulée lors de sa ratification (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 28 décembre 1992)."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Name":"Sri Lanka","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1954-01-20","Date_ratified":"1954-01-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SDN","Name":"Sudan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-12-17","Date_ratified":"1980-12-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SUR","Name":"Suriname","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWE","Name":"Sweden","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-04-25","Date_ratified":"1930-04-25","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHE","Name":"Switzerland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1932-07-12","Date_ratified":"1932-07-12","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYR","Name":"Syrian Arab Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1968-12-17","Date_ratified":"1968-12-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"La Syrie a adhéré le 11 septembre 1968 sous réserve que « l’adhésion de la République Arabe Syrienne à ce protocole et sa ratification par son gouvernement ne signifient en aucun cas la reconnaissance d’Israël et ne sauraient conduire à établir des rapports avec ce dernier au sujet des dispositions prévues par ce protocole. »\n\n"},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-11-15","Date_ratified":"2019-11-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1931-06-06","Date_ratified":"1931-06-06","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-11-18","Date_ratified":"1970-11-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-07-19","Date_ratified":"1971-07-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-11-24","Date_ratified":"1970-11-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-07-12","Date_ratified":"1967-07-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-10-05","Date_ratified":"1929-10-05","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1965-04-02","Date_ratified":"1965-04-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-08-07","Date_ratified":"2003-08-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-04-09","Date_ratified":"1930-04-09","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation","Note"],"RUDs_text":"Réserves émises lors de la ratification du protocole :\n\n(1)   « We shall be bound by the said Protocol only towards those Powers and States which have both signed and ratified the Protocol or have acceded thereto ;»\n\n(2)   « and further that We shall cease to be bound by the Protocol towards any Power at enmity with Us whose armes forces or the armed forces of whose Allies do not respect the Protocol. »\n\na) Par communication du 8 novembre 1991, le Royaume-Uni a retiré la partie (2) de la réserve qu'il avait faite lors de sa ratification du protocole : « Ledit protocole cessera d’être obligatoire pour Sa Majesté Britannique à l’égard de toute Puissance ennemie dont les forces armées ou dont les forces armées alliées ne respecteraient pas les interdictions qui font l’objet de ce protocole » dans la mesure où elle concerne le recours aux agents, toxines, armes, équipements et moyens de mise en oeuvre spécifiées à l'article I de la Convention du 10 avril 1972 sur l'interdiction de la mise au point, de la fabrication et du stockage des armes bactériologiques (biologiques) ou à toxines et sur leur destruction.\n\nb) Par communication en date du 24 juin 1997, le Royaume-Uni a indiqué qu'il cessait \"d'être responsable des droits et obligations découlant de l'application du protocole à Hong-Kong\" (notification par le gouvernement français sur instruction du 2 juillet 1997).\n\nc) Par communication du 20 décembre 2002, le Royaume-Uni a retiré la partie (1) de ses réserves émises lors de la ratification du protocole le 9 avril 1930 ainsi que celles qu’il maintenait au titre de l’alinéa 2."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1963-02-28","Date_ratified":"1963-02-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-04-10","Date_ratified":"1975-04-10","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Les Etats-Unis ont ratifié ce protocole le 22 janvier 1975 sous réserve que « ledit protocole cessera d’être obligatoire pour le gouvernement des Etats-Unis en ce qui concerne l’usage à la guerre de gaz asphyxiants, toxiques et autres gaz et de tous liquides, matériaux ou engins similaires à l’égard d’un Etat ennemi si ledit Etat ou l’un quelconque de ses alliés  ne respecte pas les interdictions contenues dans le protocole ».\n\n"},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-04-12","Date_ratified":"1977-04-12","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-10-05","Date_ratified":"2020-10-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIU","Name":"Niue","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-10-12","Date_ratified":"1966-10-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1928-02-08","Date_ratified":"1928-02-08","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-12-15","Date_ratified":"1980-12-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Le Vietnam a adhéré le 23 septembre 1980 sous réserve que « la République Socialiste du Vietnam ne sera liée par ledit protocole que dans ses relations avec des Etats qui l’ont signé et ratifié ou y ont adhéré. La République Socialiste du Vietnam ne sera pas liée par ledit protocole dans ses relations avec des Etats ennemis dont les forces armées ou les alliées n’en respecteront pas les dispositions. »\n\n"},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-03-11","Date_ratified":"1971-03-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"La République arabe du Yémen a déposé le 11 mars 1971 son instrument d’adhésion. Elle a adressé au gouvernement français un nouvel instrument d’adhésion en date du 16 septembre 1973 assorti d’une réserve. La République démocratique et populaire du Yémen a adhéré le 20 octobre 1986.\n\n"},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]}],"Documents":[{"Name":"(2021/C 13/01) Guidance document on the scope of application and core obligations of Regulation (EU) No 511/2014","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":null,"Authoring_regional_organization":"European Union","All_applicable_countries":["AUT","BEL","BGR","HRV","CYP","CZE","DNK","EST","FIN","FRA","DEU","GRC","HUN","IRL","ITA","LVA","LTU","LUX","MLT","NLD","POL","PRT","ROU","SVK","ESP","SWE"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Digital sequence information (DSI)","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Access to resources","Compliance"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"Discusses in detail, with illustrative examples, the scope of the EU ABS Regulation, the obligations of the user, events which trigger a duty of due diligence, and sector-specific issues (Food and Agriculture, and Health).\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-08-27","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English","German","Spanish","French","Italian","Dutch"],"Original_language_titles":["(2021/C 13/01) Guidance document on the scope of application and core obligations of Regulation (EU) No 511/2014","Leitfaden zu dem Anwendungsbereich und den Kernverpflichtungen der Verordnung (EU) Nr. 511/2014","Documento de orientación sobre el alcance de la aplicación y las obligaciones fundamentales del Reglamento (UE) n.o 511/2014 ","(2021/C 13/01) Guidance document on the scope of application and core obligations of Regulation (EU) No 511/2014","Documento di orientamento relativo all'ambito di applicazione e ai principali obblighi del\nregolamento (UE) n. 511/2014","Leidraad betreffende het toepassingsgebied en de kernverplichtingen van Verordening (EU) nr. 511/2014"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/14a22af3d632ecc318a3d30620f25a26/CELEX_52021XC0112(02)_EN_TXT..pdf","prettySize":"1.2 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7222a2974e69a1ca71e0f66227d44703/CELEX_52021XC0112(02)_DE_TXT..pdf","prettySize":"1.26 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/da260db23197f0c90e7b11cfe547f481/CELEX_52021XC0112(02)_ES_TXT..pdf","prettySize":"1.26 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7394e047a59970072c8a8dc0f6e6541a/CELEX_52021XC0112(02)_FR_TXT..pdf","prettySize":"1.28 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5ee6fb111b74734f55c20da023c77d63/CELEX_52021XC0112(02)_IT_TXT..pdf","prettySize":"1.24 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/907ee886edb5ec027ad53ec684f2bae9/CELEX_52021XC0112(02)_NL_TXT..pdf","prettySize":"1.29 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"11/2017. (VI. 12.) EMMI decree on waste management activities related to pharmaceutical waste generated during the supply of medicines to the public","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HUN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HUN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal","Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes the standards and enforcement mechanisms for the use, transport, treatment and disposal of medical and pharmaceutical waste in Hungary. It further established the regulatory measures for monitoring the impact of their disposal on the surrounding environment and outlines the environmental standards that need to be met in these areas. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-11-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-11-01","Languages":["Hungarian"],"Original_language_titles":["11/2017. (VI. 12.) EMMI rendelet a lakossági gyógyszerellátás során képződött gyógyszerhulladékkal kapcsolatos hulladékgazdálkodási tevékenységekről"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6eda3e49054287ab11cca0d9061b3fe2/hun11_2017. (VI. 12.) 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This outlines the various ways in which compliance will be enforced and penalised in cases of infraction. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-03-23","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-10-12","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Nagoya Protocol (Compliance) Regulations 2015"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/99c21fce35872d93461b000e561b1010/NagoyaProtocol..pdf","prettySize":"450 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"5/2023. (I. 12.) Government Decree on the quality requirements of drinking water and the inspection procedure","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HUN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HUN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree establishes the standards for drinking water quality and the procedures for monitoring potable water. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-01-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-01-13","Languages":["Hungarian"],"Original_language_titles":["5/2023. (I. 12.) Korm. rendelet az ivóvíz minőségi követelményeiről és az ellenőrzés rendjéről"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/20b67ca9b8026be8d8ba625032b1ee35/hun216163..pdf","prettySize":"1.51 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"A New Tax System (Family Assistance) Act 1999","Subtitle":"No. 80, 1999","Authoring_country":"AUS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AUS"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the tax subsidy system of Australia for families. 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It describes the document \"National Committee on Conservation and Utilization of Biological Diversity Regulation on the Criteria and Methods of the Access to Biological Resources and Sharing of Benefits Arising from Biological Resources B.E. 2554 (2011)\" which is pertinent to the access of genetic resources of microorganisms specifically.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Access and Benefit-Sharing"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/56af3ad7cfa1a3fbf22e147c41ae328d/THA_ABS..pdf","prettySize":"12.7 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Access to Biological Resources and Benefit Sharing Act 2017","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MYS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MYS"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Contractual 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Outlines the Competent National Authority, and outlines the monitoring mechanisms as well as penalties for infringing the user's obligations.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-11-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-07-01","Languages":["English","German"],"Original_language_titles":["Act Implementing the Obligations under the Nagoya Protocol and Transposing Regulation (EU) No. 511/2014","Gesetz zur Umsetzung der Verpflichtungen nach dem Nagoya-Protokoll, zur Durchführung der Verordnung (EU) Nr. 511/2014 und zur Änderung des Patentgesetzes sowie zur Änderung des Umweltauditgesetzes"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9454f2045d1a4887174bca039a38c168/Germany_EURegulationImplementingAct_2016..pdf","prettySize":"41.3 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8fa759f3d839183f793be0fed91621ca/DE_Umsetzungsgesetz..pdf","prettySize":"69.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act No. 132 on Medicines etc.","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NOR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates the prescription and sale of medicines, including for veterinary use, in Norway.\t\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Norwegian"],"Original_language_titles":["Lov om legemidler m.v. (legemiddelloven)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/852e35fc677bfed0fbe106f66fe259c1/Norway_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"594 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act No. 1375 on sharing benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DNK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DNK"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Compliance","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Regulates into law the obligations to comply with EU ABS legislation. Outlines the methods of monitoring and penalties incurred in cases of non-compliance, including imprisonment and fines.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-12-23","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-12-23","Languages":["English","Danish"],"Original_language_titles":["Act no. 1375 23/12/2012 on sharing benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources","LOV nr 1375 om udbyttedeling ved anvendelse af genetiske ressourcer"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/577f724265ef7849f06aa388ea4967da/Denmark_ActonBenefitSharing_2012..pdf","prettySize":"123 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/395acb7b909cfa3f329fa45bb21fa8bf/A20120137530..pdf","prettySize":"169 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act No. 14 on veterinary medicinal products","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ISL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ISL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act outlines the regulatory measures and protocols for the handling, use, transport and disposal of veterinary medicines, including antimicrobials. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-02-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-02-15","Languages":["Icelandic"],"Original_language_titles":["Lög um dýralyf"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5940611341b86e7a8ad5ebfd198bbe1c/ice209525..pdf","prettySize":"321 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act No. 2 of 1967 on the control of veterinary medicines and their production","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"JOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["JOR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates the import, manufacture, sale and use of veterinary medicines in Jordan.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["نظام رقم (2) لسنة 1967م بشأن مراقبة الادوية البيظرية وصناعتها الصادر بمقتضى المادة (20) من قانون امراض الحيوانات لسنة 1954م"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/eba3164d6ed7b18a82e2862daf886f53/Jordan_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"248 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act No. 22 on Food, Feed, Fertilizer, and Seed Products Control","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ISL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ISL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates animal feed in Iceland, including the use of medicated feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Icelandic"],"Original_language_titles":["Lög um eftirlit með fóðri, áburði og sáðvöru"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2e746c738a8d6584ba86f4056d8907e2/Iceland_Feed..pdf","prettySize":"69.6 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act No. 25 on hygiene and pollution prevention","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ISL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ISL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Sewerage","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act broadly guarantees the protection of the environment in Iceland. The document creates regulations for sewerage systems, outlines the standards for assessing and mitigating pollution risk from a variety of activities, and establishes the measures taken to ensure the prevention of water pollution. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-03-12","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-03-12","Languages":["Icelandic"],"Original_language_titles":["Lög um hollustuhætti og mengunarvarnir"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9557fbeb8489884110e0310083e01349/ice199599..pdf","prettySize":"414 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act No. 30 on the Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ISL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ISL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Icelandic"],"Original_language_titles":["Lög um Matvælastofnun"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9612c9bdce7a634ecb59f056bb31c85a/Iceland_VetAuthority..pdf","prettySize":"93.9 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act No. 435/2001 Coll. on Patents, Supplementary Protection Certificates and Amendment of Some Acts","Subtitle":"[Patent Act (as amended up to Act No. 291/2018 Coll.)]","Authoring_country":"SVK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SVK"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2001-10-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-10-31","Languages":["Slovak"],"Original_language_titles":["Zákon č. 435/2001 Z.z o patentoch, dodatkových ochranných osvedčeniach a o zmene a doplnení niektorých zákonov"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ec5b508d9c33feb536d39e1a6dbbd528/Slovakia..pdf","prettySize":"484 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act No. 527/1990 Coll. of November 27, 1990, on Inventions and Rationalization Proposals","Subtitle":"(As amended up to Act No. 196/2017 Coll.)","Authoring_country":"CZE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CZE"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1990-11-27","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-01-01","Languages":["Czech"],"Original_language_titles":["Zákon č. 527/1990 Sb. ze dne 27. listopadu 1990 o vynálezech a zlepšovacích návrzích Zmena : 519/1991 Sb. (ve znění zákona č. 196/2017 Sb.)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e3dde8ccd9cdc261dfca1d06867e230f/Czechia..pdf","prettySize":"724 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act No. 66 on veterinarians and animal health services","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ISL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ISL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates veterinarians and animal health services in Iceland. It specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Icelandic"],"Original_language_titles":["Lög um dýralækna og heilbrigðisþjónustu við dýr"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/123dad1ef10dd1f651d35beb49289a25/Iceland_Vet..pdf","prettySize":"121 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act No. 8 on the keeping, distribution and supply of veterinary drugs","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SMR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates the distribution, supply and use of veterinary medical products in San Marino.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Italian"],"Original_language_titles":["Legge n. 8: Detenzione, distribuzione e fornitura dei medicinali veterinari."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/52a3e5aac4cb0579671a973799a1c68b/SanMarino_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"69.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act No. CXXVII of 2012 concerning the Hungarian Veterinary Chamber and the provision of veterinary services","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HUN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HUN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the Hungarian Veterinary Chamber, and regulates the veterinary profession in Hungary.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Hungarian"],"Original_language_titles":["2012. évi CXXVII. törvény a Magyar Állatorvosi Kamaráról, valamint az állatorvosi szolgáltatói tevékenység végzéséről"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/36b9c198f4723af42b67524c362828d9/Hungary_VetChamber..pdf","prettySize":"336 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act No. LVII of 1995 on water management","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HUN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HUN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act outlines the protections of Hungary's surface and underground water sources through setting legally quality enforceable standards for the maximum residue limits of polluting substances. It establishes the protocol and authority for monitoring these water sources and sets forth the penalties for polluting sources. 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It explains the duties and obligations for exporting genetic resources accessed in norway, as well as  genetic resources imported from abroad.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-06-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-01","Languages":["Norwegian"],"Original_language_titles":["Lov om forvaltning av naturens mangfold (naturmangfoldloven)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/610fa2c74c6bf545e17e6c32d94f4839/Lov om forvaltning av naturens mangfold (naturmangfoldloven) - Lovdata..pdf","prettySize":"826 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act on the Medical Treatment of Animals","Subtitle":"(No. 387 of 2014)","Authoring_country":"FIN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["FIN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates the prescription, sale and use of veterinary medical products in Finland.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Finnish"],"Original_language_titles":["Laki eläinten lääkitsemisestä"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f07423b436367ef89c2313b419d23cf9/Finland_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"387 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act on the Prevention of Contagious Animal Diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KOR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals in the Republic of Korea, such as quarantine and restriction of movement. The Minister for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has authority over these decisions.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Act on the Prevention of Contagious Animal Diseases"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/055c8fd98a91bbe8086bfdeb441d88c9/SouthKorea_AnimalDisease..pdf","prettySize":"106 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act on the control of animal diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LIE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LIE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the Food Control and Veterinary Office, which is the competent veterinary authority in Liechtenstein. It also contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["German"],"Original_language_titles":["Gesetz vom 20. Oktober 1966 über die Bekämpfung von Tierseuchen"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9f2c794489db3c99fbeeb4cbc95e0391/Liechtenstein_VetAuthority..pdf","prettySize":"77.2 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act on veterinarian profession and veterinary chambers","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"POL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["POL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the National Veterinary Chamber of Poland, and regulates the veterinary profession in Poland. It also regulates the prescription and use of veterinary medical products in Poland.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Polish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ustawa o zawodzie lekarza weterynarii i izbach lekarsko-weterynaryjnych"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/73869759e58ccbbcb94a7e2027270dc7/Poland_VetChamber..pdf","prettySize":"643 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act on veterinary care","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SVK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SVK"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic and the State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic as the competent veterinary authority. It also contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals in Slovakia, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Slovak"],"Original_language_titles":["Zakon o veterinarnej starostlivosti"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f63d4b8452c5c72923956351ebd2d988/Slovakia_VetAuthority..pdf","prettySize":"1.43 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Act on water supply and sewerage systems","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CZE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CZE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act requires that the government provide sewage systems and a water supply in the public interest. It includes provisions on the construction, operations and management of these systems. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-07-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-01","Languages":["Czech"],"Original_language_titles":["Zákon o vodovodech a kanalizacích"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1222116351b6f0b9b8400bc7aa6cecea/cze183149..pdf","prettySize":"723 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Administrative Measures for Veterinary Practitioners and Rural Veterinarians","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"These Measures regulate the veterinary profession in China. 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In this document, medical waste is categorized separately from non-hazardous wastes and therefore must be treated differently. However, the regulation does not specifically outline how this special waste should be treated and disposed of. Likewise, there is no mention of regulation on the disposal of pharmaceutical waste in the document. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-10-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-10-01","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Acuerdo Nº 1567-2010 - Reglamento para el manejo integral de los residuos sólidos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8a2c911107dc0100130f62665768f936/hon107527..pdf","prettySize":"178 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Agreement No. 236-2006 - Regulation of the discharge and reuse of wastewater and sludge disposal","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GTM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GTM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulations establishes requirements for discharge and wastewater reuse to protect bodies of water and environment. It further regulates the sewerage system itself. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-05-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-05-05","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Acuerdo Nº 236-2006 - Reglamento de las descargas y reusos de aguas residuales y de la disposición de lodos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1c9d8bb447f2632ca5e981fa7faadeda/gua67171..pdf","prettySize":"216 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Agreement No. 324 - NTE INEN 2,078 on the disposal of pesticide residues and containers","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ECU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ECU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes requirements for the elimination of waste from residues, containers, clothing, materials, and pesticide spills. Infectious and medical wastes are regulated in this document. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-07-23","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-07-23","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Acuerdo Nº 324 - NTE INEN 2 078 sobre eliminación de residuos y envases de plaguicidas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f08f27ef3360c8751dd3c3ee9f801d1e/ecu18894..pdf","prettySize":"35.6 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Agreement No. 606 - RTS 13.02.01:14 on quality requirements and safety of water for human consumption","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SLV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SLV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes acceptable water quality standards for drinking water, applying to individuals who manage potable water systems. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-03-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-03-20","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Acuerdo Nº 606 - RTS 13.02.01:14 sobre requisitos de calidad e inocuidad del agua para consumo humano"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b3cc7d88c8ea9c8f7bb421e07a43dfa7/els190977..pdf","prettySize":"332 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Agreement No. 675 - NSR 67.00.273:99 for the regulation of the use of veterinary medicines","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SLV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SLV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Agreement regulates the prescription, sale and use of veterinary medicines in El Salvador.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Acuerdo Nº 675 - NSR 67.00.273:99 para la regulación del uso de medicamentos veterinarios"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/af4d9c4cae20c15707c4d90778bc0717/ElSalvador_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"17 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Agreement No. 97/A - Standard for environmental quality and discharge of effluents to the water resource","Subtitle":"(Annex 1, Book VI of Environmental Quality, of the Unified Text of the Secondary Legislation of the Ministry of the Environment)","Authoring_country":"ECU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ECU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation manages environmental quality and discharge of effluents in water bodies. It aims to prevent water pollution and preserve the quality of water.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-11-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-11-04","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Acuerdo Nº 97/A - Norma de calidad ambiental y de descarga de efluentes al recurso agua"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ae6bf90c3a47f54410a59f52893d20ad/A..pdf","prettySize":"405 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March 2, 1977, on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property Organization","Subtitle":"(Bangui (Central African Republic), February 24, 1999)","Authoring_country":"N/A","Authoring_regional_organization":"Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OAPI)","All_applicable_countries":["BEN","BFA","CMR","CAF","TCD","COM","CIV","GNQ","GAB","GIN","GNB","MLI","MRT","NER","COG","SEN","TGO"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 Member States of the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI).\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1977-03-02","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-03-02","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March 2, 1977, on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property Organization "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/507264d34fc5d0c0bbaa07eb38ea13c5/OAPI_Intellectual Property_2015_English..pdf","prettySize":"981 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Agreement between the Republic of San Marino and the Republic of Italy concerning the recovery through ecofriendly methods of particular waste and hazardous waste produced within the San Marinese territory","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SMR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This agreement between San Marino and Italy states that hazardous wastes can be exported from San Marino to Italy for proper disposal. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-09-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-09-21","Languages":["Italian"],"Original_language_titles":["Accordo tra la Repubblica di San Marino e la Repubblica d'Italia in materia di recupero con metodi ecocompatibili di rifiuti particolari e pericolosi prodotti nel territorio sammarinese"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3c954278d2723be6b17662e001a0800c/snmbi-47537..pdf","prettySize":"103 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines (Exemptions and Prohibited Substances) Regulations 2011","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NZL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NZL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These Regulations regulate the use of feed additives and medicated feed in animals in New Zealand.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines (Exemptions and Prohibited Substances) Regulations 2011"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/09be62cc8cb7956ff40a12d0f208c1ef/NewZealand_Feed..pdf","prettySize":"463 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Act 1997","Subtitle":"(No. 87 of 1997)","Authoring_country":"NZL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NZL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates agricultural compounds and veterinary medicines in New Zealand. It specifies which veterinary medicines are available by prescription only.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Act 1997 (No. 87 of 1997)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e582f8fd81fa012566f79a980ed9c245/NewZealand_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"1.21 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act 1994","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AUS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AUS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act (also known as the Agvet Regulations) contains provisions for the evaluation, registration and control of agricultural and veterinary chemical products. In addition, feed medications, supplements and additives are regulated under this Act.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act 1994"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4d8eb815f736f8d8dbb40ee1ca94c1ae/Australia_Biosecurity..pdf","prettySize":"5.7 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Agriculture Law No.13 of 2015","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"JOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["JOR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Ministry of Agriculture as having power over animal health regulations in Jordan. It also prohibits the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in animal feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["2015 انون الزراعة رقم (13) لسنة "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3ca26b5d18ffe9be05f70ebc953a339d/Jordan_Agriculture..pdf","prettySize":"422 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"An Act Providing for Mandatory Basic Immunization Services for Infants and Children","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PHL"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the mandatory childhood vaccinations in the Philippines. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-06-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-07-06","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["An Act Providing for Mandatory Basic Immunization Services for Infants and Children"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/08141d83bff33c40b59abaa3a7c0a978/PHL_Immunization Services_2011..pdf","prettySize":"499 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"An Act to promote general vaccination","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BHS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BHS"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law describes the requirements for smallpox vaccination in the Bahamas. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1860-04-12","Date_entered_into_force":"1860-04-12","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["An Act to promote general vaccination"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/05872f927f5a32cdbc661b0bacbfe1a7/BHS_Vaccination..pdf","prettySize":"152 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Animal (Diseases and Quarantine) Order 2021","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BRN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Order establishes the Director of Agriculture and Agrifood as the competent veterinary authority in Brunei. It regulates the movement of animals within and into Brunei, and establishes rules for animal quarantine, in order to prevent the spread of diseases in animals.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Animal (Diseases and Quarantine) Order 2021"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/54b990d39c95d030d4d3e552c03de40a/Brunei_AnimalDisease..pdf","prettySize":"1.51 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Animal Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NLD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NLD"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality as the competent veterinary authority in the Netherlands. It also provides measures for the protection of animal health, such as regulations on the profession of veterinary medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Dutch"],"Original_language_titles":["Wet Dieren"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f2a34026421452695df7f3cb5de66b0e/Netherlands_AnimalAct..pdf","prettySize":"573 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Animal Disease (Control) Act 1992 (Cap. 220)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VUT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VUT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the veterinary service of the Government Department responsible for animal health as the competent veterinary authority in Vanuatu, and contains measures for the prevention and 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Eswatini.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Animal Disease (Prohibition of use of Anabolic Hormones, Thyrostatic Substances and Growth Promoters) Regulations, 2006"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dd929f1699a90a566fd5586b0c8e4edc/Eswatini_AGP..pdf","prettySize":"2.23 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Animal Disease and Control Act 1952","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PNG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PNG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals in Papua New Guinea, such as quarantine and restriction of movement.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Animal Disease and Control Act 1952"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/22e2f079ee85dc97c079286b93519d11/PapuaNewGuinea_AnimalDisease..pdf","prettySize":"167 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Animal Diseases (Control) Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NGA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NGA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals in Nigeria.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Animal Diseases (Control) 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The document also designates authorities to ensure that sanitation standards are met. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-08-24","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-08-24","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Building Act 2004"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2551c49346627d2afc77572df27ba345/779EN..pdf","prettySize":"5.02 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"CGEN Resolution No. 12, of 18 September 2018","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRA"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Contractual terms"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Regulation outlining a standard Material Transfer Agreement, which mandates duties and obligations of users pursuant to law 13.123\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-09-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-09-18","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["RESOLUÇÃO CGEN Nº 12, DE 18 DE SETEMBRO DE 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Loads"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/86efa59884ae986820fbb3cd09ae1292/lat182095..pdf","prettySize":"462 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Cabinet Regulation No. 92 of 2004 on Requirements for the Monitoring of Surface Water, Groundwater and Protected Areas and the Development of Monitoring Programmes","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LVA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LVA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Regulation prescribes the requirements for the monitoring of surface water, groundwater and protected areas, actions to be performed if water quality is compromised, and rules for the frequency of water sampling.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-12-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-01-03","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Cabinet Regulation No. 92 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medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قرار مجلس الوزراء رفم (101) لسنة 2012م باعتماد الهيكل التنظيمي واختصاصات وزراة الزراعة والثروة الحيوانية والبحرية وتنظيم جهازها الإدارية"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d0aead5dc3efc740c836571bbb2d10ce/Libya_VetAuthority..pdf","prettySize":"543 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Canada Water Act","Subtitle":"R.S.C. 1985, c. 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C-11)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f62e86340ffea7e4dfb908361bd8ec3d/CAN_Water Act_..pdf","prettySize":"258 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999","Subtitle":"S.C. 1999, c. 33","Authoring_country":"CAN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CAN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes measures for a national framework for environmental pollution prevention, and has specific provisions for protecting marine environments from land-based sources of pollution. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-09-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-06-17","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999 (S.C. 1999, c. 33)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8ae3615805ee9e93066fed8adac84f08/CAN_Environmental Protections Act..pdf","prettySize":"1.83 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Central Water and Sewerage Authority Act 1991 (Chapter 403)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VCT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VCT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act establishes a Central Water and Sewerage Authority. According to Section 33, Clause 1, the Authority is to establish quality standards for effluent waste, potable water, sewage, and water bodies. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-07-09","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-07-09","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Central Water and Sewerage Authority Act 1991 (Chapter 403)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/49df56449f53c5808bf47c323286c4ec/stv48934..pdf","prettySize":"572 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Chapter 1 of Title 27 of the Pohnpei State Code - Pohnpei Environmental Protection Act of 1992","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"FSM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["FSM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the Environmental Protection Agency, grants it powers and duties to protect the environment and human health, and enables it to regulate various aspects related to pollution and contamination of air, land, and water, as well as other environmental concerns.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1992-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Chapter 1 of Title 27 of the Pohnpei State Code - Pohnpei Environmental Protection Act of 1992"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/29e1baa0fb67e7cfce5168caa26f3416/mic79408..pdf","prettySize":"115 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Chapter 189 Public Health Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SYC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SYC"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal","Transparency requirements","Emergency media and communications authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act regulates food hygiene, animal care, drinkable water supply protection, and nuisance reduction, giving healthcare workers defined roles, including preventing water supply pollution with substances such as potentially infectious wastes. The legislation also allows the Ministerial authority to create regulations governing the water supply.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1960-01-18","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-01-18","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Chapter 189 Public Health Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/38d906a18814eeb83107842d83cf2cbd/sey116800..pdf","prettySize":"230 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Chapter 204 Infectious Diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BRN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRN"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the legal actions that may be taken to mitigate and contain infectious disease outbreaks. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Chapter 204 Infectious Diseases"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/27212c079951ad7408a4a1b44d7e0b10/BRN_Infectious Diseases_2010..pdf","prettySize":"121 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Chapter 234 Public Health","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VUT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VUT"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines provisions to enhance and uphold public health in Vanuatu. Emergency vaccinations and quarantine/isolation are permissible. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Chapter 234 Public Health"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8b21fde9c8768c24015ae846682dd95a/VUT_Public Health..pdf","prettySize":"342 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Chapter 2401-14 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Regulations","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PLW","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PLW"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation outlines rules and requirements for the treatment and disposal of wastewater and describes standards for constructing effective sewage system, aiming to protect the environment and public health through proper management of wastewater.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-10-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-10-19","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Chapter 2401-14 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Regulations"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4427eede07e6d3dbfb2809a0d08f63ef/PLW_Chapter 2401-14 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Regulations..pdf","prettySize":"2.95 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Chapter 2401-31 Solid Waste Management Regulations","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PLW","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PLW"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation ensures the health of the environment and public by setting rules for facilities and systems dealing with solid waste.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-08-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-08-21","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Chapter 2401-31 Solid Waste Management Regulations"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6b31f6e1baefb781fe7a025ed8194eff/PLW_Chapter 2401-31 Solid Waste Management Regulations..pdf","prettySize":"684 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Chapter 3 of Title 26 of the Pohnpei State Code - Soil and Water Conservation Act of 1992","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"FSM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["FSM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act aims to prevent erosion and enhance the sustainable utilization of land and water resources through the establishment of a Pohnpei Soil and Water Conservation District, which will be administered by the Department of Land and Natural Resources and the Soil and Water Conservation Board.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1992-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Chapter 3 of Title 26 of the Pohnpei State Code - Soil and Water Conservation Act of 1992"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b317997ff89731bad300b349c59a7507/mic79335..pdf","prettySize":"79.9 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Child Law","Subtitle":"Issued by the Royal Decree No. 22/2014","Authoring_country":"OMN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["OMN"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines the rights of children and the obligation shared by the parents and the government to ensure their wellbeing. It contains a section on health, in which mandatory vaccination is codified. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-05-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-05-19","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Child Law"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f3fd87135d4d1437d38beb1a2ba1a168/OMN_Child Law..pdf","prettySize":"809 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Child and Adolescent Statute, 1990","Subtitle":"Law No. 8,069, OF JULY 13, 1990","Authoring_country":"BRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRA"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines the rights of children and adolescents in Brazil. It specifically states the penalties that will be associated with various transgressions by adults against children in the country. Childhood vaccination is included in this statute. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1990-07-13","Date_entered_into_force":"1990-07-13","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b4054c8838b9bf915feb2da25f4f9652/BRA_Child and Adolescent Statute_1990..pdf","prettySize":"2.1 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Circular No. 01/2007/TT-BKHCN","Subtitle":"Guiding the Implementation of the Government's Decree No. 103/2006/ND-CP of September 22, 2006, Detailing and Guiding the Implementation of a Number of Articles of the Law on Intellectual Property Regarding Industrial Property","Authoring_country":"VNM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VNM"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"Regulations implementing Intellectual Property Legislation. Outlines a duty to declare when an invention is derived from a gene source of traditional knowledge.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-02-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-05-09","Languages":["English","Vietnamese"],"Original_language_titles":["Circular No. 01/2007/TT-BKHCN","Thông tư số 01/2007/TT-BKHCN"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e9beed5f9dfc4f0f0f6c03a69a1a9d94/VNM_en..pdf","prettySize":"298 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/382852170fb2bcda57f44572fb483709/VNM_Viet..pdf","prettySize":"758 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Civil Code of the Russian Federation","Subtitle":"(Parts One to Four)","Authoring_country":"RUS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["RUS"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2011-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-01-01","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Гражданский кодекс Российской Федерации (Части первая, вторая, третья и четвертая)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c577928f0ae304196434ec438a60ec31/Russia..pdf","prettySize":"6.24 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Code of Public Health and Social Action for the Well-Being of the Population","Subtitle":"Law n°95-013 of June 24, 1995","Authoring_country":"COM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the legal framework for public health measures. The law contains regulations pertaining to water protection and including penalties for activities that contribute to water pollution. Additionally this law contains provisions about communicable disease control and powers during an epidemic.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1994-06-24","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-06-24","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Code de la Santé Publique et de l’Action Sociale pour le Bien Être de la Population"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/355e1e1610bc89ecba58853827bf0142/COM_Public Health Code_1995..pdf","prettySize":"110 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1866","Subtitle":"laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Regulation (EU) No 511/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the register of collections, monitoring user compliance and best practices","Authoring_country":null,"Authoring_regional_organization":"European Union","All_applicable_countries":["AUT","BEL","BGR","HRV","CYP","CZE","DNK","EST","FIN","FRA","DEU","GRC","HUN","IRL","ITA","LVA","LTU","LUX","MLT","NLD","POL","PRT","ROU","SVK","ESP","SWE"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Regulation outlining detailed rules on the implementation of the EU ABS legislation, with regards to registering and monitoring of compliance.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-11-09","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1866"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0924199edcb0b4dba6888cc16d1e9e92/CELEX_32015R1866_EN_TXT..pdf","prettySize":"594 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Communicable Disease Control Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TWN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TWN"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the legal measures that may be taken by the government of Taiwan in the case of an infectious disease outbreak. Article 2 defines \"competent authorities,\" while Article 5 summarizes the disease control powers of the central and county governments. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1944-12-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-06-28","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Communicable Disease Control Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/12d4577e68b1c66763effc794b859751/TWN_Communicable Disease Control Act..pdf","prettySize":"279 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Communicable Diseases Act","Subtitle":"(1227/2016)","Authoring_country":"FIN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["FIN"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the rights and obligations for citizens of Finland to mitigate the threat of infectious diseases. Notably, emergency vaccinations can be mandated by governmental decree in the face of a disease epidemic and can be enforceable through a fine and jail time of up to 3 months. Provisions for quarantine and isolation are also included in this act. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-12-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Communicable Diseases Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/da8d7d4d141458a58e6ff64f9362cc07/FIN_Communicable Diseases_2016..pdf","prettySize":"327 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Communicable Diseases Act B.E. 2558 (2015)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"THA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["THA"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act repeals the Communicable Diseases Act B.E. 2523 (1980) and includes provisions for emergency vaccination, quarantine, isolation, and other measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases in Thailand. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-09-08","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-03-06","Languages":["English","Thai"],"Original_language_titles":["Communicable Diseases Act B.E. 2558","พระราชบัญญัติโรคติดต่อ พ.ศ. ๒๕๕๘"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/05c4214eb9d8ce2125981dcd18fc98b7/THA_Communicable Diseases Act..pdf","prettySize":"656 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3dc003e2e463a7d6b65934da94e3fdd1/THA_Communicable Diseases Act (Thai)..PDF","prettySize":"154 kB","ext":".PDF"}]},{"Name":"Community Water and Sanitation Agency Act, 1998","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GHA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GHA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act establishes the Community Water and Sanitation Agency, which is responsible for managing the delivery of safe water and sanitation services to communities and promoting collaboration with the private sector and related governmental entities.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-12-30","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-12-30","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Community Water and Sanitation Agency Act, 1998"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/27e9df1c23b81da11f06287754339b07/gha168847..pdf","prettySize":"89.1 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Subtitle":"Submitted pursuant to paragraphs 9 and 10 of decision 14/20","Authoring_country":["ARG","AUS","BLR","BRA","CAN","COL","CRI","ETH",null,"IND","IRN","JPN","MDG","MEX","KOR","ZAF","CHE","USA"],"Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AUT","BEL","BGR","HRV","CYP","CZE","DNK","EST","FIN","FRA","DEU","GRC","HUN","IRL","ITA","LVA","LTU","LUX","MLT","NLD","POL","PRT","ROU","SVK","ESP","SWE","ARG","AUS","BLR","BRA","CAN","COL","CRI","ETH","IND","IRN","JPN","MDG","MEX","KOR","ZAF","CHE","USA","SVN"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence information (DSI)"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"An Ad hoc technical expert group convened on digital sequence information in order to compile a selection of views from member states across the world. While this document is not legally binding, it does provide context to how various countries view the issue of Digital Sequence Information\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-02-04","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Compilation of Views and Information on Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7f809086dcc923d9c293e6a79e8bef39/dsi-ahteg-2020-01-inf-01-en..pdf","prettySize":"3.28 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Compulsory Vaccination Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DMA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DMA"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines the requirements for compulsory Smallpox vaccination in Dominica. Within three months of birth, all children within a district ordered to undergo Smallpox vaccination must do so or be fined 50 Eastern Caribbean Dollars per calendar month. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Compulsory Vaccination Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9be2ecfac02b8a938d5b3724a0832bf6/DMA_Compulsory Vaccination Act_1991..pdf","prettySize":"355 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Conservation of Water Resources and Rivers Law (The State Peace and Development Council Law No. 8/2006)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MMR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law aims to conserve and protect water resources, and establishes the authorities entitled to manage and control all water activities.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-10-02","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-10-02","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Conservation of Water Resources and Rivers Law (The State Peace and Development Council Law No. 8/2006)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/db1d1a71d43fdc1a813ab7c5139ff065/mya139027..pdf","prettySize":"25.4 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Consolidate Patents Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DNK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DNK"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1967-12-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1968-01-01","Languages":["English","Danish"],"Original_language_titles":["Consolidate Patents Act","Bekendtgørelse af patentloven (LBK nr 90 af 29/01/2019)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7b1129dc1e7f8ae7b4ca04b10df35c3a/Denmark..pdf","prettySize":"254 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3aff45f062fda13a513e4a7675b6c512/Denmark_Dan..pdf","prettySize":"287 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Consolidated Environmental Protection Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DNK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DNK"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act prevents the pollution of air, water, soil and subsoil, combats noise pollution, reduces the use of raw material waste, promotes the use of cleaner technology, and promotes the recycling of waste.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-09-22","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-09-22","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["KONSOLIDERET MILJØBESKYTTELSESLOV"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/be92eaf5f553ba449c9ae11b120b333a/DNK_Environmental Protection Act..pdf","prettySize":"249 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Constitution of the Independent State of Samoa","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"WSM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["WSM"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Emergency vaccination authority"],"Document_type":"Constitution","Description":"This Constitution outlines the principles for governing the country of Samoa. Section 106 allows the Prime Minister to issue Executive Orders in times of crisis, which may be used to institute mandatory emergency vaccinations. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1962-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1962-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Constitution of the Independent State of Samoa"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2767c37a65743e067cc9d3daf1eb7031/sam132838..pdf","prettySize":"805 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Control and Diseases of Animals Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MWI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MWI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases of animals in Malawi, such as quarantine. It establishes the Minister of Agriculture as the competent veterinary authority.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Control and Diseases of Animals Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1e200d49090920eec2ecfebea7ab2220/Malawi_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"229 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Control of Goods (Animal Feed Additives and Growth Promoters) Regulations (Chapter 43:08)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BWA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BWA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These Regulations ban the use of antibiotic growth promoters and medicated feed in animals in Botswana.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Control of Goods (Animal Feed Additives and Growth Promoters) Regulations (Chapter 43:08)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5aba213a68d8452cbd3e6c2b4309f31d/Botswana_AGP..pdf","prettySize":"84.9 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (Ratification) Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VUT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VUT"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Compliance"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act ratifies the accession of Vanuatu to the Convention on Biological Diversity, and established core rules relating to access and benefit-sharing\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-03-03","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-03-03","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Convention on Biological Diversity (Ratification) Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/30f521b7b3fe4ad18fd6124410d88998/vu022en..pdf","prettySize":"88.1 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste water treatment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":null,"Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEL","BGR","CZE","DNK","DEU","EST","IRL","GRC","ESP","FRA","HRV","ITA","CYP","LVA","LTU","LUX","HUN","MLT","NLD","AUT","POL","PRT","ROU","SVN","SVK","FIN","SWE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law aims to manage the treatment, transport and discharge of wastewater, demarcating sensitive and less sensitive discharge areas and outlining requirements for treatment plants, wastewater collection facilities, and the monitoring of wastewater.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-05-21","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-05-29","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste water treatment"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/23322dcd858585b9f6d59b2c90ca6dd4/eur13224..pdf","prettySize":"156 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Council Directive of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":null,"Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEL","BGR","CZE","DNK","DEU","EST","IRL","GRC","ESP","FRA","HRV","ITA","CYP","LVA","LTU","LUX","HUN","MLT","NLD","AUT","POL","PRT","ROU","SVN","SVK","FIN","SWE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines a standardized framework of procedures for the management and disposal of hazardous wastes, which specifically include pharmaceutical and medical wastes. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-11-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-11-22","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/68c9b8b0d046460389dcfb1be614b374/CELEX_32008L0098_EN_TXT..pdf","prettySize":"149 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Council of Ministers Ethiopian Water Resources Management Regulations","Subtitle":"Regulation no. 115/2005","Authoring_country":"ETH","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ETH"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality 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It outlines the procedures for water use permits, obligations for water users to prevent pollution, and standards for quality.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-03-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-03-29","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Council of Ministers Ethiopian Water Resources Management Regulations"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/34a9ca8e5f44fa0e1e9d4aef2181da84/ETH_Water Resources Management..pdf","prettySize":"1.21 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"DENR Administrative Order No. 2021-19 Updated Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) and General Effluent Standards (GES) for Selected Parameters","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PHL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation revises water quality and effluent standards, accounting for water bodies and their environmental impact.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-06-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-07-14","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["DENR Administrative Order No. 2021-19 Updated Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) and General Effluent Standards (GES) for Selected Parameters"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ce07a93bb613982b17fd15f6a8a777b8/phi214300..pdf","prettySize":"1.59 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"DGSG Resolution No. 193A/015 - Establishes requirements and conditions for the registration of veterinary drugs that contain antibiotics or antimicrobials","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"URY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["URY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Resolution regulates antimicrobials and antibiotics for veterinary use in Uruguay. In particular, it states that the sale of antibiotics or antimicrobials will require a prescription issued by a veterinarian.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución DGSG Nº 193A/015 - Establece requisitos y condiciones para el registro de medicamentos veterinarios que contengan antibióticos o antimicrobianos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9b99feedf83f2fa10f39d21836cc801a/Uruguay_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"760 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decision 391 ","Subtitle":"Common Regime on Access to Genetic Resources","Authoring_country":"N/A","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BOL","COL","ECU","PER"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This document describes a decision agreed upon by the constituent countries of the Andean Community. This describes a commitment to respect national sovereignty on genetic resources and associated knowledge, as well as the requirement from each country to designate competent national authorities and institute access permits.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-07-17","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-07-17","Languages":["English","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decision 391 Common Regime on Access to Genetic Resources","Decisión 391 Régimen Común sobre Acceso a los Recursos Genéticos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a8af98998540e7a6d5275661ceb49058/SICE - Andean Community - Decision 391..pdf","prettySize":"383 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/435ce867aba3ffcceeb59a369cbc1faa/SICE - Comunidad Andina - Decisión 391..pdf","prettySize":"392 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decision 486","Subtitle":"Establishing the Common Industrial Property Regime","Authoring_country":"N/A","Authoring_regional_organization":"Andean Community","All_applicable_countries":["BOL","COL","ECU","PER"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Access to resources","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Decision by the Andean Community on Trade and Intellectual Property. Outlines a duty to submit an access permit when seeking to patent an invention derived from genetic material acquired in its constituent countries.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-09-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-12-01","Languages":["English","Spanish","French"],"Original_language_titles":["Decision 486: Establishing the Common Industrial Property Regime","Decisión N° 486 que establece el Régimen Común sobre Propiedad Industrial","Décision 486: portant régime commun concernant la propriété industrielle"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/979d68c13f905eb5e6307446ffe2bd0e/can012en..pdf","prettySize":"822 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2bdc7642056156e6602294566ad1012b/can012es..pdf","prettySize":"255 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b79ad9aeddb35ffd904449403f8dab05/can012fr..pdf","prettySize":"809 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decision No. 00150/MINEPDED of 25 Nov 2020","Subtitle":"to lay down the terms ans conditions governing Access to Genetic Resources, their Derivatives, Associated Traditional Knowledge and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits arising from their utilization","Authoring_country":"CMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CMR"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Scope of legislation","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Decision by the Ministry of Environment lays down the terms and conditions for the implementation of access and benefit-sharing regulations in Cameroon\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-11-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-11-25","Languages":["English","French"],"Original_language_titles":["Decision n°00150/MINEPDED of 25 Nov 2020","Décision n°00150/MINEPDED du 25 Nov 2020"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0705afc7706f6761863681e276b4e050/Decision ABS - CMR..pdf","prettySize":"2.01 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f8be65b7822ecc336c6e2305b6972092/Décision APA - CMR..pdf","prettySize":"2.26 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decision No. 0545/MOAF on antimicrobials for animals and aquatic animals","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LAO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LAO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation sets out the framework for the proper use of antimicrobials with the aim to reduce the evolutionary pressures that contribute to AMR. The regulation sets the acceptable antimicrobials used in terrestrial and aquatic animals, as well as the maximum daily intake of these veterinary drugs. The document also regulates animal feed and includes provisions on inspections. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-05-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-05-12","Languages":["Lao"],"Original_language_titles":["ຂໍຕົກລົງ ວ່າດ້ວຍ ຢາຕ້້ານເຊືອຈຸລະຊີບ ສໍາລັບ ສັດ ແລະ ສັດນໍ້າ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f9fedee8d6d4085ca3538f5d5a8dba3d/LAO210597..pdf","prettySize":"1.2 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decision No. 0545/MOAF on antimicrobials for animals and aquatic animals","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LAO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LAO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decision regulates the use of antimicrobials and medicated feed in animals in Lao PDR, while seeking to reduce antimicrobial resistance nationally.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Lao"],"Original_language_titles":["ການຕັດສິນໃຈສະບັບເລກທີ. 0545/MOAF ກ່ຽວກັບຢາຕ້ານເຊື້ອຈຸລິນຊີສໍາລັບສັດແລະສັດນ້ໍາ."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f9fedee8d6d4085ca3538f5d5a8dba3d/Lao_AGPFeed..pdf","prettySize":"1.2 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decision No. 1687/MONRE on the Pollution Control","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LAO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LAO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decision defines measures for controlling, monitoring, and inspecting pollutions. It identifies pollution risks and establishes measures to control and prevent them.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-04-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-04-07","Languages":["Lao"],"Original_language_titles":["Decision no. 1687/MONRE on the Pollution Control"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6ff5973d356855c40279476b6eabc06e/LAO210602..pdf","prettySize":"6.28 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decision No. 2625/QD-BNN-TY ","Subtitle":"Promulgating the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Use Management and Antimicrobial Resistance Prevention in Animal Husbandry and Aquaculture in the 2017-2020 Period","Authoring_country":"VNM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VNM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This policy creates the framework for addressing antimicrobial resistance in animal husbandry practices, and outlines activities to be implemented from 2017-2020, which include restricting the use of prophylactic antimicrobials to promote animal growth and health in aquaculture. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-06-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-06-21","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Decision No. 2625/QD-BNN-TY promulgating the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Use Management and Antimicrobial Resistance Prevention in Animal Husbandry and Aquaculture in the 2017-2020 Period"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/82eff5214ee955992d6945b3c0b90afb/vie211159..pdf","prettySize":"527 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decision No. 486 of the Andean Community Commission Establishing the Common Regime on Industrial Property","Subtitle":"(Cartagena Agreement)","Authoring_country":"N/A","Authoring_regional_organization":"Andean Community","All_applicable_countries":["BOL","COL","ECU","PER"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Decision 486 establishes the new legal framework for intellectual property applicable to all 4 Member States of the Andean Community.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-09-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-09-14","Languages":["English","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decision No. 486 of the Andean Community Commission Establishing the Common Regime on Industrial Property ","Decisión N° 486 que establece el Régimen Común sobre Propiedad Industrial"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/979d68c13f905eb5e6307446ffe2bd0e/AndeanCommunity_Industrial Property_2000_English..pdf","prettySize":"822 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2bdc7642056156e6602294566ad1012b/AndeanCommunity_Industrial Property_2000_Spanish..pdf","prettySize":"255 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decision of the Minister of Public Health dated October 28, 2005 fixing the list of compulsory 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630, laying down general conditions for companies and professions subject to a license","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SUR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SUR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes rules for businesses and facilities regarding hygienic conditions for manufacturing and sale, waste disposal, the management of wastewater and chemicals, and inspections.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-03-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-03-20","Languages":["Dutch"],"Original_language_titles":["BESCHIKKING van de Minister van Handel, Industrie en Toerisme van 20 maart 2019 no. 630, houdende vaststelling van algemene voorwaarden voor vergunningsplichtige Bedrijven en Beroepen"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b5812e9f778d4112bc778a0863b44700/sur201854..pdf","prettySize":"488 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Declaration of Mandatory Vaccinations to be Administered to the Population","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"URY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["URY"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document lists the required vaccinations for children in Uruguay. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1982-05-11","Date_entered_into_force":"1982-05-11","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Se Declara Obligatoria la Administración a la Población de Determinadas Vacunas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f39006ad7ded8a23869d323f593e6e79/URY_Vacunas_1982..pdf","prettySize":"13.9 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree 013-2013","Subtitle":"National Strategy on Intellectual 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It is a compilation of all legislation relevant to the environment.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-12-28","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto 1076/2015"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bf37fb944805bb6418027f5ae7793b83/colDecreto-1076-de-2015..pdf","prettySize":"7.02 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree 1375 of 2013","Subtitle":"by which biological collections are regulated","Authoring_country":"COL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COL"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence information (DSI)","Access to resources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Outlines the regulations associated with accessing genetic information from biological collections within Colombia for non-commercial scientific purposes.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-06-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-06-27","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto 1375 por el cual se reglamentan las colleciones biologicas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6b6fb5165d3bbda512356ca8ee55391a/Colombia_Decreto1375BiologicalCollections_2013..pdf","prettySize":"622 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree 1376 of 2013","Subtitle":"which regulates the permit to collect specimens of wild species of biological diversity for the purposes of non-commercial scientific research","Authoring_country":"COL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COL"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Digital sequence information (DSI)","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Compliance","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Outlines the regulations associated with accessing genetic information from wild sources within Colombia for non-commercial scientific purposes.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-06-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-06-27","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto 1376 de 2013"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dcbb39cb528092c85bf7a5d222f58aa7/Colombia_Decree1376PermissionWildSpecimens_2013..pdf","prettySize":"934 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree 148 Approves Sanitary Regulation on Hazardous Waste Management","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These regulations set the standards for generating, managing, recycling, and disposing hazardous waste, which the Health Authority is responsible for enforcing. The regulations also classify hazardous substances based on their characteristics and toxicity.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-06-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-06-12","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto 148 Aprueba Reglamento Sanitario Sobre Manejo de Residuos Peligrosos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/09dbd65e11c0153acbe68d672b5dac33/DTO-148_16-JUN-2004..pdf","prettySize":"215 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree 2287 of 2003","Subtitle":"which regulates the use of the Children's Health Card as a requirement for entry to educational and welfare establishments.","Authoring_country":"COL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COL"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This decree requires that pupils receive all mandatory immunizations before being admitted to a public school. Students will not be turned away from education for incomplete vaccination paperwork, but they will be referred to the local health authority to complete vaccinations. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-08-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-08-12","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto 2287 de 2003"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c196809b25ee90209b751093d83850cd/COL_Decreto 2287 de 2003..pdf","prettySize":"62.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree 3570 of 2011","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COL"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Benefit-sharing"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Defines the authority for the equitable and fair distribution of benefits derived from genetic resources and knwoledge thereof.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-09-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-09-27","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto 3570 de 2011"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/941d7d0fcc5d3da004c2708ba7ad526d/decreto-3570-de-2011..pdf","prettySize":"2.46 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree 542/007","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"URY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["URY"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document legally requires that the Child Health Card, which contains information an individual's vaccination status be presented in order for a child to be registered for a public or private school. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-12-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-01-14","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto 542/007"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4f5b451ef4f5d42293be867f7875981a/007..pdf","prettySize":"310 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree 98-2007","Subtitle":"Law on Forest, Protected Lands and Wildlife","Authoring_country":"HND","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HND"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law makes references to the need to seek authorization before illegally accessing, exporting, or marketing the biodiversity found in forests, protected areas, and wildlife found within.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-02-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-03-18","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["DECRETO 98-2007 - LEY FORESTAL, ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS Y VIDA SILVESTRE"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/694e84aa6aeefc8caea6862fb2d5ef94/Ley forestal areas protegidas y vida silvestre..pdf","prettySize":"555 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree Law No. 137 - Veterinary Medicine Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CUB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CUB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Ministry of Agriculture as the competent veterinary authority in Cuba, and regulates all aspects of veterinary medicine in Cuba. It contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Ley Nº 137 - Ley de la medicina veterinaria"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3efe7bfd20db8a6321689bf9ca09f3d7/Cuba_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"42.1 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree Law No. 32 of 1987 regarding the practice of the veterinary profession and allied professions in Kuwait (32/1987)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KWT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KWT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Public Authority for Agricultural Affairs and Fish Resources as the competent veterinary authority in Kuwait, and regulates the veterinary profession. It establishes the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["مرسوم بالقانون رقم 32 لسنة 1987 بشأن مزاولة مهنة الطب البيطري والمهن المعاونة لها بالكويت ( 32 / 1987 )"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e7c8feec25da4d733d198bac4bda137e/Kuwait_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"149 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree Law No. 54 - Law of basic sanitary provisions","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CUB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CUB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Medical waste disposal","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law sets the minimum safety standards for drinking water, delegates the responsibilities for ensuring water resource protection to various ministries and prohibits dumping of raw wastewater into water sources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1982-04-23","Date_entered_into_force":"1982-04-23","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Ley Nº 54 - Ley de disposiciones sanitarias básicas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ea034b850ab2365cedc4e81ad8a1a669/cub178065..pdf","prettySize":"120 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree Law No. 6.129/08 - Comprehensive Agricultural Health Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VEN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the competent veterinary authority in Venezuela, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Ley Nº 6.129/08 - Ley de Salud Agrícola Integral"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ceee41b2c5ab506ff1cc11e3e8ffc2fe/Venezuela_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"1.13 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree Law No. 639 on the establishment and functions of the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TUR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TUR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock as the competent veterinary authority in Türkiye.\t\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Turkish"],"Original_language_titles":["Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık 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d'assainissement"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/71138e5ababbe6b77a57038dc88e8046/gab86020..pdf","prettySize":"319 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 0076/PR of June 11, 2019 creating and organizing a High Commissioner for the Environment and Quality of Life at the Presidency of the Republic","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GAB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GAB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation creates the High Commissioner for Environment and Quality of Life, which is responsible for aiding the president in overseeing environmental protection, monitoring, pollution prevention, authorizing environmental impact assessments, supervising waste management and treatment, organizing sanitation activities, and managing funds related to the environment.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-06-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-06-11","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret n° 0076/PR du 11 juin 2019 portant création et organisation d’un Haut-Commissariat à l’Environnement et au Cadre de Vie à la Présidence de la République"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2220d8e0943bb74e1f03b8ad85bfd831/Gab189550..pdf","prettySize":"51.4 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 0578/PRIMAEAMOPG of 26 November 2015 setting the health and hygiene conditions applicable to establishments in the food sector and the animal feed sector","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GAB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GAB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree regulates the use of animal feed in Gabon, including medicated feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret n °0578/PRIMAEAMOPG du 26 novembre 2015 fixant les conditions sanitaires et d'hygiène applicables aux établissements du secteur alimentaire et du secteur de l’alimentation animale"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8db768c37974e6f1e8fa85c02c78bfbd/Gabon_Feed..pdf","prettySize":"1.52 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 07-135/P-RM of 16 April 2007 - Fixing the list of hazardous wastes","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MLI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MLI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree establishes the list of veterinary drug waste in Mali. The pharmaceutical waste listed in this document only pertains to drugs used for animal health. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-04-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-04-16","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret n° 07- 135/p-rm fixant la liste des déchets dangereux"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3fe8d4debc92cef761b3b6909193565f/MLI_Hazardous Wastes..pdf","prettySize":"163 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 1 - Regulation for the control of aquatic pollution","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation prohibits a variety of aquatic pollution, but contains explicit prohibitions on pollution due to dumping of waste and other materials. The regulation also establishes a framework for pollution surveillance in Chilean water sources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1992-01-06","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-01-06","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 1 - Reglamento para el control de la contaminación acuática"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3b13dcc4352297c1c7d7e2adcda34aef/chi7510..pdf","prettySize":"126 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 1039 adopting the Standardizations No. 161/1999 the potable water and No. 162/1999 concerning the bottled potable water as the Lebanese Standardizations","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LBN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LBN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree establishes quality standards for drinking water and accredits certain laboratories qualified for the control, analysis, and testing of the water.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-08-02","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-08-12","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["مرسوم رقم 1039 باعتماد المواصفة رقم 161/1999 الخاصة بمياه الشرب والمواصفة رقم 162/1999 الخاصة بمياه الشرب المعبأة كمواصفتين قياسيتين لبنانيتين"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/61d9659cbc1c599336f0b3627131723b/leb17709..pdf","prettySize":"861 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 104-93 - General Environmental Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HND","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HND"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law broadly outlines environmental protections against air, water and soil pollution. In particular, the law regulates pollutant disposal into water sources, and contains provisions to ensure the monitoring of potentially harmful establishments and activities through environmental assessments. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-06-08","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-06-08","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 104-93 - Ley General del Medio Ambiente"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0b0287f211a81e1c764e4cf748f03f5f/hon4880..pdf","prettySize":"157 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 11/2020 establishing the List of Contagious Diseases for Domestic, Wild and Aquatic Animals","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CPV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CPV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree establishes the Veterinary Administration of Cabo Verde, and lists the contagious diseases for domestic, wild and aquatic animals, and provides measures for their prevention and control.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":"2020-09-26","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto-Regulamentar n. 11/2020 - Lista de Doenças Contagiosas de Animais Domésticos, Selvagens e Aquáticos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/edc841b82b5170b82095a9f90e498e4d/CaboVerde_Contagious..pdf","prettySize":"267 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 125 of the Ministry of Public Health","Subtitle":"Validating sanitary and epidemiological requirements for protection of underground facilities used for potable water supply against pollution","Authoring_country":"BLR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BLR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation outlines rules for the protection of the potable water supply against pollution from economic activities in Belarus. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-12-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-12-31","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Постановление Министерства здравоохранения Республики Беларусь от 16.12.2015 N 125 \"Об утверждении Санитарных норм и правил \"Санитарно-эпидемиологические требования к охране подземных водных объектов, используемых в питьевом водоснабжении, от загрязнения."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/edf36a2b4c6ada1c28f572e97d9f18af/blr159384..pdf","prettySize":"136 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 128 of 2009 (X. 6.) FVM of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development concerning veterinary medicinal products","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HUN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HUN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree establishes the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development as the competent veterinary authority in Hungary.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Hungarian"],"Original_language_titles":["128/2009. (X. 6.) FVM rendelet az állatgyógyászati termékekről"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/50d7c885a5d20d86651c92dadc235aea/Hungary_VMP2..pdf","prettySize":"1.12 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 149 of the Ministry of Public Health","Subtitle":"Validating sanitary requirements for application, transportation and storage of pesticides (plant protection means), agrochemicals and fertilizers, and MRL in environment, alimentary raw materials and foodstuffs","Authoring_country":"BLR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BLR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This law establishes requirements for the application, transportation and storage of pesticides, agrochemicals and fertilizers. It establishes the maximum residue levels for such products in the environment, including in water sources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-09-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-10-12","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ МИНИСТЕРСТВА ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ 27 сентября 2012 г. № 149 Об утверждении Санитарных норм и правил «Требования к применению, условиям перевозки и хранения пестицидов (средств защиты растений), агрохимикатов и минеральных удобрений», Гигиенического норматива «Гигиенические нормативы содержания действующих веществ пестицидов (средств защиты растений) в объектах окружающей среды, продовольственном сырье, пищевых продуктах» и признании утратившими силу некоторых постановлений Главного государственного санитарного врача Республики Беларусь и их отдельных структурных элементов."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f7472f2d0dd0174a4c20c58d9c7617c5/blr163464..pdf","prettySize":"1.08 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 157/94 - Phytozoosanitary Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HND","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HND"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates animal and plant health in Honduras, including measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases of animals. It establishes the National Health Service of Agriculture, SENASA, as the competent veterinary authority in Honduras.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 157/94 - Ley Fitozoosanitaria."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c0c9d99105157900000bcdc75451fea8/Honduras_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"217 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 16.899/MAG - Regulations for the control of the preparation and sale of animal feed","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CRI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CRI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Regulation controls the preparation and sale of animal feed in Costa Rica, including medicated feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1985-12-15","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 16.899/MAG - Reglamento para el control de la elaboración y expendio de alimentos para animales"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5ff49579581463aded3601209bf9a288/CostaRica_Feed..pdf","prettySize":"168 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 176 - Activities related to situations of high public risk due to their implications for health or the environment and the types of establishments that due to their activity are of sanitary interest","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PAN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PAN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree establishes standards for activities that risk human and environmental health, including all establishments involved in sanitation and wastewater treatment facilities. The regulation also defines which activities are classified as high-risk for human and environmental health.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-05-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-05-27","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 176 - Actividades relacionadas con situaciones de alto riesgo público por sus implicaciones a la salud o al medio ambiente y los tipos de establecimientos que por su actividad son de interés sanitario"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3f34d68bc1964d155582f594fca99026/pan190174..pdf","prettySize":"2.04 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 18/2004 approving the Regulation on Environmental Quality and Effluents’ Emissions","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MOZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MOZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree approves the Regulation on Environmental Quality and Effluents' Emissions to control pollution concentration levels and define quality standards/classifications for both water and air.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-06-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-06-18","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto n. 18/2004"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c09022fe6c7c032a9a59a6723f373f47/moz65555..pdf","prettySize":"1.02 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 183 - Regulation for the prescription and sale of veterinary medicines","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PAN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PAN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medicines in Panama, including antimicrobials for veterinary use.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 183 - Reglamento para la prescripción y venta de medicamentos veterinarios"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fd18ce96647556c823b908dab850e059/Panama_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"252 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 187 of 1984 establishing the General Organization for Veterinary Services","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"EGY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["EGY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree establishes the General Organization for Veterinary Services, which is the veterinary authority in Egypt.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["مرسوم رقم 187 لسنة 1984م بانشاء الهيئة العامة للخدمات البيطرية"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4ba96151969a3412510e804ba68d36b9/Egypt_VetOrder..pdf","prettySize":"611 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 19/2007 approving the Regulation on Access to and Sharing of Benefits from Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge.","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MOZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MOZ"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Digital sequence information (DSI)","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This decree outlines the rules on access and benefit-sharing within Mozambique as of 2007. It covers definitions of scope (art 1), consent (art 12), benefit-sharing (Chap VI), contracts (art 23-24), and legal sanctions (Chap VII), among other mechanisms.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-08-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-02-05","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto n. 19/2007 - Aprova o Regulamento sobre Acesso e Partilha de Benefícios Provenientes de Recursos Genéticos e Conhecimento Tradicional Associado"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6541dffd21bc039a81c14cfd4076c5f8/MOZ_ABS..pdf","prettySize":"830 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 199/GOL on Veterinary Medicines","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LAO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LAO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medical waste disposal","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree regulates the import, export, registration, production and sale of veterinary medicinal products in Lao PDR.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Lao"],"Original_language_titles":["ດຳລັດ ເລກທີ. 199/GOL ກ່ຽວກັບຢາສັດຕະວະແພດ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cce1ec8d2b025343b064c14c0b36de2c/LaoPDR_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"9.69 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2-07-1332 of 5 Rabii II 1431 (March 22, 2010) making the code of professional duties of veterinarians applicable","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MAR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MAR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"The Decree stipulates the conditions for the prescription of veterinary medicinal products, including that they must be prescribed by a qualified veterinarian.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret n° 2-07-1332 du 5 rabii II 1431 (22 mars 2010) rendant applicable le code des devoirs professionnels des vétérinaires"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9fda6073531bd4647b52b7512bba34e0/Morocco_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"432 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2-09-683","Subtitle":"Laying down the procedures for drawing up the regional master plan for the management of non-hazardous industrial, medical and pharmaceutical waste, final, agricultural and inert waste, and the procedure for organizing the related public inquiry to this plan","Authoring_country":"MAR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MAR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree sets the methods for creating a plan for the management of non-hazardous industrial, medical and pharmaceutical waste, final, agricultural and inert waste, and the procedure for organizing the public inquiry relating to this plan.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-07-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-07-06","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret n° 2-09-683"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5485676681855bcd5f9f78dbbb0ec846/Morocco_Decree No. 2-09-683..pdf","prettySize":"123 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2001-185/PRES/PM/MEE setting standards for pollutant discharges into the air, water and soil","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BFA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BFA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation sets water quality standards for various categorizations of water in Burkina Faso. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-04-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-04-19","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret nº 2001-185/PRES/PM/MEE portant fixation des normes de rejets de polluants dans l'air, l'eau et le sol"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a946f681298f53207e4e2473f197e26f/BFA_Pollutants..pdf","prettySize":"681 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2001-282 implementing the Environmental Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SEN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree regulates the protection of the environment, including the administrative procedure for environmental assessment and water, air, and noise pollution.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-04-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-04-12","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret nº 2001-282 portant application du Code de l'environnement."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c0b28e9c50ad00558b445d313dcb5d15/sen37192..pdf","prettySize":"178 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2001/165/PM specifying the procedures for protecting surface water and groundwater against pollution","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CMR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation focuses on the protection of surface water and groundwater from pollution by specifying procedures. It also requires that the Minister approve any system that collects or treats waste water.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-05-08","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-05-08","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret nº 2001/165/PM précisant les modalités de protection des eaux de surface et des eaux souterraines contre la pollution"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/eb2f27977c1952b3ab217f0baf989f95/cmr26658..pdf","prettySize":"140 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2002-1094 of November 4, 2002 repealing and replacing Decree 62-0258 of July 5, 1962 relating to animal health policy","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SEN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree establishes the competent veterinary authority in Senegal, provides a list of contagious diseases in animals subject to compulsory notification, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret n° 2002-1094 du 4 novembre 2002 abrogeant et remplaçant le décret 62-0258 du 5 juillet 1962 relatif à la Police sanitaire des animaux"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/09a3bb6868e213e5687be2de627ea050/Senegal_AnimalPolice..pdf","prettySize":"250 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2002-484 of 15-11-2002 on the rational management of biomedical waste in the Republic of Benin","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation categorizes biomedical wastes and sets the procedures for managing, transporting, and treating biomedical waste. It also states that institutions are prohibited from generating biomedical waste without authorization.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-11-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-11-15","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret n°2002-484 du 15-11-2002 portant gestion rationnelle des déchets biomédicaux en République du Bénin"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1112a6d9d0ce81172f044284df0f8803/ben205488..pdf","prettySize":"3.88 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2003-646 classifying surface water and regulating liquid effluent discharges","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MDG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MDG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation categorizes surface water and sets the standards for releasing liquid effluents. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-04-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-04-14","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret n° 2003-646 portant classification des eaux de surface et réglementation des rejets d'effluents liquides"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9d8ad82b996418e151585c77bd6c7cf7/mad92369..pdf","prettySize":"46.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2003-939 on the organization, powers, operation and financing of the regulatory body for the public water and sanitation service (SOREA)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MDG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MDG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree pertains to the structure, responsibilities, functioning, and funding of the regulatory body of the Public Water and Sanitation Service (SOREA).\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-09-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-09","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret n° 2003-939 portant organisation, attributions, fonctionnement et financement de l'organisme régulateur du Service public de l'eau et de l'assainissement (SOREA)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3feaee5f996dda2b2ad4ae5ecb22f469/mad92368..pdf","prettySize":"57.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2005-637 of October 13, 2005","Subtitle":"On the zoosanitary regulation of animal diseases subject to mandatory notification in the Republic of Benin","Authoring_country":"BEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree establishes the competent veterinary authority in Benin, and provides a mandate to control animal movement and enforce quarantine in order to prevent and control animal disease.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Decret No 2005-637 du 13 October 2005 portant règlement zoosanitaire des maladies animales a déclaration obligatoire en République du Bénin"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/199eeb88f9454bf368c7bb2da3633e62/Benin_AnimalDisease..pdf","prettySize":"7.47 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2005/0577/PM of February 23, 2005 on the procedures for carrying out environmental impact studies","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CMR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes how environmental impact assessments should be performed and issued.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-02-23","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-02-23","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret N°2005/0577/PM du 23 février 2005 sur les modalités de réalisation des études d'impact environnemental"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/67e9faa879447405fe63d5a19b9f23e7/cmr151421..pdf","prettySize":"91.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 2009-2200 of July 14, 2009, fixing the nomenclature of regulated animal diseases and enacting the general measures applicable to these diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TUN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TUN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Decree establishes the General Directorate of Veterinary Services under the Ministry of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources as the competent veterinary authority in Tunisia. 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Creates the Governing Office for the Reform and Modernization of the Potable Water and Sanitation Sector","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DOM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DOM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation states that the Governing Office for Reform and Modernization of the Drinking Water and Sanitation Sector is responsible for the management of sewerage systems.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-06-02","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-06-15","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 203/98 - Crea la Oficina Rectora de la Reforma y Modernización del Sector Agua Potable y Saneamiento"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/35a2f0629c1bb51871c7e989ca475f3f/dom17217..pdf","prettySize":"330 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 22 of 1996 of the Ministry of Agriculture on veterinary products","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HUN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HUN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree regulates the manufacture, supply and use of veterinary medicinal products in Hungary.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Hungarian"],"Original_language_titles":["21/1996. (VII. 9.) FM rendelet a marhalevél kiváltásáról és kezeléséről"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ab0c42d87e61e78c15afb62ab1819901/Hungary_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"177 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 22/05 - Creates the Veterinary and Zootechnician Medical Stamp","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GTM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GTM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree regulates the practice of veterinary medicine in Guatemala.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 22/05 - Crea el Timbre médico veterinario y zootecnista"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3e8cb7581eb640ced6fe34c34b482f26/Guatemala_Vet..pdf","prettySize":"57.6 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 24.548 of July 3, 1934","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree approves the regulation of the Animal Sanitary Defense Service in Brazil, which has the mandate to control animal movements and enforce animal quarantine for the prevention and control of diseases in animals.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 24.548 de 3 de Julho de 1934"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/be94b88ecc941581e8d18a41d083ef93/Brazil_AnimalDefence..pdf","prettySize":"420 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 25 - Regulation of Pharmaceutical Products for Exclusively Veterinary Use","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Decree regulates the manufacture, registration, prescription, supply and use of veterinary medical products in Chile.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 25 - Reglamento de Productos Farmacéuticos de Uso Exclusivamente Veterinario"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e1272045d6ff54f2974f4a0e364f3457/Chile_VetDrugs..pdf","prettySize":"162 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 253 - General Law of water resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SLV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SLV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes the criteria for the management, treatment, reuse, and disposal of wastewater for the purposes of ensuring the quality of water sources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-12-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-12-21","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 253 - Ley General de los recursos hídricos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/98f360ff67571ee47ad0acbf0e621bcf/els212085..pdf","prettySize":"213 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 253/979 - Rules to prevent environmental pollution through water control","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"URY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["URY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation attempts to prevent water pollution by establishing standards/regulations based on the classification of the body of water, determined by its predominant use.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1979-05-09","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-05-09","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 253/979 - Normas para prevenir la contaminación ambiental mediante el control de las aguas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/064bc67deb1b98d046100d5ff8e47d47/uru14206..pdf","prettySize":"436 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 26/2009 approving the Regulation on Animal Health","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MOZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MOZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree approves the Regulation of Animal Health, which regulates all aspects of animal health in Mozambique. This includes identifying a competent veterinary authority (the National Directorate of Veterinary Services), as well as providing measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto n. 26/2009: Aprova o Regulamento de Sanidade Animal"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0e9884eb564dbba22539a9ce621a9148/Mozambique_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"394 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 273 of the Cabinet of Ministers validating Environmental Monitoring Program for the period of 2016-2020","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"UZB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["UZB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation validates Environmental Monitoring Program that contains arrangements for monitoring of effluent waste water, control of water quality standards, pollution control, monitoring of sources of soil pollution and monitoring of air pollution.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-08-23","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-08-23","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ КАБИНЕТА МИНИСТРОВ РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН ОБ УТВЕРЖДЕНИИ ПРОГРАММЫ МОНИТОРИНГА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ ПРИРОДНОЙ СРЕДЫ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ УЗБЕКИСТАН НА 2016-2020 ГОДЫ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/50b86dcc0f88b964d6d3f52e05cf20e3/uzb160255..pdf","prettySize":"560 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 29 - Special Regulation on Wastewater and Wastewater Sludge Management","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SLV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SLV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree establishes the standards for the treatment and disposal of wastewater effluent. It gives authority to the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources to create policy regulating pollutant disposal, sewerage systems and wastewater treatment facilities. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-10-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-10-21","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto nº 29 - Reglamento Especial de Aguas Residuales y Manejo de Lodos Residuales "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/98f360ff67571ee47ad0acbf0e621bcf/D8C1D..pdf","prettySize":"213 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 3,930 - Regulates the uses of water and the dumping of liquid waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes provisions relating to the use of water resources and discharge into water resources. These standards are enforceable by designated environmental authorities. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-10-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-10-25","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 3.930 - Reglamenta los usos del agua y el vertimiento de los residuos líquidos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b52487c0a9c2b55791ee778c30f762ee/col98498..pdf","prettySize":"197 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 31/2012 creating the General Directorate for Food and Veterinary (DGAV)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PRT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PRT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree creates the General Directorate for Food and Veterinary (DGAV) in Portugal, which has authority over animal health and veterinary protection, as well as food security and plant health.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Regulamentar n. 31/2012 de 13 de Março"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b18da17ef92cb4c278f6bba15f320599/Portugal_VetAuthority..pdf","prettySize":"849 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 328/993 - 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It requires that the Minister of the Environment to give prior authorization for any projects and developments.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-08-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-08-04","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Decret Nº 630 /PR/PM/MEERH/2010 PORTANT RÉGLEMENTATION DES ÉTUDES D'IMPACT SUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/937ee47f9dfac07447f62faf2355f449/cha126371..pdf","prettySize":"25.4 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 68-86 - Law for the protection and improvement of the environment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GTM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GTM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law ensures the quality of the environment through the coordination of environmental protection actions by the National Environmental Commission reporting to the Presidency of the Republic.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1986-12-05","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-12-05","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 68-86 - Ley de protección y mejoramiento del medio ambiente"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/493e3914853cd0b13ac94bb6bb9132fe/Gua4640..pdf","prettySize":"46.6 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 726 of the Minister of Environment validating the Regulation on general requirements for waterbodies monitoring","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LTU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LTU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Decree establishes requirements for monitoring surface water and groundwater, including the establishment of a state monitoring program and inclusion of waterbody monitoring in the State Environmental Monitoring Program, with a focus on determining hydrodynamic parameters, ecological and chemical status, ecological potential, and anthropogenic impact assessment in river basin districts.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-03-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-03-21","Languages":["Lithuanian"],"Original_language_titles":["LIETUVOS RESPUBLIKOS APLINKOS MINISTRO ĮSAKYMAS DĖL BENDRŲJŲ REIKALAVIMŲ VANDENS TELKINIŲ MONITORINGUI PATVIRTINIMO 2003 m. gruodžio 31 d. Nr. 726 Vilnius"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/792b5daf62177630c03afe0adbce7a5d/lit175393..pdf","prettySize":"376 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 79-768 regulating the conditions for connection and discharge of effluents into the public sewer network","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TUN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TUN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation manages the discharge of effluent wastewater into sewerage systems. It also outlines the regulations for sewerage system infrastructure and discharges. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1979-09-08","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-09-08","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret nº 79-768 réglementant les conditions de branchement et de déversement des effluents dans le réseau public d'assainissement"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cd69e412297aa5942384237eea2f0d8b/tun2007..pdf","prettySize":"276 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 8.468 regulating Law No. 997 on environmental pollution control","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This decree approves regulations on environmental pollution control and includes water classification and quality standards provisions. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1976-09-08","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-09-08","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["DECRETO Nº 8.468, DE 8 DE SETEMBRO DE 1976 "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7ce25eb73960f031e2c7aaa6751c0c4d/bra24592..pdf","prettySize":"495 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 84 concerning the plan to monitor undesirable residues in live animals and in certain foodstuffs of animal origin","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SMR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree regulates the use of certain substances in animal feed in San Marino, including certain medications and antibiotic growth promoters.\t\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Italian"],"Original_language_titles":["Piano di controllo per la ricerca di residui indesiderati negli animali d’allevamento, e in taluni alimenti di origine animale "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/935b0a9378143fb5a9cf559db2783b99/SanMarino_AGP..pdf","prettySize":"162 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 883 - Rules for the Classification and Quality Control of Bodies of Water and Discharges or Liquid Effluents","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VEN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree approves the standards for the classification and quality control of bodies of water and discharges or liquid effluents. The National Executive will establish the classifications and establish specific rules and order of priorities according to conditions.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1995-10-11","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-10-11","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 883 - Normas para la Clasificación y el Control de la Calidad de los Cuerpos de Agua y Vertidos o Efluentes Líquidos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bd145314f703ffa72428d394d7272e5c/ven174040..pdf","prettySize":"85.1 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 9 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection","Subtitle":"Validating the instruction on the modalities of performance of local environmental monitoring by legal persons performing economic and other activities causing negative environmental impact, including ecologically hazardous activities","Authoring_country":"BLR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BLR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation outlines the legal system for local environmental monitoring, including for monitoring of surface waterbodies and groundwater sources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-02-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-01","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ МИНИСТЕРСТВА ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ И ОХРАНЫ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ 1 февраля 2007 г. № 9 Об утверждении Инструкции о порядке проведения локального мониторинга окружающей среды юридическими лицами, осуществляющими хозяйственную и иную деятельность, которая оказывает вредное воздействие на окружающую среду, в том числе экологически опасную деятельность."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cb30a9f9a094f4e0f459385a9299dd97/blr163208..pdf","prettySize":"353 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 92.752 approving the program of basic actions for protection of the environment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation broadly approves protective measures for the environment, and includes specific protections for public drinking water sources and pollution control programs. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1986-06-05","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-06-05","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto No. 92.752, De Junho De 1986"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6f40b18661dc8b3f1a4417ee2683d460/bra25165..pdf","prettySize":"205 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 94/2014 approving the Regulation on Urban Solid Waste Management","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MOZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MOZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree approves the Regulation on Urban Solid Waste Management which establishes general rules involving residue disposal, treatment of waste, and waste management.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-12-31","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-12-31","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto n. 94/2014 de 31 de Dezembro"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/51c4d8cf4909b9dceb2c6843b954f21b/moz148514..pdf","prettySize":"117 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 955 - Health Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SLV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SLV"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Public broadcasting"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines governmental responsibilities in public health, including disease prevention activities such as: notifiable diseases, quarantinable diseases; quarantine and isolation powers, enforcement mechanisms, and entry/exit vaccination requirements, which are to be in alignment with WHO standards. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1988-04-28","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-05-19","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto No. 955 - Código de Salud\n"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f30398950c234588e6ddb78c8885fefb/SLV_Codigo de Salud..pdf","prettySize":"715 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. 98/011","Subtitle":"The importation, manufacture, sale and use of food for animals of bovine and ovine species, which contain antibiotics with the purpose of promoting growth, is prohibited","Authoring_country":"URY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["URY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Decree prohibits the importation, manufacture, sale and use of food which contain antibiotics with the purpose of promoting growth for animals of bovine and ovine species.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Nº 98/011 - Prohíbese la importación, fabricación, comercialización y uso de alimentos para animales de las especies bovina y ovina, que contengan antibióticos con la finalidad de promover el crecimiento"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5ede9ed468f12d821d2941d860414c2c/Uruguay_AGP..pdf","prettySize":"57.9 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No. A/543 of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism validating the List of water polluting hazardous substances","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MNG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MNG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation defines the list of hazardous substances that may pollute water to calculate water pollution fees.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-09-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-09-27","Languages":["Mongolian"],"Original_language_titles":["БАЙГАЛЬ ОРЧИН, АЯЛАЛ ЖУУЛЧЛАЛЫН САЙДЫН ТУШААЛ 2019 оны 09 дүгээр сарын 27-ны өдөр Улаанбаатар хот Дугаар А/543 Жагсаалт батлах тухай"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/27b76415ef453aa262b1ef1af688cf48/mon199737..pdf","prettySize":"123 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree No.12 of 2017 issuing the Executive Regulations for the Protection of the Aquatic and Coastal Environment from Pollution","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KWT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KWT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation provides standards for potable and non-potable water in Part I, Chapter I, Section ii.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-08-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-21","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قرار رقم (12) لسنة 2017 بإصدار اللائحة التنفيذية لحماية البيئة المائية والساحلية من التلوث"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c5b17a2e3a804822a227c4fa43afcdd5/kuw124053..pdf","prettySize":"7.7 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree bearing law no. 1-75-292 enacting measures to guarantee domestic animals against contagious diseases, supplemented by law nº 7-79 of 1979","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MAR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MAR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Dahir bears law number 1-75-292 which contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals in Morocco, such as isolation.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Dahir portant loi nº 1-75-292 édictant des mesures propres à garantir les animaux domestiques contres les maladies contagieuses, complété par la loi nº 7-79 du 1979"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e0da20ee5c49e2d83d21824690df146c/Morocco_AnimalDisease..pdf","prettySize":"124 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree carrying Law No. 1-93-230 of 19 rebia II 1414 (6 October 1993) relating to the national order of veterinarians","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MAR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MAR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Dahir carries law number 1-93-230, which establishes the National Order of Veterinarians in Morocco, a group which regulates the veterinary profession nationally. It establishes the conditions required to practice veterinary medicine in Morocco.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Dahir portant loi n°1-93-230 du 19 rebia II 1414 (6 octobre 1993) relatif à l'ordre national des vétérinaires"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b808b2d7ab0ecf4a7ae618a57ded41b2/Morocco_VetOrder..pdf","prettySize":"177 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree containing general rules for Facilities (Decree General Environmental Rules for Facilities)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NLD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NLD"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Decree implements legislation covering environmental matters regarding the establishment, functioning and operation of facilities that mainly concern discharge of polluting substances.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-10-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-10-19","Languages":["Dutch"],"Original_language_titles":["Decree houdende algemene regels voor inrichtingen (Besluit algemene regels voor inrichtingen milieubeheer)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7a8269472876cb2b2451c9ac2bf0f72c/net98966..pdf","prettySize":"6.69 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree establishing the Annual Water Status Monitoring Programme for 2022","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SRB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SRB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree determines the contents for water monitoring, including the number and position of measuring profiles, quantity of groundwater, methods for quality testing, and more.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-03-17","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-03-17","Languages":["Serbian"],"Original_language_titles":["Уредба о утврђивању Годишњег програма мониторинга статуса вода за 2022. годину"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0cc46f259928196c1a0bad27e18e679c/srb213778..pdf","prettySize":"359 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree no. 69-88 - Making certain vaccinations compulsory","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DZA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DZA"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This decree mandates certain routine vaccinations for children and allows the government to state compulsory emergency vaccinations. The decree also sets out penalties. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1969-06-17","Date_entered_into_force":"1969-06-17","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret n°. 69-88 du 17 juin 1969. rendant obligatoires certaines vaccinations"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2713c45780d16994dcd28ffdde2a181b/DZA_Vaccinations_1969..pdf","prettySize":"6.22 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree of 20 February 2019 approving the Regulation for drug residues waste management","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AND","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AND"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation aims to efficiently manage pharmaceutical waste by establishing waste collection points in pharmacies.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-02-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-02-20","Languages":["Catalan"],"Original_language_titles":["Decret del 20-02-2019 d’aprovació del Reglament pel qual es regula la gestió dels residus de medicaments"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0231955dc13686e3777ddc0e41920651/and184657..pdf","prettySize":"236 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree of July 26, 1945 approving the Regulations for the fight against Infectious Diseases, Disinfection and Disinfestation","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ESP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ESP"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the measures that may be taken to control infectious diseases in Spain. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1945-08-05","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-11-05","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto de 26 de julio de 1945 por el que se aprueba el Reglamento para la lucha contra las Enfermedades Infecciosas, Desinfección y Desinsectación"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cefb31509e827e1a6b10ccc5f468cad3/ESP_Infectious Diseases_1979..pdf","prettySize":"238 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree of July 28, 1938 on the health policy of domestic animals","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COD"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree regulates all aspects of animal health in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It establishes the Governor General as the competent veterinary authority.  It contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret du 28 juillet 1938 sur la police sanitaire des animaux domestiques"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f7e94db7d3c43c8800c4e4a799775cf5/DRC_Animal..pdf","prettySize":"750 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree of the Council of Ministers No. 704 - Modifies Decree No. 349/005, Regulation of Environmental Impact Assessment and environmental authorizations","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"URY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["URY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation completes Decree No. 349/005 to include installation of farming center and aquaculture acitivies to be subject to environmental authorization and assessment.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-08-28","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-08-28","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto del Consejo de Ministros Nº 704 - Modifica Decreto Nº 349/005, Reglamento de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental y autorizaciones ambientales."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7aeb9f2d066050f93ca34c96733b063f/uru180030..pdf","prettySize":"531 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree of the Flemish Government implementing Chapter IIIbis of the law of March 26, 1971 on the protection of surface water against pollution and Chapter IVbis of the decree of January 24, 1984 on measures for the management of groundwater","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BEL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation protects waters against pollution, manages groundwater, regulates wastewater discharges, and provides the procedures of sampling and monitoring wastewater.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-06-28","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-01-01","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Arrêté du Gouvernement flamand portant exécution du Chapitre IIIbis de la loi du 26 mars 1971 sur la protection des eaux de surface contre la pollution et du Chapitre IVbis du décret du 24 janvier 1984 portant des mesures en matière de gestion des eaux souterraines"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8104290d60d994324532fbe9b03b893e/bel33854..pdf","prettySize":"127 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic establishing details on the prevention and control of communicable diseases","Subtitle":"Decree no. 585/2008 ","Authoring_country":"SVK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SVK"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Quarantine and isolation policies","Authority to quarantine"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This document provides specific regulations for the prevention and mitigation of infectious diseases in Slovakia. Specific provisions include quarantine and isolation, and mandatory vaccinations. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-12-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-12-20","Languages":["Slovak"],"Original_language_titles":["Vyhláška Ministerstva zdravotníctva Slovenskej republiky, ktorou sa ustanovujú podrobnosti o prevencii a kontrole prenosných ochorení"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5fed4799a2423b019bdd6f3d694dba66/SVK_communicable diseases_2008..pdf","prettySize":"859 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree of the Ministry of Health on vaccination against infectious diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CZE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CZE"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This decree outlines the vaccinations that are mandatory for children in residing in Czechia. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-12-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-01-01","Languages":["Czech"],"Original_language_titles":["Vyhláška Ministerstva zdravotnictví o očkování proti infekčním nemocem"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8a856b185dfcf086be072ef028389462/CZE_vaccination against infectious diseases..pdf","prettySize":"344 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health relating to the quality and monitoring of water intended for human consumption","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"FIN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["FIN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation sets the acceptable conditions for drinking water and states that the municipal health protection authority is responsible for the monitoring of drinking water and creating monitoring programs.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-05-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-05-19","Languages":["Swedish"],"Original_language_titles":["Social- och hälsovårdsministeriets förordning om kvalitetskrav på och kontrollundersökning av hushållsvatten"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4c7be3f9c6ed3b50759fe156ef39eeff/fin113469..pdf","prettySize":"231 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree of the President of the Council of Ministers February 11, 2014, n. 59","Subtitle":"Organization regulation of the Ministry of Health (14G00073)","Authoring_country":"ITA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ITA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree establishes the Ministry of Health in Italy, which has power over the veterinary sector in Italy.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Italian"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto del presidente del consiglio dei ministri 11 febbraio 2014 , n. 59"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a906ca7ce6730415b6d4a7cdf617d6e9/Italy_Vet..pdf","prettySize":"528 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree on the Proclamation of the Nature Protection Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MNE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MNE"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Legislation pertaining to all aspects of Nature Protection within the Territory of Bosnia. Includes various provisions to protect biodiversity including genetic material. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-08-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-08-15","Languages":["Montenegrin"],"Original_language_titles":["Ukaz O Proglašenju Zakona O Zaštiti Prirode"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/222e8e081488b940ce4caf2d21addb6a/MNE_Nature Protection Law..pdf","prettySize":"315 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree on the protection of population from infectious diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SRB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SRB"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This document outlines the rights of the government in the mitigation of infectious diseases, with specific sections on immunizations, infection prevention and control, and quarantine and isolation. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-02-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-02-25","Languages":["Serbian"],"Original_language_titles":["ZAKON O ZAŠTITI STANOVNIŠTVA OD ZARAZNIH BOLESTI"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4dca8c30fbe6fd254760b2010945c6d5/SRB_Protection from Infectious Diseases..pdf","prettySize":"157 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree on the use, prescribing and dispensing of medicinal products for the veterinary care","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CZE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CZE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Law regulates the use, prescribing and dispensing of veterinary medical products in Czechia. \n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Czech"],"Original_language_titles":["Vyhlaska o pouzivani, predepisovani a vydeji lecivych pripravku pri poskytovani veterinarn pece"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b46ac4765d993dc86eb142e2b07beb86/Czechia_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"394 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree on waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SVN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SVN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree establishes requirements for recycling, control, mixing, and labeling of hazardous wastes to prevent or reduce impacts of waste management.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-12-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-12-15","Languages":["Slovenian"],"Original_language_titles":["Uredba o odpadkih"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ada4c0e2be36bb4bcc5e88b8e505ceee/slovpoll..pdf","prettySize":"513 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree on water drainage and wastewater treatment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VNM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VNM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree provides water drainage and treatment activities and provides rights and obligations for those activities.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-08-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-08-06","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Decree on water drainage and wastewater treatment"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/493e26af3101936104f5c850e0df254f/vie167851..pdf","prettySize":"263 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree relating to environmental management and regulation of the conduct of citizens for sustainable development","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HTI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HTI"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Legal sanctions","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The environmental code outlines the various legal measures by which Haiti is setting out to protect its biological diversity. It contains a clause in Titre IV Chapter VII outlining a competent national authority in charge of biological diversity, as well as access restrictions, and penalties in cases of infractions\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-10-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-10-12","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret portant sur la gestion de l'environnement et de régulation de la conduite des citoyens et citoyennes pour un développement durable"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/75602e877389f4643dd90b94d597e2a7/HTI_environmental management..pdf","prettySize":"1.2 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree relating to the integrated water policy","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BEL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes integration of water policy in the Flemish region of Belgium, and includes provisions for water quality monitoring and management. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-07-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-07-23","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret relatif à la politique intégrée de l'eau."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/021c5a38c93d8bd62d3b6fa111bcc27d/bel97558..pdf","prettySize":"333 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree the Chief Sanitary Inspector","Subtitle":"Validating sanitary rules and regulations No. 10-124 related to the hygienic requirements for water quality in centralized drinking water supply systems","Authoring_country":"BLR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BLR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This documents outlines the standards and regulations for water quality for the centralized drinking water system and for controlling the quality of potable water. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-03-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-03-26","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Питьевая вода. Гигиенические требования к качеству воды централизованных систем питьевого водоснабжения. Контроль качества Санитарные правила и нормы СанПиН 10-124 РБ 99."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4c3473e3d21e17cafd2ae9af038b972d/blr187150..pdf","prettySize":"1.21 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree to Modify the Regulation on the Plan for Systematic and Obligatory Vaccination","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AND","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AND"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This decree states the mandatory childhood vaccinations in Andorra and contains social exclusion as the enforcement mechanism. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-06-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-05","Languages":["Catalan"],"Original_language_titles":["Decret de modificació del Reglament que regula el Pla de vacunacions sistemàtiques obligatòries"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/190d15a80d532617ca2a5a63340f6a73/AND_Vaccination_Catalan..pdf","prettySize":"2.7 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree with Force of Law No. 458 – New General Law of Urban Planning and Construction","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates urban planning and construction in Chile, establishing standards for sewerage and sanitation facilities.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1975-12-18","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-12-18","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto con Fuerza de Ley Nº 458 – Nueva Ley General de Urbanismo y Construcciones"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/05fcd720d55ad87c9f3afe266431c09f/chi180331..pdf","prettySize":"218 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree-Law No. 1/16 of May 17, 1982 concerning the Public Health Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BDI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BDI"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines public health requirements for Burundi, including sanitation and disease control.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1982-05-17","Date_entered_into_force":"1982-05-17","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Décret-Loi No.1/16 du 17 Mai 1982 Portant Code de la Santé Publique"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3f11b556b8a579f261f72f940fb6c1f8/BDI_Public Health Code_1982..pdf","prettySize":"106 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree-Law No. 122/2017","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PRT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PRT"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Law establishing into Portuguese law mechanisms to monitoring and compliance with ABS Law, establishing a need to disclose any relevant ABS legislation from originator countries, including PIC and MATs and international certificates of recognition. Also designates CNA for both mainland Portugal and Azores and Madeira. Specifically outlines a shorter timeframe required for the processing of pathogens.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-09-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-09-22","Languages":["English","Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decree Law No. 122/2017","Decreto-Lei n.º 122/2017,"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a3803eee0f77ed5f70ad68ce3332a2cd/PRT_Environment_English..pdf","prettySize":"64.4 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dda069c0a48348c3c6517d7185052002/PRT_Environment_Portuguese..pdf","prettySize":"184 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree-Law No. 135/2002 creating the Multimunicipal System of the Vale do Ave for water abstraction, supply and treatment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PRT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PRT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation establishes the Multimunicipal System of the Vale do Ave, which is responsible for water abstraction, supply, and treatment, regulating public and free water use, and the collection and treatment of water in various Portuguese municipalities.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-05-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-05-14","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto-Lei n.º 135/2002 que cria o Sistema Multimunicipal do Vale do Ave para captação, abastecimento e tratamento de água"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/15295b012ed4be88c88da18941ae8024/por38898..pdf","prettySize":"114 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree-Law No. 178/2006 on waste management","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PRT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PRT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation establishes the framework for waste collection, transportation, storage, disposal, treatment, valorization and elimination, soil denomination, and defines the licensing registration and control procedures. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-09-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-09-05","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto-Lei n.o 178/2006"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/70fe10fdf0cbe4daa5ffbcc0342a021b/por66276..pdf","prettySize":"200 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree-Law No. 19/2019 establishing the structure of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAP)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TLS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TLS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, with the Minister being the competent veterinary authority in Timor-Leste.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto-Lei n. 19/2019 - Orgânica do Ministério da Agricultura e Pescas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d9b7d66491f6139d7b5b81f8e16a1108/TimorLeste_Agriculture..pdf","prettySize":"433 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Decree-Law No. 236/98 establishing quality standards, criteria and objectives in order to protect the aquatic environment and improve the quality of water according to its main uses","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PRT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PRT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation defines water quality standards for human consumption, water treatment, aquaculture purposes, abstraction, waste water uses, waterworks, equipment, recreational water, and irrigation.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-08-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-08-01","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto-Lei n.º 236/98 - Estabelece normas, critérios e objectivos de qualidade com a finalidade de proteger o meio aquático e melhorar a qualidade das águas em função dos seus principais usos. 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Municipalities are required to monitor and enforce the standards include in this document. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-01-01","Languages":["Hebrew"],"Original_language_titles":[" ,)םיכפש רוהיטל םיללכו ןיחלוק ימ תוכיא ינקת( םעה תואירב תונקת 1 2010-ע\"שתה"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4c98da2bc7f15a83debd274afd81e285/isrBriut01..pdf","prettySize":"496 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Emergency Ordinance no. 195 of 22 December 2005 on environmental protection","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ROU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ROU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This paper discusses a Romanian Emergency Ordinance that establishes regulations for environmental protection, emphasizing monitoring and implementation of principles such as integrating environmental requirements, preventive action, and the \"polluter pays\" principle. It also highlights the role of the central public authority for environment to coordinate environmental protection policies through the National Environmental Protection Agency and district environmental protection agencies.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-12-22","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-12-22","Languages":["Romanian"],"Original_language_titles":["Ordonanţă de urgenţă nr. 195 din 22 decembrie 2005 privind protecția mediului"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9139ecb38a4b406a76dc4fa2a54bec7d/rom197188..pdf","prettySize":"1.17 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Enforcement Decree of the Act on Access to and Utilization of Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KOR"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Contractual terms","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Benefit-sharing"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree describes the procedure by which ABS regulation is enforced.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2024-08-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2024-08-18","Languages":["English","Korean"],"Original_language_titles":["Enforcement Decree of the Act on Access to and Utilization of Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing","유전자원의 접근ㆍ이용 및 이익 공유에 관한 법률 시행령"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fbfb1fdbe7d6b3f1c5b7f6cc67ef2381/Enforcement Decree of the Act on Access to and Utilization of Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing(20181218) (English)..pdf","prettySize":"158 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2d9129078d17c288463843191ccb7deb/Enforcement Decree of the Act on Access to and Utilization of Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing (Korean)..pdf","prettySize":"48.1 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Enforcement Rule of the Act on Access to and Utilization of Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KOR"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Contractual terms","Prior informed consent (PIC)"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation provides further details on reporting obligations for the access of genetic resources\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-08-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-08-18","Languages":["English","Korean"],"Original_language_titles":["Enforcement Rule of the Act on Access to and Utilization of Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing","유전자원의 접근ㆍ이용 및 이익 공유에 관한 법률 시행규칙"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/045baf9164a29dda0ff91bfd7c0178e9/Enforcement Rule of the Act on Access to and Utilization of Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing (English)..pdf","prettySize":"108 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2f27f115ebc2d81b1659e37018d323ec/Enforcement Rule of the Act on Access to and Utilization of Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing (Korean)..pdf","prettySize":"351 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act, B.E. 2535","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"THA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["THA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act establishes a mandate for the creation of environmental standards and issuing of Environmental Impact Assessments. The definition section of the document says that water quality standards are encompassed in \"environmental standards\", and therefore must be set as a result of this legislation. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1992-03-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-03-29","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act, B.E. 2535"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2b6515953b33aeeaed35a59b2e2bc815/tha19415..pdf","prettySize":"257 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment (Amendment) Act 2014 (No. 10 of 2014)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PNG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PNG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act makes amendments to the Environmental Act of 2000. Amendments include provisions for the monitoring of activities that could negatively affect the environment, including surface water bodies and groundwater sources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-05-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-05-30","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment (Amendment) Act 2014 (No. 10 of 2014)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2edeb09bce1757e2fdc666227c835ba7/png147641..pdf","prettySize":"1.72 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment (Water Quality Criteria) Regulation 2002","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PNG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PNG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation specifies the water quality criteria to protect freshwater and marine aquatic life. This regulation concerns only environmental water. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment (Water Quality Criteria) Regulation 2002"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a0eded73c559c40257efe56a39072145/png70632..pdf","prettySize":"176 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Act 1999 (Act No. 9 of 1999)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KIR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KIR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act provides for the protection, improvement, and conservation of the environment with environmental impact assessments, pollution control, management of hazardous substances, and promotion of conservation and biological diversity.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-03-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-03-21","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Act 1999 (Act No. 9 of 1999)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/360e7fa74a7fafd6e4b6a6f076b1c015/kir35369..pdf","prettySize":"243 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Act 2000 (No. 64 of 2000)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PNG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PNG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act makes provisions for the protection of the environment, establishes the Environmental Council, and defines the functions of the Director of Environment in Papua New Guinea.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Act 2000 (No. 64 of 2000)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/75102156b53b1125ebfb836b0217c1cb/png70607..pdf","prettySize":"281 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Act 2003","Subtitle":"(No. 23 of 2003)","Authoring_country":"COK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COK"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the National Environment Service to protect and manage environmental resources, including water, to prevent and control pollution. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-11-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-11-19","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Act 2003 (No. 23 of 2003)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/43b3c3de1c610ec7aa2ccceedbb2d72d/cok48637..pdf","prettySize":"279 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Act 2008","Subtitle":"(No. 10 of 2008)","Authoring_country":"LSO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LSO"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing","Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Scope of legislation","Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act makes provision for the protection and management of the environment and conservation and sustainable utilization of natural resources of Lesotho and for connected matters. The document outlines water quality standards and requirements for monitoring of water body quality. Article 68 outlines plans to establish access and benefit sharing legislation. It also outlines the criminal liability incurred in cases of non-compliance. As of 2024, there are no regulations implementing this, however.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-12-05","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Act 2008"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9745771dcc5265b8c9d489fd9d1495fc/LSO_Environment Act..pdf","prettySize":"1.26 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Act 2021 (Chapter 30)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GBR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GBR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation requires the better planning of management of waste water, placing new duties on governments and the Environment Agency to reduce harm of discharges. It sets requirements for monitoring an reporting the quality of water affect by those discharges.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-11-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-11-09","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Act 2021 (Chapter 30)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/47cac507204331907c45c6058e6b24af/uk209376..pdf","prettySize":"2.65 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Act No. 18 of 2021","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KIR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KIR"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Contractual terms","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act provides for regulations on access to genetic resources, including facilitation or limitations to access, the sharing of benefits derived from biological resources, and the implementation of terms of access.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-05-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-05-06","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Act No. 18 of 2021"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1b649295598410ebe4e59eb4ad816d98/KIR_Environment Act..pdf","prettySize":"2.63 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Act, 1998","Subtitle":"No. 8 of 1998","Authoring_country":"SLB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SLB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the Environment and Conservation Division and the Environment Advisory Committee to review and monitor the control of pollution including limitations and liscences for waste management.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-05-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-05-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Act, 1998 (No. 8 of 1998)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2a3075ae3d5b61362ac2843286e0a12a/sol65422..pdf","prettySize":"205 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Conservation Act","Subtitle":" No. 73 of 1989","Authoring_country":"ZAF","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ZAF"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act aims to protect the environment by establishing policy for environmental conservation to control activities, pollution, and regulations. It allows authorities to declare any area as protected, and prohibits littering and some waste management.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1989-06-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-06-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Conservation Act. No. 73 OF 1989"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/86ba32832b1b05a23d111e898ccd0640/saf12908..pdf","prettySize":"83.3 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Health, 2009","Subtitle":"Act No. 1 of 2009","Authoring_country":"SDN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SDN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation establishes the Environmental Health National Council, and deals with protecting drinking water sources from sewage water and effluent. In so doing, it regulates sewerage systems and the discharge of sewage. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-02-17","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-02-17","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون صحة البيئة رقم (1) لسنة 9200"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/80e9722ef8eba4a97d6c225ffdacb655/sud150546..pdf","prettySize":"166 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Law","Subtitle":"Environmental Law","Authoring_country":"SLV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SLV"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The General Law of the Environment outlines various aspects of Environmental Protection Law. Article 66 outlines the need to seek authorisation prior to the use of biological diversity.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-04-24","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-04-24","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Legislativo Nº 233 - Ley del Medio Ambiente."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cbe703fe87ca059be0196b3fc268de06/SLV_Environmental Law..pdf","prettySize":"124 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AFG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AFG"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Scope of legislation","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Compliance","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This environment law contains provisions in chapter 6 relating to the access to genetic resources and equitable sharing of their benefits.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-01-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-01-25","Languages":["English","Persian (Dari)"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Law","قانون حفاظت طبیعت"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/174d644aa8e1db4befe934569391c6e5/afg185430..pdf","prettySize":"10.7 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f532b64929c24de38135e8dd33a3443b/afg185430F..pdf","prettySize":"649 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Law No. 2872","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TUR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TUR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law aims to protect the environment and ensure sustainable development by outlining the principles of preventing environmental pollution, establishing the framework for environmental conservation, and prohibiting pollution.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1983-08-11","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-08-11","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Law No. 2872"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7316c0734d8488ad15f42737a163e7e1/tur7700..pdf","prettySize":"230 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Management Act 2005 (No. 1 of 2005)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"FJI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["FJI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the National Environment Council to manage the environment report and environment strategy. It is also required to have a unit focused on waste and pollution management, the Waste and Pollution Control Administrator. This administrator sets standards for wastewater effluent disposal and monitors water quality for pollutants. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-03-17","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-03-17","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Management Act 2005 (No. 1 of 2005)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5b2aec838df6cc3eb13bfe6e0fd35d00/fij88449..pdf","prettySize":"276 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Management Act No. 19 of 2017","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MWI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MWI"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Environment Act creates the legal basis by which future regulations will operationalise Access and Benefit-Sharing mechanisms\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-05-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-05-05","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Management Act No. 19 of 2017"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/289fef4fc4b0af2ccc5965bcf13604b3/MWI_Environment Management Act..pdf","prettySize":"366 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Management Act, 2017 (No. 19 of 2017)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MWI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MWI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act focuses on the conservation, management, and preservation of the environment in Malawi, including the establishment of environmental standards, as well as the conservation and management of biological (genetic) resources.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-04-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-30","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Management Act, 2017 (No. 19 of 2017)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ce15df6e36df91570258cbd827dc69b8/mlw169354..pdf","prettySize":"8.96 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Minister's Decision No. 223 of 2015 establishing Departments in the administrative units that comprise the Ministry of Environment and the appointment of competencies","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"QAT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["QAT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decision establishes the Animal Resources unit under the Ministry of the Environment as having authority over animal health, veterinary quarantine, and veterinary research in Qatar.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قرار وزير البيئة رقم (223) لسنة 2015 بإنشاء أقسام في الوحدات الإدارية التي تتألف منها وزارة البيئة وتعيين اختصاصاتها"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/32d5076ee4f6b120eb4ab296adeede43/Qatar_VetAuthority..pdf","prettySize":"462 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Promotion Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AUT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AUT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act promotes environmental protection through provisions related to wastewater treatment, regulation of climate-relevant pollutants, and measures specific to wastewater, water supply, and water management. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-03-16","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-04-01","Languages":["German"],"Original_language_titles":["Bundesgesetz über die Förderung von Maßnahmen in den Bereichen der Wasserwirtschaft, der Umwelt, der Altlastensanierung, zum Schutz der Umwelt im Ausland und über das österreichische JI/CDM-Programm für den Klimaschutz (Umweltförderungsgesetz – UFG)."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9d612ac52bb3a56d261714b12cde8501/AUT89312..pdf","prettySize":"409 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Protection (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2014","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TUV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TUV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes the Environmental Assessment Task Force and outlines how to conduct Environmental Impact Assessments.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-02-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-02-04","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Protection (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2014"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c0960e0e23395a44cc8294acde0aa616/tuv137902..pdf","prettySize":"123 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Protection (Impact Assessment) Regulations (Cap. 71)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SYC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SYC"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree regulates the protocol of conducting and the issuance of environmental impact assessments.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-06-03","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-06-03","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Protection (Impact 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The legislation also covers waste disposal, and specifically states that dumping medical waste is an offense, though little other direction of handling or disposing of hazardous waste is provided. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-07-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-07-11","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Protection Act 2002 (No. 19 of 2002)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c51477bb455c055fb0797bccec71eba5/mat47831..pdf","prettySize":"511 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Protection Act 2016","Subtitle":"Act No. 18 of 2016","Authoring_country":"SYC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SYC"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the Ministry for the Environment, creates the National Environmental Advisory Council, and addresses pollution control, environmental authorization, impact assessment, and enforcement. It also covers the appointment of an Administrator, prescribes environmental standards, classifies water usage, protects of catchment areas, prevents the discharge of pollutants, establishes air pollution control areas, protects coastal zones, and regulates petroleum and mineral exploration activities.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-08-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-08-26","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Protection Act 2016 (No. 18 of 2016)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/081b196b677b7085a55bbdb60c15265e/sey177682..pdf","prettySize":"1.44 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Protection Act, 2019 (2076","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NPL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NPL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act protects the environment by focusing on the proper management of natural resources, including penalties for polluting, assessment of environmental impacts of substances, and approval of proposals that will impact the environment.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-10-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-10-11","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Protection Act, 2019 (2076)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/75437386715efef4a6ee561ba54bdcf0/nep202860..pdf","prettySize":"759 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Protection Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"QAT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["QAT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation outlines the methods Qatar will employ to protect the environment, including the development of natural resources, the conservation of biodiversity, the protection of the society from the environment, the conservation of endangered species, and the protection of the air and water against pollution.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-09-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-09-29","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون حماية البيئة"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f078c92b3254804408cf9221707a2ebc/QAT_Environment Protection..pdf","prettySize":"522 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Protection Law No. 17283","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"URY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["URY"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Legal sanctions","Digital sequence information (DSI)"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law outlines the various aspects of Environmental Protection Law active in Uruguay including the protection of biological and genetic diversity outlined in Article 22.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-12-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-12-12","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley N° 17283 de Proteccion Del Medio Ambiente"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/67db24a47f74c11409e61f6f1414a4bb/LeyN17283..pdf","prettySize":"159 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AUS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AUS"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Compliance"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This is a compilation of all Regulations pertaining to the Environment Protections and Biodiversity Conservation Act of 1999. It applies to Commonwealth areas in Australia only, and excludes land which fall under individual State and Territories jurisdiction. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-12-17","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-12-17","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3e5d3bee572b37c8d5c298cc7e10680a/epabcr2000697..pdf","prettySize":"2.71 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Protection and Management Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LBR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LBR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the legal framework for the Environment Protection Authority, working in partnership with regulated Ministries and organizations, to facilitate sustainable development and environmental protection and to provide high-quality information to the public. This law lays out the standards for water quality and monitoring. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-11-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-04-30","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Protection and Management Law"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/59c48d8b19e117ed2c90d0c2c6a85613/lbr53038..pdf","prettySize":"461 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environment Regulations 2001","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KIR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KIR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Medical waste disposal","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation provides more definitions for types of waste and establishes for the Secretary for the Ministry of Environment and Social Development to issue an environment report every two years that includes information like water quality. The regulation also sets standards for effluent wastewater disposal and includes specific provisions for wastewater disposal from medical establishments. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-12-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-12-13","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environment Regulations 2001"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/00130fa697b2b9662281b356bbbb6c8f/kir205010..pdf","prettySize":"6.91 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"FRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["FRA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Medical waste disposal","Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation outlines regulations and provisions concerning the environment, including various physical environments, the protection of natural areas, the conservation of French heritage, the prevention of pollution, the protection of the Antarctic, and the construction of environment-related facilities. It includes provisions for water quality monitoring and regulates the disposal of medical and other hazardous waste categories. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-11-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-11-18","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Code de l’environnement"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a15a22c2a0de4058c24db9cc7d75de2a/Fra178934..pdf","prettySize":"2.02 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BEL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law concerns the quality and sustainability of the Belgium's environment and natural resources in the Walloon region, and includes provisions for quality assurance at every stage of the water cycle. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-12-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-06-18","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Code de l’Environnement."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e64d73a16bc1e751c89d52dc08d96a21/bel197066-I..pdf","prettySize":"903 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Code (Law No. 400-VI ZRK)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KAZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KAZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Section 19 of this environmental code establishes regulations on waste management, including hazardous waste management.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-01-02","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-01-02","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ КОДЕКС РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН Кодекс Республики Казахстан от 2 января 2021 года № 400-VI ЗРК"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6935b306811b31276b0e69bb6228d87c/kaz201580..pdf","prettySize":"2 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Code of the Central African Republic: Law No. 07.018 of 28 December 2007","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CAF","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CAF"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation determines the regulatory measures for the Environmental Impact Assessment, as well as the methodology and procedures for it.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-12-28","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-12-27","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["LOI N°07.018 DU 28 DECEMBRE 2007 PORTANT CODE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT DE LA REPUBLIQUE 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resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act concerns the sustainable management of the environment in Suriname and the implementation of obligations deriving from international climate treaties and agreements. The act establishes an environmental fund and a National Environment Authority, which is responsible for defining polluting activities, monitoring activities that may impact the environment, and establishing standards and procedures for waste treatment.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-05-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-05-07","Languages":["Dutch"],"Original_language_titles":["WET van 07 mei 2020, houdende regels voor duurzaam milieumanagement (Milieu Raamwet)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0f009c4dab2d0b1dc1cde5346d43a91c/sur199141..pdf","prettySize":"12.5 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Health Services (Collection and Disposal of Waste) Regulations, 2004 (Cap. 232)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BHS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BHS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation provides for the creation of a public waste collection service, regulates the disposal of waste, and regulates the handling of special waste, which includes medical waste. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-03-31","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-03-31","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Health Services (Collection and Disposal of Waste) Regulations, 2004 (Cap. 232)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f7b2e016b4f032f70c8f6363f7b47dc5/bha78758..pdf","prettySize":"160 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LIE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LIE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act requires the identification, description, and assessment of environmental impacts in both public and private projects, aiming to comply with European Union directives and containing provisions for assessment procedures, organization and implementation, legal remedies, penalties, and transitional and final provisions.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-12-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-02-01","Languages":["German"],"Original_language_titles":["Gesetz vom 5. Dezember 2013 über die Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (UVPG)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ec53abb389468fc13e681ac98da23707/lie130691..pdf","prettySize":"140 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KOR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation promotes sustainable development by conducting environmental impact assessments of plans and projects, formulating conservation measures, and establishing an Environmental Impact Assessment Council.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-07-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-07-21","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Impact Assessment Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d9413e86149baf9be572b4703d4a1687/kor167970..pdf","prettySize":"75.1 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Decree, 1992","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NGA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NGA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act sets the procedures for the environmental impact assessment on projects that effect the environment.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1992-12-10","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-12-10","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Impact Assessment Decree, 1992"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/85b257a1b2e12b32ff87647844825c61/NGA_Environmental Impact Assessment Decree..pdf","prettySize":"283 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation","Subtitle":"Proclamation no. 299/2002","Authoring_country":"ETH","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ETH"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law requires that before projects can obtain licensing, permits, or begin work, an environmental impact assessment must be conducted and results must be analyzed to ensure protection of the environment. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-12-31","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-12-03","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (No. 299 of 2002)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4d94a37fd256b70c4ba2cba8efb68cb5/ETH_Environmental Impact Assessment..pdf","prettySize":"574 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (G.N. No. 175 of 2011)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VUT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VUT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation states that all projects are subject to the EIA provisions, and an environmental management and monitoring plan must be submitted with the EIA report with preliminary environmental assessments, terms of reference, EIA report, etc issued by the Director of the Department of Environmental Protection and Conservation.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-07-17","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (G.N. 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It mandates that pollutant disposal in water sources be monitored. It also establishes Eswatini's sovereignty over its genetic resources, and explicitly considers genetic material as one of its natural resources to protect and conserve.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Management Act 2002 (Act No. 5 of 2002)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/71a6bfa206a6112df2712c8cf19180af/swa47833..pdf","prettySize":"358 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Management Act, 2004 ","Subtitle":"No. 20 of 2004","Authoring_country":"TZA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TZA"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes in Art 66 sovereignty over its genetic resources and plans to regulate access and benefit-sharing. However no such regulations exist yet.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-02-08","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-02-08","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Management Act, 2004 "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4d7c59c22c4e8bb8e5f2a925f843d38f/TZA_Environmental Management Act_2004..pdf","prettySize":"7.46 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Management Act, 2011 (No. 12 of 2011)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ZMB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ZMB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act continues the Zambia Environment Management Agency, and provides for an integrated environmental management to protect and conserve natural resources. It establishes regulations and licensing for pollution control (discharging effluent into sewage systems) and monitoring/reporting details. Item 37 states requirements for regulation and monitoring of sewerage systems within the country. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-04-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-12-19","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Management Act, 2011 (No. 12 of 2011)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e84417fa47eda5079e909b0316139637/zam117523..pdf","prettySize":"401 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Management and Climate Change 2020","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NRU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NRU"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the rules and regulations relating to Environmental Protection in Nauru. This includes Section 6 the management of access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources and traditional knowledge thereof.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-10-23","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-10-23","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Management and Climate Change 2020"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a7a20a7c96a098c8782bfbb533800522/NRU_Environmental Management and Climate Change_2020..pdf","prettySize":"174 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Management and Climate Change Act No. 34 of 2020","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NRU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NRU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act lays down rules for environmental management and protection, including an environmental impact assessment, pollution control, managing the disposal of hazardous substances, waste management, conservation of species, and other environmental protection initiatives. This act also establishes an Environmental Impact Assessment Committee in Part 5, which is charged with overseeing EIAs. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-10-23","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-10-23","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Management and Climate Change Act No. 34 of 2020"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/42b74b8bbee3ac2add18616ceb0b7c0e/nau202024..pdf","prettySize":"706 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Management and Conservation Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VUT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VUT"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act relates to all aspects of environmental management, including bioprospecting. As such it outlines the competent national authority as well as the penalties incurred in cases of offences.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Management and Conservation Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dfdcdcc9ccec69330f798ad8e61b74ea/van53103..pdf","prettySize":"242 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006 (Cap. 387)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KEN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation prohibits the pollution of public places, and requires proper waste disposal. Specific provisions are included to regulate the disposal of potentially infectious or toxic wastes. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-09-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-09-04","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006 (Cap. 387)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/78a68456cc59efc063472bbc2d2af098/ken84967..pdf","prettySize":"373 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Planning and Protection Act No. 40 of 2019","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BHS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BHS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes a department of environmental planning and protection and includes provisions specific to the monitoring, prevention and control of pollution of natural resources, such as water and aquatic environments. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-12-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-12-19","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Planning and Protection Act No. 40 of 2019."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d7510381e3b54bf37e178ea115d4edac/bha199552..pdf","prettySize":"5.78 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection (Water Quality) Regulations 2000","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GUY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GUY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation prohibits the discharge of effluent unless registered and authorized to by the Environmental Protection Agency. The agency may also establish parameters for types of effluent that is permitted to be discharged.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-11-28","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-11-28","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Protection (Water Quality) Regulations 2000"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a0d392d667a7f03397923134683cc0c6/guy121165..pdf","prettySize":"56.6 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SVN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SVN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act aims to increase sustainable development by establishing a comprehensive system for environmental protection, including environmental protection measures and environmental monitoring.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-04-22","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-04-22","Languages":["Slovenian"],"Original_language_titles":["Zakon o varstvu okolja"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1bd90c8d5f28efbd736f9e14044f7ae5/slv97886..pdf","prettySize":"849 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BGR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BGR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates the pollution of the environment, including water sources, through the establishment of emissions levels and quality standards. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-09-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-03","Languages":["Bulgarian"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН за опазване на околната среда"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/db7b27465b07ecda083148f1dff16539/bul52883..pdf","prettySize":"10.1 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1992","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IRL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IRL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The legislation establishes the Environmental Protection Agency with the authority to monitor and regulate activities for environmental protection. It requires the Agency to maintain data on environmental quality, conduct environmental impact assessments, and set environmental quality objectives. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1992-04-23","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-04-23","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1992"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3395b21f98121fd18a7eec873983c1c3/ire23558..pdf","prettySize":"2.68 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1994","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GHA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GHA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation establishes the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Environment Fund, and the Pesticides Technical Committee. The Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for authorizing pesticide use and selling, creating environmental policies, regulating waste, and providing standards related to pollution and the environment. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1994-12-30","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-30","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1994"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/35028817f78efa4ad824634ab4364b6f/gha13234..pdf","prettySize":"323 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection Law 2013 (Revised Version No. 29/NA)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LAO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LAO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes practices and principles for environmental protection. It provides regulations relating to environmental management, monitoring of protection, preservation, and mitigating impacts of pollution.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-12-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-12-18","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Protection Law 2013 (Revised Version No. 29/NA)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c5850d365cfb47e9b451ed6ca9245137/lao151747..pdf","prettySize":"171 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection Law No. 42 of 2014","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KWT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KWT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law aims to protect and maintain the natural balance of the environment by establishing an Environmental management system and an Environmental Protection Fund. The laws includes provisions for monitoring water pollution and outlines the regulated pollutants. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-07-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-13","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم (42) لسنة 2014م في شأن إصدار قانون حماية البيئة"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/163ae1355cf9373f33df43577d66fa8f/kuw142030..pdf","prettySize":"1.91 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection Law of 1999, No. 678–IQ","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AZE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AZE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes a legal framework for environmental protection with specific provisions for monitoring and protecting water resources.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-06-08","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-06-08","Languages":["Azerbaijani"],"Original_language_titles":["Ətraf mühitin mühafizəsi haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikasının Qanunu № 678–IQ."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d536fbebdbd64eb8e41c0b1bf7c2767b/aze32661..pdf","prettySize":"624 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection Law of Mongolia","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MNG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MNG"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing","Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates relations to guarantee the human right to a healthy environment, sustainable development, and protection of natural resources through provisions on legislation, citizen rights and duties, environmental guidelines, resource ownership, assessments, monitoring, research, funding, and penalties. It does not specifically list pathogens or microbes. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1995-06-05","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-06-05","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Protection Law of Mongolia"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ffb4b5e512807fb66bd6929d195776e1/MNG_EnvironmentalProtectionLaw..pdf","prettySize":"154 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection and Management Act (Chapter 94A)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SGP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SGP"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act provides for the control of air, water, and noise pollution, safe management of hazardous wastes and for the protection and management of the environment and resource conservation.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-04-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-04-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Protection and Management Act (Chapter 94A)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a3f76d6e6c906297bb980d80167033a2/sin86441..pdf","prettySize":"804 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection and Management Act No. 10 of 2019","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ATG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ATG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act encompasses a broad range of actions associated with the management, monitoring, and protection of water resources, the atmosphere, and wildlife in Antigua and Barbuda. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-06-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-06-07","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Protection and Management Act No. 10 of 2019."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c539ce172a00270381fb91d9cfa80280/ant192576..pdf","prettySize":"1.3 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (Law No. 4/93)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MDV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MDV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the principles for environmental protection, providing environmental guidance and gives the Ministry of Planning, Human Resources and Environment the responsibility for formulating policies, identifying protected areas, and conducting impact assessments for development projects with potential environmental impacts.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (Law No. 4/93)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fcb7cb51b2bb4eafcb471a1279d08724/mdv18342..pdf","prettySize":"89.8 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Public Health (Quality of Piped Drinking Water) Regulations, 2008","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SGP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SGP"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation requires water suppliers prepare and implement a water safety plan and a water sampling plan. Suppliers must analyze and monitor their water in accordance with the sampling plan approved by the Director General.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-01-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-01-29","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Public Health (Quality of Piped Drinking Water) Regulations, 2008"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d3cee5eefcff29b304af852f559ba056/sin88150..pdf","prettySize":"167 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Public Health Act 1987","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SGP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SGP"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines waste management rules, prohibiting the use of human waste matter as manure, regulates waste recycling processes, and states that waste producers are responsible for treating their waste and require authorization prior to disposal.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1987-07-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1987-07-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Public Health Act 1987"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3134fd9d5590e9cd3288fefc61b364b2/sin46825..pdf","prettySize":"607 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations, 2009","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MYS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MYS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation outlines the procedure for creating wastewater treatment facilities, acceptable water quality for the release of effluent wastewater, provides for the monitoring of effluent wastewater, establishes procedures in case of accidental spills of wastewater, and includes penalties and license fees.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-12-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-12-10","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations, 2009"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8a4c0922744e2ddb5fdc40529d05fc17/mal102817..pdf","prettySize":"434 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MYS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MYS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation subjects various sectors to undergo the environmental quality assessment.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1987-09-30","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-04-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f67660b6c68348ffad4aca9fa552f9a8/mal13290..pdf","prettySize":"126 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations, 2009","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MYS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MYS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"The regulation defines acceptable sewage discharge conditions, specify methods for sewage chemical analysis, and covers monitoring, containment, sludge discharge restrictions, inspections, license fees and penalties.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-12-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-12-10","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations, 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This institution has control over animal production, livestock, and the trade and transport of animals. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-09-22","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto executivo n. 127/06 de 22 de Setembro"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/da794e1733701877963623d93f06761c/Angola_InstituteVet..pdf","prettySize":"148 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Executive Decree No. 19 of March 26, 2019","Subtitle":"on the Regulation of the Access and Control of the Use of Biological and Genetic Resources in the Republic of Panama and on the Establishment of Other Measures","Authoring_country":"PAN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PAN"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Executive decree outlining the rules and regulations by which access to biological and genetic resources are governed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-03-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-03-28","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Ejecutivo N° 19 de 26 de marzo de 2019 'Por el Cual se Reglamenta el Acceso y Control del Uso de los Recursos Biologicos y Geneticos en la Republica de Panama y Se Dictan otras Medidas'"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/aac7e1aced48c29c194eec476e1098c9/pa045es..pdf","prettySize":"2.62 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Executive Decree No. 25 By Which Article 71 of Law 41 of July 1, 1998, General of the Environment, is regulated","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PAN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PAN"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Contractual terms","Compliance","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Detailed regulations for the use of contracts to ensure benefits to the Panamanian state for all biological resources.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-04-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-04-30","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Ejecutivo No. 25 Por el cual se reglamenta el Artículo 71 de la Ley 41 de 1 de julio de 1998, General de Ambiente"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4a525204241f70a0e8794276be2a6f28/17532..pdf","prettySize":"29.6 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Executive Decree No. 9-96 Regulation of the General Law of the Environment and Natural Resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NIC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NIC"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Scope of legislation","Legal sanctions","Compliance"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation supports the Law 217 in designating competent national authorities responsible for monitoring compliance and enacting sanctions in cases of infractions.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-08-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-08-29","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["DECRETO EJECUTIVO N°. 9-96 REGLAMENTO DE LA LEY GENERAL DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS NATURALES"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7c51270049f05bfc08c88f00d5ab1cc8/REGLAMENTO DE LA LEY GENERAL DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS NATURALES..pdf","prettySize":"343 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Executive Decree Nº 31514-MINAE","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CRI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CRI"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Compliance","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Regulates the access to in situ genetic resources and traditional knowledge thereof within Costa Rica. Includes later amendments from decree Nº 41591 of 2018.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-10-03","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-10-03","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ejecutivo Decreto Nº 31514-MINAE "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/96d7ae64129f7d45fc29bcd51d88fb8f/cr129es_1..pdf","prettySize":"629 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Executive Decree Nº 33697-MINAE","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CRI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CRI"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Contractual terms","Prior informed consent (PIC)"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Regulates the access to ex situ genetic resources found within collections in Costa Rica. Includes amendments from decree Nº 41591 of 2018.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-02-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-02-06","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 33697"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cd09eb685602cfe2a388e31a726f8a60/Decreto ejecutivo Nº 33697 Normas de acceso ex situ incluye reformas del Decreto N° 41591..pdf","prettySize":"634 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Executive Order No. 247 May 18, 1995","Subtitle":"Prescribing Guidelines and Establishing a Regulatory Framework for the Prospecting of Biological and Genetic Resources, Their By-Products and Derivatives, for Scientific and Commercial Purposes; and for Other Purposes","Authoring_country":"PHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PHL"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Executive Order establishes the sovereignty of indigenous populations over the genetic diversity and associated knowledge thereof within their territories. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1995-05-18","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-18","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Executive Order No. 247 May 18, 1995"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/08e38762a6d7438f57fc32afad84430c/ph072en..pdf","prettySize":"34.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Executive Order on Genetic Access and Utilisation Conditions","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IRN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IRN"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation","Compliance"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Order implements article 6 of the Law of Protection and Utilization of the Country's Genetic Resources, and establishes definitions and tasks that collection holders or resource users must perform.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-07-03","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-07-03","Languages":["Persian (Farsi)"],"Original_language_titles":[".آیین نامه اجرایی شرایط دسترسی و نحوه بهره برداری ژنتیکی"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b2c181336428ca2eec1145f268f54446/ira208674..pdf","prettySize":"604 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Executive Regulation For Apprehension of Violations and Imposition of Penalties For the Environmental Law Issued by the Royal Decree No.M/165 2020","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SAU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SAU"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulations establishes more details regarding the compliance and fines surrounding the environment law.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-01-01","Languages":["English","Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["Executive Regulation For Apprehension of Violations and Imposition of Penalties For the Environmental Law Issued by the Royal Decree No.M/165 2020","اللائحة التنفيذية لضبط المخالفات"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7344ccdba08e32274fca79e8d5705024/sau213546..pdf","prettySize":"1.26 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/99994308535c82c4720b27d853c2ebd4/اللائحة التنفيذية لضبط المخالفات وايقاع العقوبات (1)..pdf","prettySize":"832 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Executive Regulations of Child Protection Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SAU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SAU"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation on the Child Protection Law describes the legal framework crafted to protect the interests of children living in Saudi Arabia. Notably, failure to comply with the mandatory childhood vaccination calendar is defined as neglect and abuse of the child and penalized accordingly. Parents may be criminalized for this neglect, and punishments can include the removal of children from their care and/or further prosecution. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-08-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-11-12","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Executive Regulations of Child Protection Law"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6fa53787ecaeee640a4cd269e5722f42/SAU_Executive Regulations of Child Protection Law..pdf","prettySize":"448 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Executive instructions of the Syrian water legislation promulgated by Law No.31 of 16/11/2005","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SYR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SYR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation supplements the Water Law by outlining guidelines, such as establishing designated areas of at least 6 meters to protect waters from pollution, creating committees to determine boundaries for the water-protecting chambers and assess acquired rights, requiring licenses for drilling wells and pumping devices, allowing for the formation of multiple water police forces for handling violations, and emphasizing the mandatory participation of beneficiaries in Water Users' Associations, which have various functions such as developing programs, managing utilities, and settling disputes.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-01-01","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["تعليمات التنفيذية للتشريع المائي السوري الصادر بالقانون رقم (31) تاريخ 16/11/2005"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/505b8f3a85f12b0c77e8ecbf0d721a31/syr205232..pdf","prettySize":"667 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Executive order on the entry into force of the Act on sharing benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DNK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DNK"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":null,"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Designates the National Authority responsible for the enactment of the Nagoya Protocol implementation.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-10-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Languages":["English","Danish"],"Original_language_titles":["Executive order on the entry into force of the Act on sharing benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources","Bekendtgørelse om ikrafttræden af lov om udbyttedeling ved anvendelse af genetiske ressourcer"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9538afac0f10289860c6458bcfe88912/Denmark_ExecutiveorderonABSAct_2014..pdf","prettySize":"59 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/525b7890f91b7dc0c62a5244622e92c2/B20140110105..pdf","prettySize":"319 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Family Assistance (Immunisation Principles and Vaccination Schedules) (DSS) Determination 2018","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AUS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AUS"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"This document outlines the vaccinations required to receive the child tax subsidies in Australia. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-06-22","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-06-22","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Family Assistance (Immunisation Principles and Vaccination Schedules) (DSS) Determination 2018"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fce86802790b67c503d427ebfd81bdd3/AUS_Immunisation Principles and Vaccination Schedules_2018..pdf","prettySize":"929 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Federal Act of June 25, 1954, on Patents for Inventions","Subtitle":"(Status as of April 1, 2019)","Authoring_country":"CHE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LIE","CHE"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The Swiss Institute for Intellectual Property (IGE) also governs patents for inventions for Liechtenstein due to the bilateral patent protection act of 1978. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1954-06-25","Date_entered_into_force":"1956-01-01","Languages":["English","French","German","Italian"],"Original_language_titles":["Federal Act of June 25, 1954, on Patents for Inventions ","Loi fédérale du 25 juin 1954 sur les brevets d’invention (état le 1er avril 2019)","Bundesgesetz vom 25. Juni 1954 über die Erfindungspatente (stand am 1. 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Articles 23n and o establish the duty of due diligence, including traditional knowledge (23p), and express the possibility of this applying to genetic resources in Switzerland (23q). 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It also develops an environmental impact assessment and environmental monitoring.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-10-17","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-05-07","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["القانون الإتحادي رقم 24 لسنة 1999م بشأن حماية البيئة وتنميتها"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8b9485c5143d97e7228650d14e7b57a1/uae67811..pdf","prettySize":"713 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Federal Law No. 89-FZ on industrial and consumer waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"RUS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["RUS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law aims to protect human and environmental health against waste by regulating waste treatment and recycling. Sections 2-4 specifically categorize waste, mandate authorities to regulate its disposal, and outlines protocols for handling and discarding of various waste types. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-06-24","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-06-24","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Федеральный закон № 89-ФЗ об отходах производства и потребления"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6e4f70522e3e3545bad0975c58c8f062/rus22617..pdf","prettySize":"185 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Federal Law No.14 of 2014 on Combatting Communicable Diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARE"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate","Quarantine and isolation policies","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law describes the measures that can be implemented to prevent and control the spread of disease in the UAE. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-01-31","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Federal Law No.14 of 2014 on Combating Communicable Diseases"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e8014e867b642f69650c2efc81e8813c/UAE_Federal Law No. (14) of 2014 Concerning the Prevention of Communicable Diseases..pdf","prettySize":"10.6 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Federal Law No.8 of 2013 on the prevention and control of contagious and epidemic animal diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Minister of Environment and Water as the competent veterinary authority in Ukraine, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["القانون الاتحادي رقم 8 لسنة 2013 بشأن الوقاية من الأمراض الحيوانية المعدية والوبائية ومكافحتها"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/31db38130a543d288633180d7c9de97d/UAE_AnimalDisease..pdf","prettySize":"240 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Federal Law on Epizootics (LFE)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the organization of veterinary authorities in Switzerland - there is a Federal Council, as well as a cantonal veterinarian appointed by each Canton. It also contains measures for the prevention and control of epizootic diseases in Switzerland, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi sur les épizooties "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/40918468ba45328768c70c8cfcb5379e/Switzerland_Epizootic..pdf","prettySize":"170 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Federal Law on the Protection of Industrial Property, published in the Official Journal of the Federation on July 1, 2020","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MEX","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MEX"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2020-07-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-11-05","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Federal de Protección a la Propiedad Industrial, publicada en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 1 de julio de 2020 "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5c11d2cbeacefa5622ddc925b03898f9/Mexico..pdf","prettySize":"846 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Federal Law on the Protection of Waters (LEaux)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law aims to protect waters, preserve natural habitats, and ensure irrigation for agricultural lands. It addresses wastewater treatment, the use of farm manure, and the prevention of other harmful impacts on water.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-01-24","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-01-24","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi fédérale sur la protection des eaux (LEaux)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/461e04c4cf2c785e5446011bb4f76fd6/swi008633..pdf","prettySize":"573 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Federal Law on the implementation of obligations arising from the Nagoya Protocol and Regulation (EU) No. 511/2014","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AUT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AUT"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Legal sanctions","Compliance"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Law outlining the implementation of the EU ABS Regulations, laying down the monitoring mechanisms in Austria and outlining the penalties incurred in cases of violations. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-05-22","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-05-23","Languages":["German"],"Original_language_titles":["Bundesgesetz zur Durchführung von Verpflichtungen aus dem Protokoll von Nagoya sowie der Verordnung (EU) Nr. 511/2014 (544 d.B.)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c61b70d8166468d1569b80d2e9611cae/Austria_NagoyaImplementationLaw_2019..pdf","prettySize":"12.7 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"USA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["USA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation regulates discharge of pollutants and quality standards for water, making it unlawful to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters without a permit.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1972-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-11-27","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bc01b540f8af032174337d1ee45eefc5/USA_Clean Water Act..pdf","prettySize":"585 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Federal law on animal health","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MEX","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MEX"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Secretary of Health as the authority responsible for protecting animal health and welfare in Mexico. It also contains measures for the diagnosis, prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals in Mexico.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Federal de sanidad animal"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/97b340e715db7e391b1e26aa74898702/Mexico_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"592 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Feed (Prohibited Antibiotics, Hormones and Other Chemicals) Regulations 2012","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MYS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MYS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These Regulations prohibit the use of certain antibiotics, hormones and chemicals in animal feed in Malaysia.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Malay"],"Original_language_titles":["Peraturan-Peraturan Makanan (Antibiotik, Hormon dan Bahan Kimia Lain) 2012."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1209d507005e66f4abad1ada321dc0ff/Malaysia_FeedAGP..pdf","prettySize":"413 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Feeds Regulations, 1983","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CAN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CAN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These Regulations regulate the use of medicated feed in livestock in Canada. They also regulate the addition of growth promoting medicines to feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Feeds Regulations, 1983"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bee1f8ccb5776cfae18e9170cc3070ff/Canada_MedicatedFeed..pdf","prettySize":"2.49 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Finance Law for management in 2020","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEN"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law outlines fees for engaging with governmental proceedings in Benin. Article 18 Table 10 contains information regarding the fees for obtaining an ABS permit.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-12-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-01-20","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi des Finances, pour la gestion 2020"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/62d0d8e1887d62c188c9ff870945bba5/Benin_ABSFeesFinanceLaw_2019..pdf","prettySize":"437 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Fish Feed Rules, 2011","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BGD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BGD"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation sets standards for the acceptable limits of antibacterial substances included in feed used for aquaculture in Bangladesh. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-09-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-09-18","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Fish Feed Rules, 2011"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e87b22f59c0ee30f19f19fc30ff52f91/bgd176524..pdf","prettySize":"761 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Fish Feed and Animal Feed Act, 2010 (No. 2)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BGD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BGD"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates feed for terrestrial and aquatic animals, and in particular bans the use of hormones and growth promoters in animal and fish feed. \n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["মাছের খাদ্য ও পশুখাদ্য আইন, 2010 (নং 2)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7855d17ea06d962876988f34894ba3c6/Bangladesh_Feed..pdf","prettySize":"128 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance","Subtitle":"Chapter 11: Aquaculture Drugs (June 2021)","Authoring_country":"USA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["USA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This chapter describes the regulations implemented in the United States to restrict the use of drugs, including the prophylactic use of antimicrobials, in aquaculture. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-06-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-06-21","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Fish and Fishery Product Hazards and Controls, Chapter 11: Aquaculture Drugs"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c05f8802d151de17c91e3d0fab67c5c0/SeafoodHazardsGuide-Chapter11AquacultureDrugs-April2021..pdf","prettySize":"876 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Food Law of 1999","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MNG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MNG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates food safety in Mongolia, including medicated feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Food Law of 1999"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2fef389f32a41df1a62044a84350a465/Mongolia_Food..pdf","prettySize":"39.9 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Food Products/Animal Feed Safety, Veterinary and Plant Protection Code of Georgia (No. 6155-IS of 2012)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GEO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GEO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates veterinary control, food and feed safety, and plant protection in Georgia, including the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals. It establishes the Ministry of Environment Protection and Agriculture of Georgia as the competent veterinary authority.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["საქართველოს სურსათის/ცხოველის საკვების უვნებლობის, ვეტერინარიისა და მცენარეთა დაცვის კოდექსი (№6155-Iს, 2012 წ.)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1c7400c413de2dc05fe74a04c0753e01/Georgia_VetCode..pdf","prettySize":"200 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"For the Prevention and Combat of Infectious Diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ALB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ALB"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Emergency vaccination authority","Childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Polio vaccination","Measles vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination","Diphtheria vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law describes the requirements of citizens and the government of Albania to prevent and respond to infectious diseases. Mandatory childhood vaccinations and emergency vaccination provisions are included. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-10-19","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-10-19","Languages":["Albanian"],"Original_language_titles":["Për Parandalimin dhe Luftimin e Sëmundjeve Ngjiëse"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a37cfd4abd7fbdfc2556f8363da66a1c/ALB_Per-parandalimin-dhe-luftimin-e-semundjeve-ngjitese..pdf","prettySize":"65.3 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Framework Law Relating to Environmental Management n°98-56 of December 29, 1998","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NER","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NER"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes a legal basis for the concept of national sovereignty over its genetic resources,  the obligation to request a permit prior to access, lays the groundwork for future 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\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-10-03","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-10-03","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi-cadre nº 96-766 portant Code de l'environnement"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6241f1cbc26a821844d6b20e62d5a068/ivc21344..pdf","prettySize":"343 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Framework law on the organization of the drinking water and sanitation sector (CL 01-2009-001)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HTI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HTI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the framework for managing drinking water and sanitation, including the creation of the National Directorate for Drinking Water and Sanitation (DINEPA) focused on developing and regulating the sector. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-01-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-01-20","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi cadre portant organisation du secteur de l'eau potable et de l'assainissement (CL 01-2009-001)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0f7a2b1ee00ce5d5c10fe8bd965d1987/hai88906..pdf","prettySize":"482 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"GB Article 95","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GBR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GBR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"This tool allows users to identify the biocidal products regulated for use in aquaculture in the UK. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-04-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-04-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["GB List of Biocidal Active 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Consent for use of natural/genetic resources.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1988-03-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-03-01","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambiente"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/194edf1dfbef8524817e3c0701b4cfac/MEX_Equilibrio Ecologico..pdf","prettySize":"1.08 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"General Law of Health","Subtitle":"Law No. 5395","Authoring_country":"CRI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CRI"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination 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It also includes information on mandatory childhood and emergency compulsory vaccinations. The health authority referred to in this law, except when otherwise specified, is the Ministry of Public Health.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1973-11-24","Date_entered_into_force":"1974-02-24","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley General de Salud"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a43cd1372deaa210ffeeb7c27ae5ff64/CRI_General Health Law..pdf","prettySize":"739 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"General Law of Sustainable Forest Development","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MEX","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MEX"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Benefit-sharing","Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates the conservation and use of Mexico's forest resources and requires that the benefits derived from the use of forest resources, including genetic resources of microbes and associated knowledge, contributes to improving the standard of living of Mexicans.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-09-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-09-05","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley General de Desarrollo Forestal Sustentable"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2e7474f316b4e7eeee5e58efcb74d34a/26._LEY_GENERAL_DE_DESARROLLO_FORESTAL_SUSTENTABLE..pdf","prettySize":"459 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"General Law on Health","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MEX","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MEX"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Tuberculosis vaccination","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Transparency requirements"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines the laws on public health in Mexico. It includes specific sections on mandatory vaccination of children and emergency vaccination. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-05-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-05-29","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley general de salud"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3afff55c81411c54938c9a70ab903f9d/MEX_Ley Generalde Salud_2023..pdf","prettySize":"2.05 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"General Regulation for Water and Sewerage Services in Maldives","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MDV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MDV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This document outlines the regulations for sewerage service provision and quality assurance for the Maldives. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-02-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-02-15","Languages":["Dhivehi"],"Original_language_titles":["General Regulation for Water and Sewerage Services in Maldives"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9cefdc37651c1fa798b8d1fa51411db1/2021_R-23_General-Regulation-for-Water-and-Sewerage-Services-in-Maldives..pdf","prettySize":"707 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"General Vaccine Law","Subtitle":"Law No. 28010","Authoring_country":"PER","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PER"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law states that the Ministry of Health (MINSA) has the right to dictate which childhood vaccines are compulsory for residents of Peru. It also states that these vaccines will be provided free of charge.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-06-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-06-22","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley General de Vacunas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/25e9267ce370c47cabae89bd1bcc237b/PER_General Vaccine Law_2003..pdf","prettySize":"92.2 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"General quarantine regulations, October 2013","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HTI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HTI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Approval of other animal health measures"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These Regulations contains measures for animal and plant quarantine in Haiti.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Règlements généraux de la quarantaine, octobre 2013"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f1a5dc0e299bfd910cd5d77ce194763d/Haiti_Quarantine..pdf","prettySize":"1.31 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Genetic Resources Management in Commonwealth Areas","Subtitle":"Understanding the new Australian regulations for access to genetic and biochemical resources found in native species in Commonwealth areas","Authoring_country":"AUS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AUS"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation","Contractual terms"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"This leaflet produced by the Australian Government summarizes the key elements of the new access & benefit-sharing regulatinos as they apply to the Commonwealth areas of Australia.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-10-03","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-10-03","Languages":["English","Chinese (Simplified)","Japanese"],"Original_language_titles":["Genetic Resources Management in Commonwealth Areas","英联邦地区的遗传资源管理","連邦政府管轄地域の遺伝資源管理"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d0e255817393a544952336d19ad09ba1/regs..pdf","prettySize":"1.41 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2e1f1f68137b3953f3ee5b941dda044c/grmchinese..pdf","prettySize":"4.37 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/48fbabc6d62a562ccfa72ab0fdc09ed8/grmjapanese..pdf","prettySize":"3.82 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Government Decree No. 3/2016. 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Wastewater should undergo two treatments.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-10-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-10-12","Languages":["Swedish"],"Original_language_titles":["Statsrådets förordningom avloppsvatten från tätbebyggelse"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a33a356b21b78d600046fbe506f38e02/fin113210..pdf","prettySize":"98.4 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Government Resolution No. 8/2012 approving the National Policy on Basic Sanitation","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TLS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TLS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation etablishes requirements to be satisfied by water waste discharge in order to prevent any water and soil pollution to promote water sanitation and safe elimination of water waste.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-03-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-03-14","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolução do Governo n. 8/2012 de 14 de Março"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/af3d74aa571437207a288d6ff4a640d9/tim121269..pdf","prettySize":"122 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Governmental Decree No. 102 validating Methodology for setting standards for maximum permissible discharges of pollutants into waterbodies","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KGZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KGZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree sets standards for maximum permissible discharges of pollutants into waterbodies and defines the procedure for establishing, calculating and reviewing standards for maximum permissible discharges (MPD) of pollutants into waterbodies. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-02-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-13","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["МЕТОДИКА по установлению нормативов предельно допустимых сбросов загрязняющих веществ в водные объекты"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4a8d391a4942dbff8728cf79af09add4/kyr186396..pdf","prettySize":"625 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Guidance Document for the Implementation of Decree 59/2017/ND-CP on access to GRs and benefit sharing from utlization of GRs","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VNM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VNM"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"This document elaborates on the ABS implementation legislation of Decree 59/2017/ND-CP, explaining the various aspects with examples, and model contracts provided in the appendices.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-02-01","Languages":["English","Vietnamese"],"Original_language_titles":["Guidance Document for the Implementation of Decree 59/2017/ND-CP on access to GRs and benefit sharing from utlization of GRs","HƯỚNG DẪN THỰC HIỆN NGHỊ ĐỊNH SỐ 59/2017/NĐ-CP NGÀY 12 THÁNG 5 NĂM 2017 CỦA CHÍNH PHỦ VỀ QUẢN LÝ TIẾP CẬN NGUỒN GEN VÀ CHIA SẺ LỢI ÍCH TỪ VIỆC SỬ DỤNG NGUỒN GEN"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dafcb10d2707e9de4efea43be840d830/VNM_Guidance Document ABS_English..pdf","prettySize":"3.5 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4dcdc03dc0f2fc8430415ef6f4edcf59/VNM_Guidance Document ABS_Vietnamese..pdf","prettySize":"3.62 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Guidelines for Biodiversity Research","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GUY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GUY"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Contractual terms","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This document describes the procedure to research biodiversity, and states that prior authorization must be sought if the diversity is intended to be used for commercial purposes.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-09-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-09-05","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Guidelines for Biodiversity Research"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/115de9c61033f767df0efef10498e94e/GUY_Biodiversity Research..pdf","prettySize":"101 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Guidelines for Bioprospecting Activities in the Philippines","Subtitle":"Joint DENR-DA-PCSD-NCIP Administrative Order No. 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This elaborates further on the equitable sharing of benefits than previous legislation did.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-01-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-01-14","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Guidelines for Bioprospecting Activities in the Philippines"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9ca734f491bea713cd676ad539b1f4e3/ph191en..pdf","prettySize":"1.13 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Guidelines for Foreign Users of Korean Genetic Resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KOR"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Contractual terms","Benefit-sharing","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"This document summarises the exigences of korean access and benefit-sharing legislation \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-11-24","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-11-24","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Guidelines for Foreign Users of Korean Genetic Resources"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/032709056f710b41ab61120cc0817cbd/GuidelinesforForeignUsersofKoreanGR_202311..pdf","prettySize":"3.26 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Guidelines for irrigation water quality (G.N. No. 617 of 1999)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MUS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MUS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes water quality standards for water used for irrigation in compliance with the FAO.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Guidelines for irrigation water quality (G.N. No. 617 of 1999)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fbdf99a4f121045bd61e7246c4581fac/mat53079..pdf","prettySize":"34.7 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Guidelines for the proper use and traceability of feed, medicated feed and veterinary products for use in aquaculture","Subtitle":"Resolution No. 115-2016-SANIPES","Authoring_country":"PER","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PER"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Resolution regulates the use of medicated feed in animals in Peru, and seeks to promote rational use of medicated feed in animals.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº 115-2016-SANIPES ─ Lineamientos para el uso adecuado y trazabilidad de piensos, piensos medicados y productos veterinarios de uso en acuicultura"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d62a873b6c4d40dab2785752890343ce/PER_MedicatedFeed..pdf","prettySize":"72.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Guidelines for the use of fishery drugs for non-polluted food - National Agricultural Standard NY5071-2002","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"These guidelines set regulations for feed products and drugs that are permissible for use in aquaculture. The guidelines state that antibacterial drugs should not be used in feeds for prolonged periods of time. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-07-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-07-25","Languages":["Chinese (Simplified)"],"Original_language_titles":["无公害食品渔用药物使用准则-中华人民共和国农业行业标准NY5071-2002"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a9ff8a0cb368dcb4d1d19529b19202db/chn178988..pdf","prettySize":"158 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Guidelines on Access to Biological Resources","Subtitle":"& the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Use","Authoring_country":"MWI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MWI"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Benefit-sharing","Digital sequence information (DSI)"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"This document outlines the entire mechanism of access and benefit-sharing in Malawi\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-09-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-09-16","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Guidelines on Access to Biological Resources"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d884f0f0434a7499bb723c18f94ef0c0/Malawi_ABS Guidelines..pdf","prettySize":"25 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Guidelines on Access to Biological Resources and Associated Knowledge and Benefits Sharing Regulations, 2014","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IND","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IND"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Benefit-sharing"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Regulation establishing procedures for access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge, as well as obligations and modes of benefit-sharing.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-11-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-11-21","Languages":["Hindi"],"Original_language_titles":["जैविक संसाधनों और संबद्ध ज्ञान और लाभ साझाकरण विनियमों तक पहुंच पर दिशानिर्देश"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dda8d98c9b72dda209785372f511e131/Gazette_Notification_of_ABS_Guidlines..pdf","prettySize":"428 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization ","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"JPN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["JPN"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Digital sequence information (DSI)","Access to resources","Compliance","Benefit-sharing","Contractual terms","Prior informed consent (PIC)"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Guidelines outlining Japan's implementation of the Nagoya protocol \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-05-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-20","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d66d0dd2c45ac7b42007c89bf01d3482/Japan_ABSGuidelines_2017..pdf","prettySize":"172 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Guidelines on the Handling and Management of Clinical Wastes in Malaysia","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MYS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MYS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"This guideline protects against adverse environmental and health issues by providing the basic guidelines for the appropriate management and disposal of wastes generated by hospitals and other health care facilities. This document supports the Environmental Quality Regulations, 2005. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Guidelines on the Handling and Management of Clinical Wastes in Malaysia"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cdfa872858703a2cd668456575d2b2fd/malmanagement_Of_Clinical_Wastes_In_Malaysia_2_0..pdf","prettySize":"1.03 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides Control and Management Act (No. 12 of 1994)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GMB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GMB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation creates the Chemicals and Pesticides Control Management Executive Council, which is tasked with regulating and monitoring pesticides and other hazardous materials through all stages of production and disposal. There are specific provisions prohibiting the disposal of these and other hazardous substances into water sources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1994-05-24","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-05-24","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides Control and Management Act (No. 12 of 1994)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e451de511c0c45b82be65e73a8da0b51/gam4820..pdf","prettySize":"226 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Hazardous Electronic and other Wastes (Classification), Control and Management Regulations 2016, LI 2250","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GHA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GHA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation concerns the management of hazardous wastes, outlines the responsibilities of entities involved in waste management, and sets requirements for waste disposal.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-10-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-10-11","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Hazardous Electronic and other Wastes (Classification), Control and Management Regulations 2016, LI 2250"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/952a3e297629e8cfe41b05631e985d39/gha206927..pdf","prettySize":"1.97 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Hazardous Substances Law, 1993","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ISR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ISR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law vests the control over the management of toxic substances, including pharmaceuticals, to the Ministry of the Environment, which is also responsible for classifying them. It mandates licenses and permits for entities handling, selling, and disposing of these potentially toxic chemicals.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Hazardous Substances Law, 1993"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/78db0a43485a28a68cca46dfd9cc5e7b/isr19747..pdf","prettySize":"44.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Health Act 1956","Subtitle":"(No. 65 of 1956)","Authoring_country":"NZL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NZL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Competent veterinary authority","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act aims to protect the health of both people and animals in New Zealand. It identifies the competent veterinary authority, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals. Notably this law bases initial disease control measures in humans on proportionality and voluntary compliance. The law allows Medical Officers of Health to issue home-based isolation and quarantine directions to patients and contacts; not following these instructions can result in a fine. But if a Medical Officer of Health does not believe the risk can be managed by voluntary compliance with directions, they can order temporary isolation/detainment through an urgent public health order, which is enforceable through reasonable force, fines, and imprisonment; this isolation lasts for 72 hours, unless extended by a District Court. Additionally, District Courts can make public health orders that can force contacts to quarantine at home or force patients to isolate either at home or in a hospital. These District Court orders are enforceable with reasonable force, fines, and imprisonment. The Medical Officer of Health qualifies as the national government, as they are designated by the Director General.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1956-10-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2024-02-17","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Health Act 1956 (No. 65 of 1956)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d7a5edad497d99c56433850ffb47bdc3/NZL_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"1.45 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Health Act of September 1, 1945","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BEL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEL"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Authority to isolate","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law covers enforcement measures for public health activities. It states that, interfering with a public health activity, such as failing to remain in quarantine or refusing to allow a health inspector into a private building is punishable with a fine of 26-100 francs and imprisonment of 8 days to one month. The law also states that, if the same individual engages in further actions to inhibit public health activities within 2 years of the first incident, the fine and jail time can be doubled. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1945-10-10","Date_entered_into_force":"1945-10-20","Languages":["Dutch"],"Original_language_titles":["1 September 1945. - Gezondheidswet"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/963a8b4b383672c4ec239f74c73ae988/BEL_vaccination2..pdf","prettySize":"125 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Health Code","Subtitle":"Law No. 2011-002","Authoring_country":"MDG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MDG"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes Madagascar's health code and includes provisions about infectious disease prevention.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-05-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-05-27","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi N°2011‐002 portant Code de la Santé"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9076b2f884008db27a0902580cf4d913/MDG_Health Code..pdf","prettySize":"816 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Health Code of Bolivia","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BOL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BOL"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The Health Code, as enacted by Supreme Decree No. 15629, makes the Executive Branch in charge of all regulatory actions in regards to communicable diseases.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1978-07-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1978-07-20","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Código de salud de la República de Bolivia"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9a47b704ae7700ac7ae449fdd8882cbc/BOL_Health Code..pdf","prettySize":"146 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Health Code of the Republic of Tajikistan","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TJK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TJK"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law gives national officials the authority to quarantine and isolate and require mandatory vaccinations. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-05-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-05-30","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["КОДЕКС ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН\n"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0b159323a98a2ae14b1344eb911bafed/TJK_Health Code..pdf","prettySize":"608 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Health Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BGR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BGR"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate","List of actionable diseases"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the framework for healthcare and disease prevention in Bulgaria. Article 55 states that the Ministry of Health must set the annual vaccination calendar and may decide which vaccinations are mandatory based upon the current epidemiological situation. Article 59 states that the state can mandate compulsory vaccination in the event of an emergency situation. Article 209 states that the penalty for failing to comply with routine or emergency vaccination is a fine of varying amounts.  \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-01-01","Languages":["Bulgarian"],"Original_language_titles":["Закон за здравето"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0943ddfdf236b109c09289324e8d5596/BGR_Health Law_2005..pdf","prettySize":"889 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Health Practitioners Act, 2010","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GRD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GRD"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates the practice of Dentistry and Medicine, for both human and veterinary practice, in Grenada.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Health Practitioners Act, 2010"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bdc1322b159c78421c0511b4cb84fd21/Grenada_VetPractice..pdf","prettySize":"346 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Health Rules (Cap. 231)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BHS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BHS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law provides a framework for a diverse array of public health topics and includes specific regulations for wastewater discharge and protection of water storage facilities. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1935-04-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Health Rules (Cap. 231)."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/74a32cb81c1be4b16d27b5b696bc74b9/bha112358..pdf","prettySize":"307 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Health Services (Communicable and Notifiable Diseases) Regulations, 1969","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BRB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRB"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These regulations state the permissible activities of the government to prevent and control the spread of infectious diseases in Barbados. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1969-10-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1969-12-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Health Services (Communicable and Notifiable Diseases) Regulations, 1969"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0db5665e8a7d5eba0535f444f7c07275/BRB_Health Services (Communicable and Notifiable Diseases) Regulations, 1969..pdf","prettySize":"33.7 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Health Services Act (Act No. 38 of 1969)","Subtitle":"Nuisances Regulations","Authoring_country":"BRB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act aims to promote public health, giving the Minister responsibility over the control of diseases and food, construction of sewers, and use of water resources. The law is also used to govern medical waste disposal, which falls under offensive matter and is regulated as such.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1969-09-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1969-09-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Health Services Act (Act No. 38 of 1969)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ddc87a66363dad9d257053469ecc198a/bar20130..pdf","prettySize":"2.64 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Hygienic and anti-disagency requirements for the processing of medical waste","Subtitle":"N 2.1.3-3 on approval of sanitary rules and norms","Authoring_country":"ARM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation concerns medical waste and establishes requirements for use, methods for decontamination, and guidelines for safe management of medical waste.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-03-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-03-04","Languages":["Armenian"],"Original_language_titles":["ԲԺՇԿԱԿԱՆ ԹԱՓՈՆՆԵՐԻ ԳՈՐԾԱԾՈՒԹՅԱՆԸ ՆԵՐԿԱՅԱՑՎՈՂ ՀԻԳԻԵՆԻԿ ԵՎ ՀԱԿԱՀԱՄԱՃԱՐԱԿԱՅԻՆ ՊԱՀԱՆՋՆԵՐ» N 2.1.3-3 ՍԱՆԻՏԱՐԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՆՈՆՆԵՐԸ ԵՎ ՆՈՐՄԵՐԸ ՀԱՍՏԱՏԵԼՈՒ ՄԱՍԻՆ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d7b0a57d15f4fb6a173c3988f7d0f56b/Armenia_medical waste_2008..pdf","prettySize":"742 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Immunisation of Children Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VCT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VCT"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the requirements for the vaccination of children on St. Vincent and the Grenadines. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1982-04-27","Date_entered_into_force":"1982-04-27","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Immunisation of Children Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2c0f55eeff10fc1b8f6bc11cb2813648/VCT_Immunisation of Children Act_1982..pdf","prettySize":"189 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Immunization Act","Subtitle":"(Act No. 68 of June 30, 1948)","Authoring_country":"JPN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["JPN"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the vaccination scheme for Japan. From 1948 through 1994, childhood vaccinations were obligatory, however, from 1994 onward, they have been classified as recommended. The law does allow for a minister to apply \"temporary vaccinations\" to an area in the case of a public health emergency. There is however, no discernible enforcement mechanism for this emergency vaccination. Japanese citizens that fail to vaccinate in accordance with the vaccine schedule may be subject to pay for the vaccinations themselves and may not be able to apply for liability payments if their child is harmed by vaccination.  \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-11-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-11-27","Languages":["Japanese"],"Original_language_titles":["予防接種法\n昭和二十三年六月三十日法律第六十八号"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b5ac28c3c0126fee1838ea2335f52f89/JPN_Immunization Act_2013..pdf","prettySize":"360 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Immunization of Children and Pregnant Mothers","Subtitle":"Resolution No. 11 adopted at the 66th Session of the National Assembly of Bhutan","Authoring_country":"BTN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BTN"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Childhood vaccination"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This resolution required the administration of six vaccinations to children in Bhutan and stated that complete vaccination would be a prerequisite to admission to educational institutions. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1988-02-26","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-02-26","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Immunization of Children and Pregnant Mothers"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f3454acd7bcd9f38809fef3390fb865d/bhuFinal-Bhutan-National-Immunization-Policy-and-Strategic-Guidelines..pdf","prettySize":"950 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Implementation measures of Regulation (EU) no. 511/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014","Subtitle":"on user compliance measures under the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Use in the Union","Authoring_country":"GRC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GRC"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Legal sanctions","Scope of legislation","Access to resources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the implementation into Greek Law of the EU ABS Regulation. It describes the Competent National Authority, as well as compliance and monitoring mechanisms, and penalties incurred in cases of non-compliance.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-03-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-03-27","Languages":["Greek"],"Original_language_titles":["Μέτρα εφαρμογής του Κανονισμού (ΕΕ) αριθ. 511/2014 του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου και του Συμβουλίου της 16ης Απριλίου 2014"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8e16bf4ddde28d7b7a0ae3cece14cba2/KYA_NAGOYA..pdf","prettySize":"170 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Implementing Regulations of Uniform Law for Medical Waste Management","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SAU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SAU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These implementing regulations establish the requirements for the handling, transportation, and disposal 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isolate","Authority to quarantine","Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law details powers and procedures for controlling infectious disease outbreaks. Article 42 gives quarantine and isolation powers to national (Commissioner of Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency), intermediate (Provincial Governors), and local (heads of cities, counties, and districts) levels of government.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-09-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-12-15","Languages":["Korean"],"Original_language_titles":["감염병의 예방 및 관리에 관한 법률"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ad93cad43d76b97903eee91db4890607/KOR_Infectious Disease Prevention Act..pdf","prettySize":"303 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Infectious Diseases (Prevention, Control and Elimination) Act, 2018","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BGD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BGD"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law states the right and obligations of citizens in Bangladesh to mitigate the threat of infectious diseases. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-11-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-11-14","Languages":["Bengali"],"Original_language_titles":["সংƠামক ĺরাগ (Ƶিতেরাধ, িনয়ȫণ ও িনমŪলূ ) আইন, ২০১৮"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/550ac34123423b95a5928a2e84d53193/BGD_Infectious Diseases..pdf","prettySize":"362 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Infectious Diseases Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SVN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SVN"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Enforcement of emergency vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the powers and responsibilities of the national government of Slovenia in combating infectious disease outbreaks. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-03-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-01-12","Languages":["Slovenian"],"Original_language_titles":["ZAKON O NALEZLJIVIH BOLEZNIH (ZNB)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/32757c514a8c61aebf9181dd81702d64/Slovenia_Infectious Disease Act_2006..pdf","prettySize":"286 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Infectious Diseases Act 1976","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SGP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SGP"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law governs efforts to combat infectious diseases in Singapore. 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Finally, Part 5, article 31 states that all individuals entering Singapore must be vaccinated against Yellow Fever, as included in the Third Schedule. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1977-08-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-08-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Infectious Diseases Act 1976"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/52f9164897dfc1c8abd65bcec725732b/SGP_Infectious Diseases Act_1976..pdf","prettySize":"424 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Intellectual Property Act","Subtitle":"No. 36 of 2003 (As amended by Act No. 8 of 2022)","Authoring_country":"LKA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LKA"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2003-11-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-11-12","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Intellectual Property Act (Act No. 36 of 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Εναρμόνιση της Ελληνικής νομοθεσίας προς την αντίστοιχη κοινοτική στον τομέα της παραγωγής και της κυκλοφορίας κτηνιατρικών φαρμάκων, σε συμμόρφωση με τις Οδηγίες 2001/82/ΕΚ και 2004/28/ΕΚ του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου και του Συμβουλίου περί κοινοτικού"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7d4806b8c524328109368d9af268cea1/Greece_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"392 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Joint Order No. A/816/218 of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, and the Ministry of Construction establishing standard level of pollutants in wastewater","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MNG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MNG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes pollution levels and limits for daily effluent wastewater discharge and prohibits discharge of wastewater that contains hazardous pollutants.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-12-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-12-27","Languages":["Mongolian"],"Original_language_titles":["БАЙГАЛЬ ОРЧИН, АЯЛАЛ ЖУУЛЧЛАЛЫН САЙД, БАРИЛГА, ХОТ БАЙГУУЛАЛТЫН САЙДЫН ХАМТАРСАН ТУШААЛ 2019 оны 12 дугаар сарын 27-ны өдөр Дугаар А/816/218 Хаягдал усанд агуулагдах бохирдуулах бодисын жишиг хэмжээг тогтоох тухай"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/26d66eafdbd22cb832cfb643041bd711/mon199748..pdf","prettySize":"120 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Joint order of the Minister of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources and the Minister of Public Health dated 27 December 2006","Subtitle":"Fixing the list of additives to cattle feed, their content and the methods of their use","Authoring_country":"TUN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TUN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Order regulates the use of feed additives in livestock, including medicated feed, in Tunisia.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Arrêté conjoint du ministre de l’agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques et du ministre de la santé publique du 27 décembre 2006, fixant la liste des additifs aux aliments de bétail, leur teneur et les modalités de leur utilisation"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4c687be7d3452ebf6728ffbc8f8909d0/Tunisia_MedicatedFeed..pdf","prettySize":"996 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"L.N. 379 of 2016 Environment Protection Act (CAP. 549)","Subtitle":"Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits arising from their Utilisation Regulations, 2016","Authoring_country":"MLT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MLT"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Subsidiary legislation to the pre-existing Environmental Protection Act establishes a set of regulations in line with the EU ABS Regulation 522/2014. This designated a Competent National Authority, its duties and obligations, which include monitoring access and benefit-sharing of Malta's genetic resources.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-11-08","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-08","Languages":["English","Maltese"],"Original_language_titles":["L.N. 379 of 2016 ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT (CAP. 549)","A.L. 379 tal-2016 ATT DWAR IL-PROTEZZJONI TAL-AMBJENT (KAP. 549)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/33330ab4a39d68996c6fb5e28f4c7553/MLT_Environment Protection Act_English..pdf","prettySize":"849 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1d8f969d34059ad1e4f607eb661f3ef5/MLT_Environment Protection Act_Maltese..pdf","prettySize":"822 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law 151/2022 Penal Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CUB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CUB"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Legal sanctions","Misinformation or disinformation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The penal code includes a section on environmental crimes, including the crime of trafficking genetic resources without authorization.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-09-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-09-01","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley No. 151 Código Penal"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e8012d4ff1bad139f42561006ff40e89/goc-2022-o93_0_0..pdf","prettySize":"908 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law 27680 – Antimicrobial resistance prevention and control law.","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes mechanisms for the prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Argentina. It contains provisions regulating the sale, advertising and promotion of antimicrobials for both human and animal use in Argentina.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley 27680 – Ley de prevención y control de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/24fe1ea45ed5e2c1b617fe68aa1e2da9/Argentina_AMR..pdf","prettySize":"196 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law 3199 on water protection and management – Harmonization with EU Directive No. 2000/60/EC","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GRC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GRC"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law provides for the protection and management of water resources, protecting against pollution and establishing wastewater quality threshold standards. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-12-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-12-09","Languages":["Greek"],"Original_language_titles":["Νόμος υπ’αριθ. 3199. Προστασία και διαχείριση των υδάτων – Εναρμόνιση με την Οδηγία 2006/60/ΕΚ του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου και του Συμβουλίου της 23ης Οκτωβρίου 2000"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/edbf97d2fb2793849f104f5dfed2aa7f/gre66106..pdf","prettySize":"95.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law 4675","Subtitle":"Prevention, protection and promotion of health- development of public health services and other provisions","Authoring_country":"GRC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GRC"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Emergency vaccination authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document broadly addresses public health measures, but specifically includes provisions for primary, secondary and tertiary disease prevention actions. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-03-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-03-11","Languages":["Greek"],"Original_language_titles":["ΝΟΜΟΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘΜ. 4675"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/89457afc5dceca9a341143dafcc7a188/Ν. 4675.2020   Δημόσια Υγεια..pdf","prettySize":"235 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law 93/1962 for Discharge of Waste waters","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"EGY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["EGY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates effluent waste discharge into sewerage systems and the construction of sewers and sewage treatment facilities.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1962-05-21","Date_entered_into_force":"1962-06-21","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم 93 لسنة 1962 بشأن صرف المتخلفات السائلة"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/11549d9117cac386aa22e0f28d50fd53/egy179415..pdf","prettySize":"235 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law Introducing the Protection Regime for the Collective Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples derived from Biological Resources","Subtitle":"Law No. 27811","Authoring_country":"PER","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PER"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Recognizes the right and power of indigenous peoples and communities to decide the use of and collect compensation for their collective knowledge.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-08-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-08-11","Languages":["English","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 27811 Introducing the Protection Regime for the Collective Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples derived from Biological Resources","Ley N° 27811 mediante la cual se establece el régimen de protección de los conocimientos colectivos de los pueblos indígenas vinculados a los recursos biológicos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/500099c069413427830990fcb70a148e/pe011en..pdf","prettySize":"211 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c4de3dbd9d7989d1265dfb19291e2391/pe011es..pdf","prettySize":"80.6 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law L/2019/0034/AN of July 04, 2019, on the Environmental Code of the Republic of Guinea","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GIN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GIN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law protects the environment from degradation with criteria for pollution and plans for coordinated approaches for sustainable development.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-07-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-07-04","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi L/2019/0034/AN du 04 juillet 2019, portant Code de l'Environnement de la République de Guinée"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ea2e67ff695b4c91fba7ad7e999c633c/gui207597..pdf","prettySize":"9.45 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law L/95/046/CTRN establishing the Livestock and Animal Products Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GIN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GIN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Medicated feed","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates all aspects of animal health in Guinea, including veterinary medicine. It establishes the Ministry of Livestock as the competent veterinary authority in Guinea. It regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, and specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine. It also regulates medicated feed in animals.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi L/95/046/CTRN portant Code de l'élevage et des produits animaux"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c9ef9e374e71a462c6873b50ec0d3d60/Guinea_Animal..pdf","prettySize":"1.11 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No 2066, Law of the Provision and Use of Potable Water and Sanitary Sewerage ","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BOL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BOL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the water and sanitation service provisions and regulations by the national government of Bolivia. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-04-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-04-11","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 2066, de 11 de Abril de 2000, Ley de Prestación y utilización de Servicios de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado Sanitario"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c96fecd2793c0c10f1a191c2383877dc/160_L_2066..pdf","prettySize":"192 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. (21) of 2005 for Waste Management in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi ","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law sets the framework for regulating waste management, reducing waste generation, assessing and approving of waste facilities, and promoting recycling, waste treatment, and effective waste disposal strategies. Medical waste is one category of waste specifically regulated in this document. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-09-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-09-10","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. (21) of 2005 for Waste Management in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b488fc857a3f429c14a7f063e3198976/ARE83638..pdf","prettySize":"30.1 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. (4) of 2009 AD Concerning public health","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"YEM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["YEM"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law describes the measures that may be implemented to bolster public health and prevent the spread of infectious diseases. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-01-01","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["م 2009 ﺔﻨﺴﻟ (4) ﻢﻗر نﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﺤﺼﻟا نﺄﺸﺑ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5af78061fb14f4ab862e6160de3cf4a5/Yemen_Public-Health-Law..pdf","prettySize":"1.12 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 002-2001/AN on the orientation law relating to water management","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BFA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BFA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines protective measures for potable water sources in Burkina Faso. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-08-08","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-08-08","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 002-2001/AN portant loi d'orientation relative à la gestion de l'eau."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c6c635f98dc57370c8b499502cf9e0b9/BFA_Water Management..pdf","prettySize":"147 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 003/91 on environmental protection","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law addresses environmental protection and pollution prevention, providing for the conduction of environmental impact assessments on economic projects, as noted in modality 2.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-04-23","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-04-23","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 003/91 sur la protection de l'environnement"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6bd644fcf1c0b76f2637e928bd71b8e7/con5810 (1)..pdf","prettySize":"142 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 003/91 on environmental protection","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law seeks to strengthen environmental, including water source, protection against pollution and provides clarification of policing procedures, financial penalties for polluting entities, and detailed procedures for implementing agencies. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-04-23","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-04-23","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 003/91 sur la protection de l'environnement"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6bd644fcf1c0b76f2637e928bd71b8e7/con5810..pdf","prettySize":"142 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 006-2013/AN on the Environmental Code of Burkina Faso","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BFA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BFA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines pollution control measures, a mandate to undertake environmental quality monitoring, and penal sanctions for polluting entities in Burkina Faso. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-04-02","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-04-02","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n°006-2013/AN portant Code de l’Environnement du Burkina Faso"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/89dac68fa9f4087424c7839dde3ccb31/BFA_Environmental Code..pdf","prettySize":"241 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 007/2014 of August 01, 2014 relating to the protection of the environment in the Gabonese Republic","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GAB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GAB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law aims to ensure environmental protection in Gabon, outlining the principles for the national environmental policy, which includes improving sustainability in using natural resources and the environment, mitigating pollution, and sustainable development.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-08-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-08-01","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 007/2014 du 01 août 2014 relative à la protection de l'environnement en République gabonaise"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3e99b693e1386b48ce8a715516621da3/Gab174571..pdf","prettySize":"12.3 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 007/2014 of the 1 August 2014","Subtitle":"relative to the protection of the environment in the Republic of Gabon","Authoring_country":"GAB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GAB"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law encompasses the measures by which the government protects the environment and regulates environmental 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It regulates all areas of animal health and veterinary public health in Burkina Faso, including the profession of veterinary medicine, and feed and veterinary medications used in aquaculture. It contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-11-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-11-16","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n°048-2017/AN du 16 novembre 2017 portant Code de santé animale et de santé publique vétérinaire"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a7d7835628db22caaa62b5373c4f3892/BFA_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"978 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 05-010 of February 11, 2005 bearing the Creation of the National Directorate of Veterinary Services","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MLI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MLI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the National Directorate of Veterinary Services, which is the competent veterinary authority in 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pollution.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-04-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-04-12","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 06.001 du 12 avril 2006 portant Code de l’Eau de la République Centrafricaine"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9c258e476be518a3a9626c4b74913cb0/caf107433..pdf","prettySize":"325 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 07.018 of 28 December 2007","Subtitle":"Containing the Environmental Code of the Central African Republic","Authoring_country":"CAF","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CAF"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This environmental code contains provisions in article 37-38 pertaining to the access to genetic material and sharing of benefits derived from 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surgery","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MCO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MCO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates the practice of veterinary medicine and veterinary surgery in Monaco, and specifies the qualifications necessary to practice the veterinary profession.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 1.066 relative à l'exercice de la médecine et de la chirurgie vétérinaires"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5a3632150ad3f1d351bafab61dc2bfd0/Monaco_Vet..pdf","prettySize":"8.06 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 1.257 on veterinary medicinal 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It also regulates the use of medicated feed in livestock.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 1.257 sur le médicament vétérinaire"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8f939fd2170ca29e7d29d5fc15705f25/Monaco_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"133 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 1.456 of 12/12/2017 on the Environmental Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MCO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MCO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Sewerage","Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This broad law regulates a diverse array of water and sanitation domains. 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Finally, it addresses potential nuisances by creating standards for sanitation infrastructure and regulating hazardous wastes, which include wastes from healthcare facilities. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-12-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-12-12","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 1.456 du 12/12/2017 portant Code de l’environnement"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a5584bb4c3ed7b5e41eb5f51b50ebaf1/Mnc181193..pdf","prettySize":"216 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 1/010 establishing the Environmental Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BDI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BDI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law pertains to the setting of quality standards, mandate to monitor environmental 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\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-03-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-03-26","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n°1/02 du 26 mars 2012 portant code de l’eau au Burundi."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6d6a77b8fc3e40ce5a8d9f96cd918454/bur129952..pdf","prettySize":"1.21 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 1/05 of February 11, 2021 on the management and regulation of veterinary products in Burundi","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BDI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BDI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates the import, export, manufacture, sale and dispensing of veterinary drugs in Burundi.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº1/05 du 11 février 2021 portant 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It also specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine in Cyprus.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-02-17","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Greek"],"Original_language_titles":["Ο περί Κτηνιατρικών Φαρμακευτικών Προϊόντων (Έλεγχος Ποιότητας, Εγγραφή, Κυκλοφορία, Παρασκευή, Χορήγηση και Χρήση) Νόμος του 2006 (10(I)/2006)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bd3832b05ae1947c22502357ef508531/Cyprus_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"1.33 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 10 on practicing the veterinary profession","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"JOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["JOR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates the veterinary profession in Jordan. It specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون ممارسة مهنة الطب البيطري رقم (10) لسنة 1988م"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/24b56f59cf7da3cc34162d2b00694a6d/Jordan_Vet..pdf","prettySize":"194 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 10/2010 on Environmental Impact Assessment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GNB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GNB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the legal framework for the Environmental Impact Assessment to monitor projects to ensure preservation of the environment and water quality.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-09-24","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-09-25","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Lei n. 10/2010 - Aprova a Lei sobre Avaliação Ambiental"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/52ed3d58e4906aae43e1aecc878a5252/gbs118226..pdf","prettySize":"6.98 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 10465 dated 29.9.2011 on the veterinary service in the Republic of Albania","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ALB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ALB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the State Veterinary Service as the competent veterinary authority in Albania, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-09-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-10-14","Languages":["Albanian"],"Original_language_titles":["Ligj Nr.10 465, datë 29.9.2011 për shërbimin veterinar në Republikën e Shqipërisë"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/60a25ba70431314747f006f35736074b/Albania_VMPs..pdf","prettySize":"400 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 106 of 1973 issuing the Health Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LBY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LBY"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law sets forth government and provider responsibilities in public health. The law states that any regulations created with the authority of this law would be enforceable by the mechanisms outlined here. Article 42 details forced treatment for rabies. Article 139 details penalties for patient violation of the quarantine and isolation measures listed in the law and further detailed in the Minister of Health Resolution No. 456 of 1975 - Issuing the Executive Regulations for the Health Law.\n\n\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1973-12-13","Date_entered_into_force":"1973-12-13","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم (106) لسنة 1973 بشأن إصدار القانون الصحي"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1bd317334973a780bfbd938d707d6b2a/LBY_Health Code..pdf","prettySize":"26.1 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 1068 - Creates the National Health Regulation Authority (ANRS)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NIC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NIC"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law creates the National Health Regulation Authority to direct health-related policies and approve regulations and standards for health management.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-03-22","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-03-22","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Crea La Autoridad Nacional de Regulación Sanitaria (ANRS)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d5b9d726c31bc315ccfe7d09dd8e89aa/nic201992..pdf","prettySize":"2.02 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 11-009 of July 9, 2009 on the Fundamental Principles relating to the Protection of the Environment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COD"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines penalties for environmental pollution, including water pollution. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-07-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-07-09","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 11-009 du 09 juillet 2009 portant Principes Fondamentaux relatifs à la Protection de l’Environnement"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/38f1814fbb702f3527a2003ae1187903/cng109798..pdf","prettySize":"157 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 111/2012 on the integrated management of water resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ALB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ALB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law contains provisions aimed at protecting and improving the water environment and water resources in Albania. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-11-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-15","Languages":["Albanian"],"Original_language_titles":["PËR MENAXHIMIN E INTEGRUAR TË BURIMEVE UJORE"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7f86721889e6ad0b9a745e6c180f2965/ALB181419..pdf","prettySize":"318 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 113/2015 on the Order of professional veterinarians","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ALB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ALB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law contains provisions which set standards for the practice of veterinary medicine in Albania, including specifying the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-10-30","Languages":["Albanian"],"Original_language_titles":["Ligj nr. 113/2015 për urdhrin profesional të mjekut veterinar."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5f24b39798e668827bb01d3384dfe5a0/Albania_VeterinaryProfession..pdf","prettySize":"243 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 115/VIII/2016 creating the Category of Veterinary Doctors of Cape Verde","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CPV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CPV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Category of Veterinary Doctors of Cape Verde, which is the authority regulating the veterinary profession in Cape Verde. It specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Lei n. 115/VIII/2016 de 22 de março"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7c33ea63154c47e866f76cc6fcd1540a/CaboVerde_VetOrder..pdf","prettySize":"177 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 1175-VQ on environmental impact assessment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AZE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AZE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines regulations for environmental impact monitoring with specific sections for the assessment and monitoring of proposed activities on water sources and wastewater \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-06-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-06-12","Languages":["Azerbaijani"],"Original_language_titles":["Ətraf mühitə təsirin qiymətləndirilməsi haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikasının Qanunu № 1175-VQ."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5e815982f3c4bd3dde707ddac07585d6/aze199325..pdf","prettySize":"444 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 119 “On veterinary drugs”","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MDA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MDA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products in the Republic of Moldova.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Romanian"],"Original_language_titles":["Республика Молдова ПАРЛАМЕНТ ЗАКОН Nr. 119 от 05.07.2018 о лекарственных средствах ветеринарного назначения"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/642e9b5d1c8a8cce0c921cbb7bafbb09/Moldova_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"1.03 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 12 of 1996 promulgating the Children’s Law, amended by Law No. 126 of 2008","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"EGY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["EGY"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the rights and responsibilities of children and their legal guardians in Egypt. Importantly, chapter 3 addresses mandatory childhood vaccinations. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-07-10","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم 12 لسنة 1996 باصدار قانون الطفل والمعدل بالقانون رقم 126 لسنة 2008"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a12ad58a0c4e4f5b56092d8baee61796/EGY_Children's Law_2008..pdf","prettySize":"232 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 13-2003 on the water code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law implements the national water policy and includes provisions on the protection of water sources against pollution, which is enforced by a water policing agency. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-04-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-04-10","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 13-2003 portant code de l'eau"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/955c251c492f839f309f0eea092d5bef/con88147..pdf","prettySize":"2.81 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 13.123 of 20 May 2015","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRA"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Compliance","Digital sequence information (DSI)"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Law outlining the current implementation of access and benefit-sharing in the context of Brazil.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-05-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-11-16","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Lei Nº 13.123, de 20 de Maio de 2015"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e0bbdcedecfaba3c5beb4bdfd6fb9201/Lei nº 13.123, de 20 de maio de 2015 (Acesso ao patrimônio genético e ao conhecimento tradicional associado e normatiza a repartição de benefícios)..pdf","prettySize":"110 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 13/2005 approving the Animal Health Basic Legislation","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"STP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["STP"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Veterinary Service of Veterinary Administration as the competent veterinary authority in Sao Tome and Principe, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals in Sao Tome and Principe, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Lei n. 13/2005: Código da Pecuári"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2107d59e2d7c155f1480b6f947fc724a/SaoTome_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"6.91 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 136-IV “On potable water”","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TKM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TKM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation ensures people have access to drinkable water by establishing quality control mechanisms on water supplies.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-09-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-09-25","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН ТУРКМЕНИСТАНА О питьевой воде (от 25 сентября 2010 года №136-IV)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ffe5d91ac4418a3ad913d86dd6557907/tuk105947..pdf","prettySize":"211 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 137 of 1958 on the Precaution Measures Against Infectious Disease","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"EGY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["EGY"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the measures that can be taken to fight infectious disease in Egypt, including vaccination, quarantine and isolation. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1958-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1958-01-01","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم 137 لسنة 1958 بشأن التدابير الاحترازية ضد الأمراض المعدية"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fbe7eb1962913027247cf96fa45207f6/EGY_infectious diseases_1958..pdf","prettySize":"140 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 14 on Animal Health and Food Safety","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AND","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AND"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Veterinary Health and Animal Protection Service as the competent veterinary authority in Andorra, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine. It also regulates the use of medicated feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-07-12","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Catalan"],"Original_language_titles":["Llei 14/2012 de salut animal i seguretat alimentària"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bde09e4421cb9d099d7a1650cd1a70a0/Andorra_AnimalHealthandFoodSafety..pdf","prettySize":"224 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 14-07 - Relating to biological resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DZA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DZA"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The purpose of this law is to set the terms and conditions for access, conservation, distribution, transfer and development and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of biological resources and the knowledge associated with them. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-08-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-08-10","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 14-07 du 13 Chaoual 1435 correspondant au 9  août 2014 relative aux ressources biologiques"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ff06a883583891c8bc78315976bc1046/DZA_Biological resources..pdf","prettySize":"86.1 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 143-V “On veterinary practice”","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TKM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TKM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Ministers of Turkmenistan in the field of veterinary affairs as the competent veterinary authority in Turkmenistan, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Turkmen"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН ТУРКМЕНИСТАНА О ветеринарном деле"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/10059b839a754ffe7f413bb7f199288c/Turkmenistan_Vet..pdf","prettySize":"292 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 145/AN/06/5th establishing the National Office for Water and Sanitation in Djibouti","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DJI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DJI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation establishes the National Office of Water and Sanitation, which oversees the country's sanitation system.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-06-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-06-01","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n°145/AN/06/5ème L portant création de l'Office National de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement de Djibouti"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a4aa82b97ac620f73bdf543157f3b6bf/dji66476..pdf","prettySize":"68.4 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 147 of 2021 promulgating the Water Resources and Irrigation Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"EGY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["EGY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law's objective is to create effective water irrigation, sewage, and distribution systems. It establishes the Water Use Associations, which requires approval of agricultural projects, conservation of the Nile River, regulation of groundwater, and protection of water resources from pollutants, including wastewater discharge.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-10-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-10-17","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم 147 لسنة 2021 بإصدار قانون الموارد المائية والرى"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e3333811cfe5032590b22d7d0a2e9e0f/egy212586..pdf","prettySize":"10.5 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 15 of 2003 on the Protection and Improvement of the Environment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LBY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LBY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law aims to control pollution, protect and improve the environment, ensure sustainable development, and hold responsible parties accountable, with specific provisions for various aspects such as air pollution, marine protection, water sources, foodstuffs, and penalties.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-06-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-08-16","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم 15 لسنة 1371 و.ر. في شأن حماية وتحسين البيئة"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f2bbac1862c23ce166433723a66e6e09/lib45081..pdf","prettySize":"1.1 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 15/026 of December 31, 2015 relating to water","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COD"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Article 57 of this legislation states that potable water must meet set standards. Article 80 states that water providers must ensure that their water meets potable water quality standards. Article 103 sets procedures for situations in which the potable water quality in certain areas does not meet standards.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-12-31","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-12-31","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 15/026 du 31 décembre 2015 relative à l’eau"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/90e0e221c297f2573592ff4dc9e6391f/cng154965..pdf","prettySize":"235 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 154 - Regulates the generation, handling, storage, collection, transportation, treatment and final disposal of all pathogenic waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law creates regulations regarding the handling, collection, storage, and disposal of waste, including wastewater, from activities that care for human and animal health and therefore may contain medical or pathogenic residues. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-02-18","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-02-18","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 154 - Regula la generación, manipulación, almacenamiento, recolección, transporte, tratamiento y disposición final de todos los residuos patogénicos."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1665de7be84c4315bd90cae3d70bc5d6/arg19342..pdf","prettySize":"166 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 16.337 creating the State Water Resources Plan (PERH)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the State Water Resources Plan, which contains specific provisions for the recovery, protection and conservation of water resources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-12-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-14","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["LEI Nº 16.337, DE 14 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2016 Dispõe sobre o Plano Estadual de Recursos Hídricos - PERH e dá providências correlatas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/881d0e877bddd09ec6efe875a8570c6a/bra184462..pdf","prettySize":"169 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 16/91 approving the Water Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MOZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MOZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the Water Act, defining water resources as public domain and establishing water management principles. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-08-03","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-08-03","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Lei n. 16/91 - Aprova a Lei de Águas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c8db7f0e048e6e5eb6437550c19737dc/moz3125..pdf","prettySize":"1.06 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 160 “On veterinary medicine”","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ROU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ROU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates the practice of veterinary medicine in Romania, including stipulating which qualifications are necessary.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Romanian"],"Original_language_titles":["LEGE nr. 160 din 30 iulie 1998 pentru organizarea şi exercitarea profesiunii de medic 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No. 1614 - General of the Regulatory and Tariff Framework of the Public Service for the Provision of Drinking Water and Sanitary Sewerage for the Republic of Paraguay","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PRY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PRY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation regulates the provision and tarriff of drinkable water and sanitary sewerage.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-07-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-07-07","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 1614 General del Marco Regulatorio y Tarifario del Servicio Publico de Provision de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado Sanitario para la Republica del Paraguay"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/948a63c806a870ee7f5402a01331fe6c/PRY_Drinking Water and Sanitary Sewerage..pdf","prettySize":"4 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sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation protects water resources with the establishment of water source protection corridors, protection of water quality and aquatic ecosystems, etc. It also prepares master and local plan to prevent and combat water pollution and restore the quality of water sources.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-07-02","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-11-20","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 17/2012/QH13 on Water Resources"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a4364eadbb4af58a36c792e28045de87/vie117928..pdf","prettySize":"1.64 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 1733/1987 on Technology Transfer, Inventions and Technological Innovation","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GRC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GRC"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1987-09-18","Date_entered_into_force":"1987-09-22","Languages":["Greek"],"Original_language_titles":["Νόμος 1733/1987, Μεταφορά τεχνολογίας, εφευρέσεις, τεχνολογική καινπτομία και σύσταση Επιτροπής Ατομικής Ενέργειας"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/de808ef24bd0fac4756b2811f512a03b/Greece..pdf","prettySize":"379 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 175 \"On veterinary practice\"","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KGZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KGZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the authorized state body for veterinary medicine as the competent veterinary authority in Kyrgyzstan, and regulates the veterinary profession.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН КЫРГЫЗСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fcdf731f98e09be71c7951387aeb7748/Kyrgyzstan_Vet..pdf","prettySize":"282 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 18 of 2012 on Grant, Registration, and Publication of Patents, and the Rights Arising from the Registration","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SYR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SYR"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2012-03-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-05-31","Languages":["English","Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 18 of 2012 on Grant, Registration, and Publication of Patents, and the Rights Arising from the Registration","القانون 18 لعام 2012 بشأن أصول منح براءات الاختراع وتسجیلھا ونشرھا والحقوق الناشئة عن تسجیلھا"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c096c6b3962aa14ae89b59f43500014e/Syria..pdf","prettySize":"244 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9d41d0bef09041b9b33a39fd27fb785b/Syria_Ar..pdf","prettySize":"185 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 18,755 - Establishes Regulations on the Agricultural and Livestock Service","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Agricultural and Livestock Service which is in charge of the protection, maintenance and increase of animal and plant health in Chile. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1988-10-23","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 18.755 - Establece Normas sobre el Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f1d052456a0855168aa8e0a353ab12ca/Chile_VetOrder..pdf","prettySize":"76.1 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 18-11 - Relating to Health","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DZA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DZA"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines the legal measures that may be taken to combat infectious diseases and promote public health in Algeria. Broad language granting both national and subnational actors the authority to take measures to prevent disease encompasses both quarantine and isolation authority.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-07-02","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-07-02","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 18-11 du 18 Chaoual 1439 correspondant au 2 juillet 2018 relative à la santé."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e7661b27e6a9f401054e35c20e760a1f/DZA_Health..pdf","prettySize":"177 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 18/035 of December 13, 2018 Establishing the Fundamental Principles relating to the Organization of Public Health","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COD"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Community engagement mandate","Diphtheria vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Tuberculosis vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Transparency requirements"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the powers of the government to promote public health and fight infectious disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-12-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-03-13","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi N° 18/035 du 13 Décembre 2018 Fixant les Principes Fondamentaux Relatifs à l'Organisation de la Santé Publique"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/eae7bee500a316662ef2bf20d946ab38/Loi No 18-035..pdf","prettySize":"5.16 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 18/2008 regarding Rubbish Management","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IDN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IDN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law states that tasks of the government include treatment and specific rubbish management, which encompasses specific management for hazardous wastes, including medical and biohazard waste. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-05-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-05-08","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 18/2008 regarding Rubbish Management"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/464f706d320ad5aeefc2bc03cf645fda/ins84136..pdf","prettySize":"552 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 18/2009 on Husbandry and Animal Health","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IDN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IDN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates all aspects of animal health in Indonesia, including measures to prevent and control communicable diseases in animals.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 18/2009 on Husbandry and Animal Health"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7443170d5c69d87d470ccc6253678be0/Indonesia_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"1.96 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 19.039 on Industrial Property","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHL"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2006-03-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-06-20","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley N° 19.039, de Propiedad Industrial"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fb9c6407b82dd126188033b737f42ecf/Chile_Industrial Property_2022_Spanish..pdf","prettySize":"233 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 192 of 2020 to amend Law No. 77 of 13/4/2018 “Water Law”","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LBN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LBN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law amends the previous water law to make the layout of the management of water resources more clear and schematic. This law protects water against pollution and gives the Ministry of Energy and Water the authority over water resources.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-10-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-10-16","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم 192 لسنة 2020 يرمي إلى تعديل القانون رقم 77 تاريخ 13/4/2018 \"قانون المياه\""],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2f14aba4ddbbb03ebe82b555c2c9c5a8/leb203251..pdf","prettySize":"768 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2 of 2011 on Patents, Utility Models, Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits and Undisclosed Information","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"YEM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["YEM"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2011-01-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-04-12","Languages":["English","Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 2 of 2011 on Patents, Utility Models, Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits and Undisclosed Information","قانون رقم (2) لسنة 2011م بشأن براءة الاختراع ونماذج المنفعة، تصميمات الدوائر المتكاملة، المعلومات غير المفصح عنها"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/355f750f9292310efe9780a04566a37d/Yemen_Patent Law_2011_English..pdf","prettySize":"206 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2d16fdd89aaa704c394287e921f022b2/Yemen_Patent Law_2011_Arabic..pdf","prettySize":"1.35 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2,426 - Creates the National Service for Animal Quality and Health (SENACSA)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PRY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PRY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the National Service for Quality and Animal Health (SENACSA) as the veterinary authority in Paraguay. It also contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals in Paraguay, such as quarantine and restriction of movement.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 2.426 - Crea el Servicio Nacional de Calidad y Salud Animal (SENACSA)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f1f46827f09b14a5a45de1c6a8638048/PRY_VetAuthority..pdf","prettySize":"852 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 20,417 - Creates the Ministry, the Environmental Assessment Service and the Superintendence of the Environment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the environmental authority tasked with monitoring and evaluation of pollutant control efforts, as well as water quality and emissions standards. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-01-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-06-28","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 20.417 - Crea el Ministerio, el Servicio de Evaluación Ambiental y la Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1d2643313a418ce9548d6b34eb85c620/chi92229..pdf","prettySize":"197 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 20-00 on Industrial Property","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DOM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DOM"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2000-05-08","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-05-08","Languages":["English","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 20-00 on Industrial Property","Ley N° 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b7ea124fd58e95c0c164290b033f60d8/DominicanRepublic..pdf","prettySize":"3 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b3d8023fdd2e4178c160a595f164fe0d/DominicanRep_Sp..pdf","prettySize":"330 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2000-045 relating to the framework law on the environment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MRT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MRT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law defines the national environmental policy's key principles and goals, which include the conservation of resources and biodiversity, the reduction of pollution, and the promotion of sustainable development. It also establishes how the national environmental policy should be managed and the management tools it can invoke.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-07-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-07-26","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 2000-045 portant loi cadre sur l'environnement"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2ea77ad058c1f0443b567089720df11b/mau28924..pdf","prettySize":"958 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2000-84 of August 24, 2000, on Patents","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TUN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TUN"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2000-07-31","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-08-25","Languages":["English","French","Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 2000-84 of August 24, 2000, on Patents","Loi n° 2000-84 du 24 août 2000, relative aux brevets d'invention","قانون عدد 84 لسنة 2000 مؤرخ في 24 أوت 2000 يتعلق ببراءات الإختراع"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2e11ac5600f47441f54ea5d7e55061ab/Tunisia..pdf","prettySize":"94.8 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6bb6760735a5bc91e6d892a9d283287b/Tunisia_Fr..pdf","prettySize":"214 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6bb6760735a5bc91e6d892a9d283287b/Tunisia_Ar..pdf","prettySize":"214 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2000/018 regulating veterinary pharmacy","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CMR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates the import, export, manufacture, sale and dispensing of veterinary products in Cameroon, including medicated feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 2000/018 portant réglementation de la pharmacie vétérinaire."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/90c938f514d77da248d7116fdc4ae068/Cameroon_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"31.9 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2001-01 on the Environmental Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SEN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes plans for the management of environmental protection activities. It deals with waste management, instruments for environmental protection, penalties and overall the reference framework for regulating pollution.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-01-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-01-15","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 2001-01 portant Code de l'environnement"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3b597d2de2cc15d56b429e385c1c0a56/sen132699..pdf","prettySize":"53.9 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2001-6 on the nomenclature and zoo-sanitary regulations of livestock diseases deemed legally contagious and subject to compulsory notification","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CMR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law lists the contagious diseases for livestock in Cameroon, and provides measures for their prevention and control. It also establishes the competent veterinary authority in Cameroon.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 2001-6 portant nomenclature et règlement zoo-sanitaire des maladies du bétail réputées légalement contagieuses et à déclaration obligatoire"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/feb7e7f5e03961b67dd70a5cd906a6f0/Cameroon_Contagious..pdf","prettySize":"1.91 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2005-30 establishing the Water Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MRT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MRT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the sustainable and environmentally safe management framework for inland waters, covering the use of water resources, the preservation of water, and the formation of the public water service.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-02-02","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-02-02","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 2005-30 portant Code de l'eau"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4cc895c8d5a3f0b8d86f93ec3bb0812a/mau69252..pdf","prettySize":"3.43 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2008-07 of January 24, 2008 organizing the veterinary profession and pharmacy in Senegal","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SEN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law contains two titles; the first title regulates the veterinary profession in Senegal and specifies which qualifications are required. The second title regulates veterinary pharmacy in Senegal, including the import, manufacture and distribution of veterinary medical products.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 2008-07 du 24 janvier 2008 organisant la profession et la pharmacie vétérinaires au Sénégal"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/91489a28f677af0fbc9d1dd4af44f819/Senegal_VetPharmacy..pdf","prettySize":"163 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2010-004 on the water code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TGO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TGO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The code establishes the general legal framework and the basic principles of integrated water resources management, including rules for the fight against water pollution and quality and quantity control.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-06-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-06-14","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi N° 2010-004 portant code de l’eau"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/07e75b0d92fe7521316ca086190139f6/tog107480..pdf","prettySize":"948 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2010-44 of November 24, 2010 on water management in the Republic of Benin","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes water quality and protection standards in Benin. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-11-24","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-11-24","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi N°2010-44 du 24 novembre 2010 portant gestion de l’eau en République du Benin."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6eb6dbdf5951cdb4f1bbb0de32d31c45/ben133947..pdf","prettySize":"17.6 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2015-08 on the Child Code in the Republic of Benin","Subtitle":"Law No. 2015-08 on the Child Code in the Republic of Benin","Authoring_country":"BEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEN"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the rights of children in Benin. Importantly, parents are obligated to vaccinate their children. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-11-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-11-26","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi N' 2015-O8 DU 08 DECEMBRE 2015 portant code de l'enfant en République du Bénin"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/685991bd1afbaf3e671730c7f34a3c78/BEN_Child Code..pdf","prettySize":"611 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2016-004 of February 12, 2016 - Governing Veterinary Pharmacy","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MLI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MLI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates the import, export, sale and use of veterinary medicinal products and medicated feed in Mali.\t\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n°2016-004 du 12 février 2016 régissant la Pharmacie vétérinaire"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4ce67b0a9477dc7c11c6c37fd1749886/MLI_Veterinary Pharmacy..pdf","prettySize":"35.8 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2016-1087 on the Restoration of Biodiversity, Nature and the Countryside","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"FRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["FRA"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Compliance","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Law updating the existing Environmental Code to include a variety of new laws relating to several aspects of environmental preservation. Title 5 includes a series of laws creating duties and obligations regardinaccess and benefit-sharing.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-08-08","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English","French"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No 2016-1087 on the Restoration of Biodiversity, Nature and the Countryside","LOI no 2016-1087 pour la reconquête de la biodiversité, de la nature et des paysages (1) "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/63c0c4eb1c98b899ca6afbb1e5375f55/TitleV_Lawonbiodiversitydated8thofAugust2016_FrenchABSlegislation..pdf","prettySize":"158 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f04712f68bb0b0bcb00395933102b07d/joe_20160809_0184_0002..pdf","prettySize":"579 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2020-995 of December 30, 2020 on the Veterinary Public Health Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CIV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CIV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates all aspects of animal health in Cote d'Ivoire, including establishing the National Order of Veterinarians, establishing a mandate for animal health measures such as quarantine, and regulating medicated feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 2020-995 du 30 décembre 2020 portant Code de la Santé publique vétérinaire"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5647893e6d1b3c73319ffafde0cfb259/CotedIvoire_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"1.99 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2021/014 of 09 July 2021","Subtitle":"to Govern Access to Genetic Resources, Their Derivatives, Traditional Knowledge Associated with Genetic Resource and their Fair eand Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising from their Utilization","Authoring_country":"CMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CMR"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Digital sequence information (DSI)"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the legal obligation to abide by ABS regulations and outlines the monitoring and control mechanisms, as well as the penalties incurred in case of infraction.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-07-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-07-09","Languages":["English","French"],"Original_language_titles":["Law n° 2021/014 of 09 July 2021","Loi n° 2021/014 du 09 Juillet 2021"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f03ef6fa443533f80470b07acd69c9c8/ABS law..pdf","prettySize":"8.42 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8ed59c3f4e2d87445bbfe4be9085d5da/loi APA..pdf","prettySize":"9.63 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 209 “On waste”","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MDA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MDA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law aims to increase environmental sustainability, concerning waste generation, resource use reduction, waste management priorities, and prohibited actions, such as not disposing of waste in specific waste disposal areas. Management of medical waste is specifically regulated and the disposal of waste generated by medical activities may not be mix or handled with any other type of waste. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-07-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-07-29","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Республика Молдова ПАРЛАМЕНТ ЗАКОН Nr. 209 от 29.07.2016 об отходах"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/19b395a3aea9cde0d87500e6d92179b5/mol179370..pdf","prettySize":"877 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 21 of 2015 on Child’s Rights","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KWT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KWT"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the rights of children and the duties of the government and their parents to safeguard their interests. Importantly, this law defines the requirements for childhood vaccination and criminalizes parents for failing to vaccinate children. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-05-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-11-04","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانوف رقم 21 لسنة 2015"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f38ce0915040ffe5368ecbe35e51edc6/KWT_Child's Rights..pdf","prettySize":"371 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 21/001AU","Subtitle":"On the Access to Genetic Resources and the Just and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Derived from their Use","Authoring_country":"COM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COM"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Compliance","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law defines the parameters for access to genetic resources in the Comoros.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-05-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-05-21","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 21/001AU sur l'accès aux ressources génétiques et le partage juste et équitable des avantages découlant de leur utilisation"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/39c8e0495a93c981cd3cc25f3f9f0d45/LOI SUR L'ACCES AUX  RESSOURCES GENETIQUES ET CONNAISSANCES TRADITIONNELLES DE L'UNION DES COMORES..pdf","prettySize":"1.08 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 21/2013 - Environmental Assessment Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ESP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ESP"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the bases for environmental assessment based on different analyses for any projects that may impact the environment.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-12-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-12-09","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 21/2013 - Ley de Evaluación Ambiental"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/680babc433d050eaf1620eaa60d65736/spa129010..pdf","prettySize":"685 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 217 General Law of the Environment and Natural Resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NIC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NIC"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines general provisions relating to environmental protection. Title III Chapter II contains provisions relating to genetic resources management.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-06-06","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-06-06","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley General del Medio Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2b9e9dfec19ecc0fcdfa47a30cb3acbd/NIC_Law of the Environment..pdf","prettySize":"459 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 221-XVI on veterinary and sanitary activities","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MDA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MDA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations","Medicated feed","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates all aspects of veterinary activities in the Republic of Moldova. This includes measures to prevent and control communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine, and regulation of medicated feed and antibiotics in animal feed. It also establishes the State Veterinary and Sanitary Service as the veterinary authority in Moldova.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Romanian"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН о ветеринарно-санитарной деятельности N 221-XVI от 19.10.2007"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6561d090af6551d622bea623236831e7/Moldova_Vet..pdf","prettySize":"1.51 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 225-20 – General Law of Integral Management and Co-processing of Solid Waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DOM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DOM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law reduces waste generation, regulates waste management, creates a waste management fund, and establishes waste handling violations in order to protect the environment and public health.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-07-23","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-07-23","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley N⁰ 225-20 – Ley General de Gestión Integral y Coprocesamiento de Residuos Sólidos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8540fbb69b69626614f458d5efa3b50d/dom211742..pdf","prettySize":"737 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 23/94/ADP on the Public Health Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BFA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BFA"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Transparency requirements","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the legal measures that may be taken to prevent the spread of infectious disease in Burkina Faso. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1994-05-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-04-22","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 23/94/ADP portant Code de la Santé publique"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/10777a1a48d6808b5883f42a0f54c053/BFA_Public Health Code..pdf","prettySize":"378 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2320-IX “On waste management”","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"UKR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["UKR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes guidelines for the reduction, prevention, and sustainable management of waste, regulating waste transported across borders, waste producer liability, establishing where waste is to be disposed of, and promoting competition in the waste management sphere. It includes specific provisions and protocols for the handling, transportation and final disposal of medical and bio-wastes. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-06-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-06-20","Languages":["Ukrainian"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ Про управління відходами"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7065d75e33132c20825209c377f684f1/ukr217724..pdf","prettySize":"577 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 24 By Which The Wildlife Legislation of the Republic of Panama and other Provisions are Issued","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PAN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PAN"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes measures to conserve and promote wildlife, including terms limiting the use, export, and study of biological derivatives.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1995-06-07","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-06-07","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley No. 24 Por la cual se establece la legislación de vida silvestre República de Panamá y se dictan otras disposiciones"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/767861604f1fb668bd7b8be925b06a1e/PA_Ley_24_Vida_Silvestre_1995..pdf","prettySize":"159 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 24.481 of September 20, 1995 on Patents for Inventions and Utility Models ","Subtitle":"(As Amended up to Law No. 27.444 Of June 18, 2018)","Authoring_country":"ARG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARG"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1995-09-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-03-23","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley N° 24.481 de 20 de septiembre de 1995, de Patentes de Invención y Modelos de Utilidad"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8a76da3902af9df7368f3c125ffafb51/Argentina_Patent Law_2018_Spanish..pdf","prettySize":"2.84 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 24/2015 of July 24, 2015","Subtitle":"(As amended by Law No. 6/2018 of July 3, 2018)","Authoring_country":"ESP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ESP"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2015-07-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-01","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley N° 24/2015, de 24 de julio de 2015, de Patentes (modificada por la Ley N° 6/2018, de 3 de julio de 2018)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bf5d953891e6f4500be2c2072aea0cc3/Spain..pdf","prettySize":"674 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 240/2000 of August 7, 2000, on Patents","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LBN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LBN"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2000-08-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-08-14","Languages":["English","Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 240/2000 of August 7, 2000, on Patents","قانون رقم 240/2000 بتاريخ 7/8/2000 بشأن براءات الاختراع "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/919617226918e89b72e92c2eb24e0cab/Lebanon..pdf","prettySize":"173 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/28bce2db67d65188e54847fb41cdde7b/Lebanon_Ar..pdf","prettySize":"192 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 2498-XII on veterinary medicine","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"UKR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["UKR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the State Veterinary Service as the competent veterinary authority in Ukraine. It contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine. It regulates the veterinary profession, as well as the distribution and sale of veterinary medical products. It regulates the use of feed additives, including chemicals and antimicrobials.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Ukrainian"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ Про ветеринарну медицину "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2d0043203c23b2ead2a7c034d8cf1413/Ukraine_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"810 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 25,675 - General Environmental Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes a minimum budget for ensuring the preservation and protection of water resources, the environment, and biodiversity, \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-11-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-11-27","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 25.675 - Ley General del Medio Ambiente."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/698ab14def849c4eb98535c6e8566360/arg34592..pdf","prettySize":"58.8 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 25,688 - Environmental water management regime","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law defines the minimum budget for the preservation and use of water resources. The law also states that, in order to use or discharge effluent into surface waters, interested parties must obtain permission from an authorizing committee. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-11-28","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-11-28","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 25.688 - Régimen de gestión ambiental de aguas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c6b389e05b6880c76f0ed2d4e43e0a11/arg35000..pdf","prettySize":"52.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 26,221 - Provision of drinking water supply service and sewage collection","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law creates the framework for quality standards and monitoring compliance for drinking water and sanitation for wastewater. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-02-28","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-03-02","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 26.221 - Prestación del servicio de provisión de agua potable y colección de desagües cloacales."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f91d0571da112cbb372d02fd49b0ded0/arg70031..pdf","prettySize":"1.18 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 26/2014 of October 30, 2014, on Patents","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AND","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AND"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2014-10-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-12-26","Languages":["Catalan"],"Original_language_titles":["Llei 26/2014, del 30 d’octubre de 2014, de patents"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dd5c44694d67e897a4cca74b35a4cac5/Andorra_Patent Law_2014_Catalan..pdf","prettySize":"189 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 27 of 2009 on the protection and improvement of the environment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IRQ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IRQ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The Law outlines the standards for environmental monitoring and lays out the measures for preventing water pollution with harmful substances. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-01-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-03-25","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم 27 لسنة 2009 حماية و تحسين البيئة"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/69ad8a1bc46930e814a6f5b9c1fccc14/irq100188..pdf","prettySize":"95.9 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 272 “On water”","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MDA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MDA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation establishes the legal framework for the management and conservation of surface and groundwater and regulates floods, erosion, drought, desertification, water abstraction, and effluent wastewater discharge with the involvement of the Central Public Authority for Environmental Protection.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-12-23","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-06-23","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Республика Молдова ПАРЛАМЕНТ ЗАКОН Nr. 272 от 23.12.2011 о воде."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a80ad885654cbdb8032cefdf0755a55a/mol137954..pdf","prettySize":"261 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 291 - Basic Animal Health Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NIC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NIC"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes measures for the protection of animal health in Nicaragua. It identifies the Directorate of Animal Health as the competent veterinary authority, and provides measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals in Nicaragua.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 291 - Ley básica de salud animal"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d3b17f21e240f7bf94ead892b295b4d7/Nicaragua_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"375 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 294/93 - Environmental Impact Assessment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PRY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PRY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation declares the Environmental Impact Assessment mandatory for any projected or ongoing work in order to evaluate and estimate environmental impact. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-12-31","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-31","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 294/93 - Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8a688e8127432a69b176c77eb59fa74a/par22956..pdf","prettySize":"110 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 3 - Measures on the practice of veterinary medicine in the national territory","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PAN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PAN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the National Council of Veterinary Medicine, which regulates the veterinary profession in Panama. It specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine in Panama.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 3 - Medidas sobre el ejercicio de la medicina veterinaria en el territorio nacional"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f4ebc2543ff9b472767e7fe6329998b4/Panama_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"78.7 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 3.239/07 - on Paraguay's Water Resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PRY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PRY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation establishes the regulatory framework for the management of Paraguay's water resources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-07-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-10","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley N° 3.239/07 - De los recursos hídricos del Paraguay"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c34c72362b6bb033c5b31dc2fcf03322/PRY_Water Resources..pdf","prettySize":"171 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 3.959 - Animal Health Police Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law introduces an animal health police regime against the invasion of exotic contagious diseases in cattle. It includes provisions specifying the obligation to immediately declare to the local authority any suspicion of contagious disease in animals. It establishes the Secretary of State for Agriculture and Livestock as the competent veterinary authority in Argentina.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1971-08-30","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 3.959 - Ley de Policía Sanitaria Animal."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5513402dc8950a6feda397d4b7fc09d4/Argentina_AnimalPolice..pdf","prettySize":"176 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 3/2007 - Law regulating Water and Coasts in the Republic of Equatorial Guinea","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GNQ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GNQ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the Administrative Intervention System, which assesses potentially environmentally impactful activities listed in this law. It aims to encourage sustainable development, provide the framework for the conservation of the environment and set water quality standards.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-07-23","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-23","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley N° 3/2007 - Ley reguladora de Aguas y Costas en la República de Guinea Ecuatorial"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ff02a8fc2caa02a6ca0fa9080941b32e/eqg159926..pdf","prettySize":"6.66 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 3/22 Public Health Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MOZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MOZ"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Transparency requirements"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines quarantine, isolation, and vaccination powers for Mozambique.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-02-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-02-10","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Lei n.º 3/2022"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4386d629c21f08b4f29456ac1ad8a998/MOZ_Lei 3 2022_Public Health Law..pdf","prettySize":"325 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 3/92 of February 28, 1992, on Industrial Property","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AGO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AGO"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1992-02-28","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-03-29","Languages":["English","Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 3/92 of February 28, 1992, on Industrial Property ","Lei n.º 3/92 de 28 de Fevereiro 1992 sobre a Propriedade Industrial "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/60b49dfed65ef6b3225d07c977be02f8/Angola_Industrial Property_1992_English..pdf","prettySize":"189 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f9c81000a127ce52a7a5c397d41fd38e/Angola_Industrial Property_1992_Portuguese..pdf","prettySize":"1.14 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 31/2009 of 26/10/2009 on the Protection of Intellectual Property","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"RWA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["RWA"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2009-10-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-12-14","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 31/2009 of 26/10/2009 on the Protection of Intellectual Property"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bfd5aa905e97800e8525b2f5fb1506bb/Rwanda..pdf","prettySize":"406 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 32 of 1999 on Patents","Subtitle":"(As amended up to Law No. 16 of 2017)","Authoring_country":"JOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["JOR"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1999-09-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-12-02","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون براءات الاختراع رقم 32 لسنة 1999 (بصيغته المعدلة بالقانون رقم 16 لسنة 2017)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8a437c26da814541f8a4bd255b36a28a/Jordan..pdf","prettySize":"3.19 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 32/2009 on Environmental Protection and Management","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IDN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IDN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The law states that the government is responsible for controlling environmental pollution and damage; making strategic environmental assessments; providing quality standards of the environment and developing a funding system for efforts to preserve environmental functions. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-10-03","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-10-03","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 32/2009 on Environmental Protection and Management"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/eb6fff0032e5d7ed417071ed0ed9b5c7/ins97643..pdf","prettySize":"1.7 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 3361 - on Waste Generated in Health and Related Establishments","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PRY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PRY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation regulates the waste generated by health establishments.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1007-11-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-11-19","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 3361 - de Residuos Generados en los Establecimientos de Salud y Afines"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1c2c9b1a1da7cad916ca6b82125ade21/PRY_Health Establishment Waste..pdf","prettySize":"594 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 339-2 on veterinary","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KAZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KAZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the authorized state body in the region of veterinary medicine in Kazakhstan, regulates the practice of veterinary medicine, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Kazakh"],"Original_language_titles":["Закон Республики Казахстан от 10.07.2002 N 339-2 \"О ВЕТЕРИНАРИИ\""],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/79a344c5862d9821cb4252cc9acb57a1/Kazakhstan_Vet..pdf","prettySize":"235 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 34 of 2018 promulgating the Public Health Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BHR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BHR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Diphtheria vaccination","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Sewerage","Tuberculosis vaccination","Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes a framework for the protection of public health in Bahrain with specific provisions for water monitoring, sewage management, and anti-pollution rules for ports. It also includes provisions on quarantine and isolation, as well as vaccination. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-07-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-07-26","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم 34 لسنة 2018 بإصدار قانون الصحة العامة"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/382e5084d5053848fb2b1343b6b5aed5/BHR_Public Health Law..pdf","prettySize":"242 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 35 of May 10, 1996, on Industrial Property","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PAN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PAN"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1996-05-10","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-18","Languages":["English","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 35 of May 10, 1996, on Industrial Property","Ley N° 35 de 10 de mayo de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la Propiedad Industrial"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d841924da57341eec9370c4c4ec31899/Panama..pdf","prettySize":"227 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7be7c4da6c73f56be2275bdf25240b5f/Panama_Sp..pdf","prettySize":"187 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 354 on Patents, Utility Models and Industrial Designs","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NIC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NIC"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2000-09-22","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-11-21","Languages":["English","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 354 on Patents, Utility Models and Industrial Designs","Ley N° 354 de Patentes de Invención, Modelos de Utilidad y Diseños Industriales"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/606b919573f6ead9c2717af984edf3da/Nicaragua_Patent_2020_English..pdf","prettySize":"486 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8e787303307a376a26d03498ad17ef9f/Nicaragua_Patent_2020_Spanish..pdf","prettySize":"123 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 36-15 of August 10, 2016 relating to water","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MAR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MAR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Sewerage","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law comprises of 163 articles that all regulate aspects of water resource management in regard to water use, preservation, and conservation.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-08-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-08-10","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 36-15 du 10 aout 2016 relative à l’eau"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c154efd435fc4728302d0df5eeb16540/Morocco_Law n° 36-15..pdf","prettySize":"1.59 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 3606 - Animal Health Police Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"URY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["URY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the General Directorate of Livestock Services as the competent veterinary authority in Uruguay, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 3606 - Ley de Policía Sanitaria Animal"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/eaf0fa65587ff07933af50dad6b707da/Uruguay_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"34.8 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 362-II on waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"UZB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["UZB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes regulations and approves procedures for managing waste in ways that do not risk environmental or human health. The law mandates ecological certification for waste transportation and sale, and it requires authorization for vehicles transporting hazardous waste.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-04-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-04-05","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН \"ОБ ОТХОДАХ\""],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/58bb8e45d02714db154b8e562af7a30f/uzb54473..pdf","prettySize":"166 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 38/NA of November 15, 2017, on Intellectual Property","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LAO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LAO"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2018-05-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-06-09","Languages":["English","Lao"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 38/NA of November 15, 2017, on Intellectual Property","ກົດ​ໝາຍ​ວ່າ​ດ້ວຍ ຊັບ​ສິນ​ທາງ​ປັນ​ຍາ, ເລກທີ່ 38/NA ຂອງວັນທີ 15 ເດືອນພະຈິກປີ 2017"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/29a57cdf4ce7b411fda3a7d61037cc23/Lao_Intellectual Property_English..pdf","prettySize":"984 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a381c199c4fffd688acd6fde5d186d92/Lao_Intellectual Property_Lao..pdf","prettySize":"996 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 4 of 1962 on Patents, Designs and Industrial Models","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KWT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KWT"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1962-04-09","Date_entered_into_force":"1962-07-09","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["\\قانون رقم (4) لسنة 1962 في شأن براءات الإختراع والرسوم والنماذج الصناعية والمعدل بالقانون رقم (3) لسنة 2001 "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dbf91ac4b7b65686d9abc2c53b32d02b/KWT_Patents, Designs and Industrial Models..pdf","prettySize":"152 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 4 of 1994 on Environment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"EGY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["EGY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law aims to protect air, water, and the ground against pollution by establishing the Environmental Affairs Agency, which formulates and implements policies, sets standards for environmental projects, and facilitates a water monitoring program.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1994-02-03","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-02-03","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون البيئة رقم 4 لسنة 1994م"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e3e1854010c817fd81623985eab7e8dd/egy4984E..pdf","prettySize":"1.84 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 42/2007, of December 13, on Natural Heritage and Biodiversity","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ESP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ESP"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Compliance","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Access to resources","Legal sanctions","Benefit-sharing"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Law on biodiversity, which outlines various legislation regarding bioconservation, consolidated to reflect amendments over the years. Titre IV Chapter 2 outlines the ABS legislation as it applies to Spain.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-12-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-10-07","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley 42/2007, de 13 de diciembre, del Patrimonio Natural y de la Biodiversidad."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/77b98bee15a12c0dff4973057972c6de/BOE-A-2007-21490-consolidado..pdf","prettySize":"781 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 423 General Health Law","Subtitle":"Approved on March 14, 2002","Authoring_country":"NIC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NIC"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Sewerage","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law protects the right of people to take care of their health, so it regulates the sanitation of the environment by establishes sanitary control measures.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-03-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-11-13","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley General de Salud"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e23553a05b263fac0763acfedaefd061/NIC_General Health Law..pdf","prettySize":"307 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 4235/2014 on Administrative measures, procedures and penalties for the implementation of EU and national legislation related to food, feed and animal health and welfare sectors","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GRC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GRC"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law contains administrative measures on legislation related to food, feed, and animal health in Greece, and establishes the Ministry of Rural Development and Food as the competent authority.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Greek"],"Original_language_titles":["Νομός αριθ. 4235/2014 Διοικητικά μέτρα, διαδικασίες και κυρώσεις στην εφαρμογή της ενωσιακής και εθνικής νομοθεσίας στους τομείς των τροφίμων, των ζωοτροφών και της υγείας και προστασίας των ζώων και άλλες διατάξεις αρμοδιότητας του Υπουργείου Αγροτικής Ανάπτυξης και Τροφίμων"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9b20aaa029e8444dfa43d5559c723262/Greece_VetAuthority..pdf","prettySize":"12.2 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 438-Z","Subtitle":"On veterinary practice","Authoring_country":"BLR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BLR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority","Medicated feed","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the veterinary authority in Belarus (State Veterinary Service of the Republic of Belarus) and regulates all veterinary activity in Belarus including the veterinary profession, quarantine of diseased animals, and feed additives and AGPs. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-07-02","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-07-02","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ 24 октября 2016 г. № 438-З О внесении изменений и дополнений в Закон Республики Беларусь «О ветеринарной деятельности»."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2927a8347db1ff336bd2a6621bc8d2a1/Belarus_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"201 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 44 on industrial and consumer waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TJK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TJK"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes regulations and guidelines for waste management, emphasizing principles like environmental protection; ecological and economic interests; promoting low-waste technologies; complying with environmental and sanitary legislation; enforcing rules and regulations for sanitation, hygiene, and ecology; ensuring access to information; requiring licensing for waste management activities; and prohibiting waste burial in urban areas, forest parks, health resorts, and water conservation areas.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-05-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-05-10","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН Об отходах производства и потреблении"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6b99fb2646748380c5fd11a3ed56a541/taj73118..pdf","prettySize":"136 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 44/2019 amending the Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania No. 7895, dated 27.1.1995","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ALB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ALB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law makes amendments to the Penal Code of the Republic of Albania, and explicitly increase the penalties associated with the pollution of air, soil, and water. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-07-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-08-02","Languages":["Albanian"],"Original_language_titles":["PËR DISA SHTESA DHE NDRYSHIME NË LIGJIN NR. 7895, DATË 27.1.1995,\n“KODI PENAL I REPUBLIKËS SË SHQIPËRISË”, TË NDRYSHUAR1"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2d2a283be6dc9aeced49f987c6e5222c/alb201246..pdf","prettySize":"125 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 444 of 2002 on Environmental Protection","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LBN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LBN"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Compliance"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes measures to protect the environment of Lebanon. Article 48 describes measures to catalogue the genetic diversity found in Lebanon, as well as proposing a control system for access and use of such resources\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-07-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-07-29","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم (444) لسنة 2002م بحماية البيئة"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f8112e18961a1ba525af2a62a02a5ff3/قانون-444-حماية-البيية (1)..pdf","prettySize":"285 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 4621 - National Vaccines","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PRY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PRY"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the roles and requirements for the government and citizens of Paraguay with respect to mandatory national vaccinations. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-05-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-05-21","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Nacional de vacunas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2166f8a92749a3253d3bf263a7518614/PRY_National de vacunas..pdf","prettySize":"673 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 48/2018 of 13/08/2018 on the environment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"RWA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["RWA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law determines methods of protection, conservation, and promotion of the environment. Specifically, Chapter IV establishes the management of waste, and other chapters detail inspection procedures and governmental policies.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-08-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-08-13","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n°48/2018 du 13/08/2018 sur l’environnement"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9c0ccb3f719a86370a22027d856436c6/Rwa182097..pdf","prettySize":"938 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 49 on Public Health","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SYR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SYR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act addresses various aspects of waste management, including industrial, infectious and toxic waste, alongside regulations for treatment methods, building aesthetics, and waste producer liabilities, under the supervision of Administrative Units.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-12-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-12-05","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم 49 للصحة العامة"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/32f461f094a64d581d73e8a8b52dd895/syr54330..pdf","prettySize":"472 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 49/2018 of 13/08/2018 on the use and management of water resources in Rwanda","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"RWA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["RWA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act focuses on the regulation of water resources in Rwanda, addressing quality control, pollution prevention, and management of wastewater. It establishes provisions for water resource utilization, protection measures, wastewater reuse, groundwater protection zones, and penalties for offenses related to water usage, pollution, and improper disposal.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-08-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-08-13","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n°49/2018 du 13/08/2018 portant utilisation et gestion des ressources en eau au Rwanda."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/53e0f8f3240d4f62926e80d737fa1658/Rwa182098..pdf","prettySize":"773 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 4979-I on veterinary medicine","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"RUS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["RUS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the State and Federal Veterinary Services of the Russian Federation, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals in Russia, such as quarantine. It also regulates the field of veterinary medicine and the sale and use of veterinary medical products in Russia.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ О ветеринарии"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/82778878e3a01b50f771c4de1dcf896e/Russia_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"479 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 50 of March 7, 2008, on the Protection of Inventions","Subtitle":"(As amended up to Law No. 254 of December 1, 2017)","Authoring_country":"MDA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MDA"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2008-07-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-10-04","Languages":["English","Romanian"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 50 of March 7, 2008, on the Protection of Inventions ","Lege nr. 50-XVI din 07.03.2008 privind protecţia invenţiilor (astfel cum a fost modificată până la Legea nr. 254 din 01.12. 2017)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5ee1a722bdcbd47a65fc31bbd17ee74c/Moldova..pdf","prettySize":"798 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4392b5bba68208b5d90b444127821549/Moldova_Ro..pdf","prettySize":"388 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 50/2005/QH11 of November 29, 2005, on Intellectual Property","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VNM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VNM"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2005-11-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-07-01","Languages":["English","Vietnamese"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 50/2005/QH11 of November 29, 2005, on Intellectual Property","Luật số 50/2005/QH11 ngày 29/11/2005 về Luật Sở hữu trí tuệ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/85b0b7b4a6072a9bffd0c8d6ae91b66f/Vietnam_Intellectual Property_English..pdf","prettySize":"337 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/28021801cd682dea679b9999665d04ed/Vietnam_Intellectual Property_Vietnamese..pdf","prettySize":"981 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 50/AN/09/6th L of July 19, 2009, on the Protection of Industrial Property","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DJI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DJI"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2009-06-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-07-19","Languages":["English","French"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 50/AN/09/6th L of July 19, 2009, on the Protection of Industrial Property","Loi n° 50/AN/09/6ème L du 19 juillet 2009 portant protection de la propriété industrielle"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ceb616b9b56dcf2cb814166f864354cf/Djibouti..pdf","prettySize":"507 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0ff607d211273b199b3ba9f081ad77d7/Djibouti_Fr..pdf","prettySize":"172 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 51/AN/09/6th L Environmental Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DJI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DJI"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the duty to seek permission prior to acceding to genetic resources within Djibouti. It also establishes a competent national authority whose duty is overseeing this\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-07-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-07-01","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n°51/AN/09/6ème L portant Code de l’Environnement"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3838df3d98a16836020596b44b15a3f3/DJI_Environmental Code..pdf","prettySize":"231 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 514-IQ industrial and consumer waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AZE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AZE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes a legal framework for environmental protection against waste and reducing levels of hazardous waste.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-06-30","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-06-30","Languages":["Azerbaijani"],"Original_language_titles":["İstehsalat və məişət tullantıları haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikasının Qanunu № 514-IQ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/864b77f5fca882e5665ca826f47d09cd/aze47723..pdf","prettySize":"338 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 54-2008 regulating the health policy of domestic animals in Rwanda","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"RWA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["RWA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Order establishes the Rwanda Animal Resources Development Authority (RARDA), and contains measures to prevent and control communicable diseases in animals in Rwanda, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 54-2008 portant réglement de la police sanitaire des animaux domestiques au Rwanda"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/090796cdbf21145638e96b8850bea690/Rwanda_AnimalLaw..pdf","prettySize":"1.32 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 5517 of October 23, 1968","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates the veterinary profession in Brazil, and establishes the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Lei No 5.517, de 23 de Outubro de 1968"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e92b0a609feac64bf7dbff59743c45db/Brazil_VetCouncil..pdf","prettySize":"372 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 559 Special Law on Crimes against the Environment and Natural Resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NIC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NIC"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This special law outlines various penalties in the case of infractions against environment laws.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-11-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-05-20","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["LEY No. 559 LEY ESPECIAL DE DELITOS CONTRA EL MEDIO AMBIENTE Y LOS RECURSOS NATURALES"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/79d9038de8b835922ead075b2939193a/2005_ley03..pdf","prettySize":"51.7 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 576 - Code of ethics for the professional practice of veterinary medicine","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law describes the professional qualifications required and code of ethics for the practice of veterinary medicine in Colombia.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 576 - Código de ética para el ejercicio profesional de la medicina veterinaria"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/01434ca265b016cd0ec3558f4aa3458d/Colombia_VetPractice..pdf","prettySize":"134 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 6,259 of October 30, 1975","Subtitle":"Provides for the organization of Epidemiological Surveillance actions, the National Immunization Program, establishes rules relating to the compulsory notification of diseases, and provides other measures.","Authoring_country":"BRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRA"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Authority to quarantine","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate","List of actionable diseases"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the preventative and responsive measures taken against infectious diseases in Brazil. This document includes information on the National Immunization Program and the Epidemiological Surveillance actions. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1975-10-30","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-10-30","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["LEI Nº 6.259, DE 30 DE Outubro DE 1975"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6cfdae6f129969f6a8834fdae21df86f/BRA_Law No. 6,259..pdf","prettySize":"17.4 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 6/02 on Water use","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AGO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AGO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the general legal regime for water use and protection measures for potable water in Angola. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-06-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-06-21","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Lei n. 6/02."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0fb10811dbcac9aea6de677d0d6bae74/ang63753..pdf","prettySize":"1.05 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 606 of June 20, 1955, on Patents","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MCO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MCO"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1955-06-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1955-06-20","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 606 du 20/06/1955 sur les brevets d'invention"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ba9dc3f62763b86ce6ca6b507439778c/Monaco_Patent Law..pdf","prettySize":"57.9 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 620 - General Law of National Waters","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NIC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NIC"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the framework for the management and conservation of water resources to ensure their quality and quantity.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-05-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-05-15","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 620 - Ley General de Aguas Nacionales"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cce5c29bcadbe28ca34847bc3c9e1c4d/nic74427..pdf","prettySize":"1.61 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 620 - National Water Law and Enabling Regulations","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NIC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NIC"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This law declares that the National Water Resources Council oversees the National Water Authority. It establishes the jurisdictional authorities for water resource management and protection from various pollutant types. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-09-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-09-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Law 620 - National Water Law and Enabling Regulations"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5933cee9087b40e49c56d67ea14c4af4/nic98566E..pdf","prettySize":"824 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 64 of 1988 on the protection of the environment against pollution from hazardous waste disposal and substances","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LBN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LBN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates the management of toxic waste and hazardous substances. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1988-08-12","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-08-18","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قلنون رقم (64) لعام 1988م بالمحافظة على البيئة ضد التلوث من النفايات الضارة والمواد الخطرة"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3f9027b8635cbb35d7bffbb20a491f9f/leb3556..pdf","prettySize":"92.7 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 64 of 24 June 1997 - Framework Law on Trademarks and Patents","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SMR"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1997-06-24","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-06-24","Languages":["Italian"],"Original_language_titles":["Legge 24 giugnio 1997 n. 64 - Legge quadro sui Marchi e Brevetti"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dc05777a173b31deaf5a53dca5de6a3b/SanMarino..pdf","prettySize":"57.7 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 64 of October 11, 1991, on Patents","Subtitle":"(As amended up to Law No. 83/2014)","Authoring_country":"ROU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ROU"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1991-10-11","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-01-21","Languages":["English","Romanian"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 64 of October 11, 1991, on Patents ","Legea nr. 64 din 11 octombrie 1991 privind brevetele de inventie"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0e189da31f5e01ac336cf228cf4d700f/Romania_Patent Law_English..pdf","prettySize":"85.5 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0e189da31f5e01ac336cf228cf4d700f/Romania_Patent Law_English..pdf","prettySize":"85.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 64-00 - General on the Environment and Natural Resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DOM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DOM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The law aims to protect of the environment and resources in the Dominican Republic. Title 3 of Chapter 2 concerns water pollution and contamination. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-08-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-08-18","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 64-00 - General sobre Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0f749a70c9f61e09ff4c88529ca69b43/dom44863..pdf","prettySize":"226 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 64-00 General Law about Environment and Natural Resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DOM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DOM"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"General Law pertaining to the governmental structure relevant to Environmental Laws. Article 167 outlines penalties incurred in cases of infractions.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-08-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-08-18","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["LEY 64-00 Ley General Sobre Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c99d728e0d37da437704e09f1c76971d/do_ley_general_sobre_medio_ambiente..pdf","prettySize":"131 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 65 of 1970 on Patents and Industrial Designs","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IRQ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IRQ"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1970-04-06","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-04-06","Languages":["English","Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 65 of 1970 on Patents and Industrial Designs","قانون براءة الاختراع والنماذج الصناعية رقم (65) لسنة 1970 "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/42392867c2f4efd59fc4f55f470127ba/Iraq..pdf","prettySize":"7.17 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/42392867c2f4efd59fc4f55f470127ba/Iraq..pdf","prettySize":"7.17 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 65-61 regulating livestock breeding in the Central African Republic","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CAF","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CAF"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates all aspect of livestock and animal husbandry in the Central African Republic, including animal feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 65-61 portant réglementation de l'élevage en République centrafricaine"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3f28527bf9ecd20c28a81cb44cf044ed/CAR_Husbandry..pdf","prettySize":"2.49 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 667 - Establishes the regime of registration and comprehensive control of products for veterinary use and sets conditions to develop activities of preparation, fractionation, distribution, import, export, possession, sale and use of said products","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PRY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PRY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law contains provisions to regulate the preparation, distribution, import, export, sale and use of veterinary medical products in Paraguay.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 667 - Establece el régimen de registro y fiscalización integral de los productos de uso veterinario y fija condiciones para desarrollar actividades de elaboración, fraccionamiento, distribución, importación, exportación, tenencia, expendio y uso de dichos productos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4ae693b08605cd9347f20529bb45a5ac/Paraguay_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"62.7 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 674 “On veterinary medicine”","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TJK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TJK"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations","Medicated feed","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Chief State Veterinary Inspector as the competent veterinary authority of Tajikistan. It contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases. Furthermore, it regulates animal feed and feed additives, stating that they should not contain animal growth stimulants, including hormonal and other substances harmful to animals, environment and human health in quantities exceeding the maximum allowable level.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН «О ВЕТЕРИНАРИИ»"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/77211a7bcf87c18ded78a5825ab7a01a/Tajikistan_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"207 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 6769 of December 22, 2016, on Industrial Property","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TUR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TUR"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2016-12-22","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-10","Languages":["Turkish"],"Original_language_titles":["22/12/2016 tarihli ve 6769 sayılı Sınai Mülkiyet Kanununa"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6ebc4578750bd80422ec2a301cccaa62/Turkey_Industrial Property..pdf","prettySize":"1.4 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 6867 on Patents, Industrial Designs and Utility Models of April 25, 1983","Subtitle":"(as amended up to Law No. 8686 of November 21, 2008)","Authoring_country":"CRI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CRI"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1983-04-25","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-04-25","Languages":["English","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 6867 on Patents, Industrial Designs and Utility Models of April 25, 1983","Ley de Patentes de Invención, Dibujos y Modelos Industriales y Modelos de Utilidad"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b96264710f40d0746295810fc8e28aa9/CostaRica..pdf","prettySize":"275 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7ae509632dfa83d89c19f41726e7f6f2/CostaRica..pdf","prettySize":"240 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 690 of 2005 regulating the Ministry of Environment and defining its tasks and competences","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LBN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LBN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates the Ministry of Environment by defining its tasks and competencies that include legislation for the conservation of natural resources, prevention of pollution, control of projects, and analysis of the quality of the environment.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-08-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-08-27","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم (690) لسنة 2005م بتحديد مهام وزارة البيئة وتنظيمها"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c6efdcc563d1874f4bc08b7c2f481890/leb62685..pdf","prettySize":"274 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 7/2003 - Law regulating the Environment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GNQ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GNQ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the framework for environmental management by creating standards, promoting sustainable use of natural resources, regulating environmental quality, and protecting against pollution.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-11-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-11-27","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 7/2003 - Ley reguladora del Medio Ambiente"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7c5b4f18dad171603d7905ddafa10346/eqg102892..pdf","prettySize":"1.64 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 70/2013 of 02/09/2013 Governing Biodiversity in Rwanda","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"RWA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["RWA"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law dictates the legal mechanism by which Rwanda is protecting its biodiversity. Part V establishes some basic access and benefit-sharing legislation including establishing sovereignty of genetic resources and permit-seeking obligations.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-09-23","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-09-23","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Law n° 70/2013 of 02/09/2013 Governing Biodiversity in Rwanda"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/646d301bab34b54405c71425df8fc03b/RWA_Biodiversity..pdf","prettySize":"383 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 71 - Law of rights of mother earth","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BOL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BOL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the obligations of the Bolivian government to uphold the rights of Mother Earth, which include the preservation of water cycles, and protection of water sources from pollution. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-12-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-12-21","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 71 - Ley de derechos de la madre tierra"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e89bf0dc4fdf2f0d7bc75fd5b90cb9e7/bol144985..pdf","prettySize":"29.8 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 72/2020/QH14 on Environmental Protection","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VNM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VNM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law provides environmental protection rights, including detail requirements on collection, disposal, and recycling of waste products, that may be subject to an environmental impact assessment report. Article lX includes provisions for environmental monitoring. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-11-17","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-11-17","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 72/2020/QH14 on Environmental Protection"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e1e1cb2193e9ecefdfd55be53eab9ab0/vie212027..pdf","prettySize":"703 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 723-IQ on water supply and effluent wastewater","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AZE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AZE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This second section of this law outlines the water and sewerage regulations of the state. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-10-28","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-10-28","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Закон Азербайджанской Республики О водоснабжении и сточных 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eaux"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/368894a7a77e230f066ff8ffc70c24ae/tun1309A..pdf","prettySize":"1.04 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 7788 on Biodiversity","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CRI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CRI"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Contractual terms","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Biodiversity Law, outlining all elements pertaining to the protection of biodiversity in Costa Rica, including access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge thereof.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-05-27","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-05-27","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley N° 7788 de Biodiversidad"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6fae76bb1054b21b4cfe2963e93c39c7/Ley de Biodiversidad 7788..pdf","prettySize":"474 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 79/2015/QH13 on Veterinary Medicine","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VNM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VNM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the competent veterinary authority in Vietnam, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English","Vietnamese"],"Original_language_titles":["Luật Thú y (số 79/2015/QH13)","Luật Thú y (số 79/2015/QH13)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a97d6692f7e6ebefb3356e4a4dbf185d/Vietnam_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"286 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There have been subsequent amendments to update enforcement mechanisms.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1969-04-07","Date_entered_into_force":"1969-04-07","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم (8) لسنة 1969 في شأن الاحتياطات الصحية للوقاية من الأمراض السارية"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/34f9de3a629afe1f000e5fafe4266e32/communicablediseases..pdf","prettySize":"340 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 8/2003 - Animal Health Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ESP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ESP"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law aims to set basic standards in matters of animal health in Spain. It establishes the competent veterinary authority in Spain, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 8/2003 - Ley de sanidad animal"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cabf4d9b9faab59dab2151ec9ab71814/Spain_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"162 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 807 Law of Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NIC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NIC"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Compliance","Contractual terms"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the mechanisms by which Access and Benefit-Sharing mechanisms are implemented in Nicaragua\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-10-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-10-19","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["LEY No. 807 LEY DE CONSERVACIÓN Y UTILIZACIÓN SOSTENIBLE DE LA DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b3a8aaca41ec5be8e6f23d1e1ca14e0e/nic138397..pdf","prettySize":"257 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 82 of 2002 on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"EGY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["EGY"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2002-06-02","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-06-03","Languages":["English","Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 82 of 2002 on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights","القانون رقم 82 لعام 2002 بشأن حماية حقوق الملكية الفكرية"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6bd2cf5867a125ff7d0bba688c78f1f0/Egypt..pdf","prettySize":"437 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c32eacd86ab2c7c53eca2b42af713e08/Egypt_Ar..pdf","prettySize":"1.28 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 82-001 of January 7, 1982 on Industrial Property","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COD"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1982-01-07","Date_entered_into_force":"1982-01-07","Languages":["English","French"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 82-001 of January 7, 1982 on Industrial Property","Loi n° 82-001 du 7 janvier 1982 relative à la propriété industrielle"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0e98b684ba18c75713fa3d71589f54fb/DemocraticRepublicofCongo..pdf","prettySize":"426 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dad10d2a2ba2f10d5dbab0546164cd04/DRC_Fr..pdf","prettySize":"205 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 86/IV/93 establishing the Environmental Policy.","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CPV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CPV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes and defines the protections of environmental resources, including water, in Cabo Verde, and contains articles specific to regulating pollution. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-06-26","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-06-26","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Lei n. 86/IV/93 - Define as bases da política do ambiente"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e457a2b4e905dd9af657024f6cc0d8e3/cvi8289..pdf","prettySize":"1.4 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 8776 - Exemption to the Administrative Associations of Communal Aqueduct and Sewer Systems (ASADAS)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CRI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CRI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation increased funding for the Community Aqueduct and Sewer Systems Administrator Associations in order to improve sewage system management. This association is charged with regulating sewerage systems in the country. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-10-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-10-14","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 8776 - Exoneración a las Asociaciones Administradoras de Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados Comunales (ASADAS)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/78d872ef0b5d04554514dffaa43f5e80/cos90547..pdf","prettySize":"22.2 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 88-08 of January 26, 1988 - Relating to the activities of veterinary medicine and the protection of animal health","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DZA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DZA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority","Medicated feed","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the competent veterinary authority in Algeria, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine. It specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine in Algeria. It regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products and medicated feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1988-01-26","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 88-08 du 26 janvier 1988 relative aux activités de médecine vétérinaire et à la protection de la santé animale"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9d0af187b787e283e68048110cfae248/DZA_VeterinaryandAnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"172 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 882 of May 29, 1970 concerning compulsory vaccination","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MCO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MCO"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Polio vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law describes the mandatory vaccinations for children in Monaco. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1970-05-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-05-29","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 882 du 29 mai 1970 concernant la vaccination obligatoire"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/75843908cd210862bf7d05235dbfe9b2/MCO_Vaccination..pdf","prettySize":"45.2 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 9 of 1979 - Dictates sanitary measures","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Authority to isolate"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes water sanitation norms and creates water quality standards for Colombia. Additionally, the law gives the Ministry of Health the authority to isolate sick persons.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1979-01-24","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-01-24","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 9 - Dicta medidas sanitarias"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/09d117abaaa3188a8fe7df773b904745/col24338..pdf","prettySize":"321 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 90/033 of August 10, 1990 relating to the exercise and organization of the veterinary profession","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CMR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates the veterinary profession in Cameroon. It specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi n° 90/033 du 10 août 1990 relative à l’exercice et à l’organisation de la profession vétérinaire"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1111cad2890217225c7d8af1c61a75cc/Cameroon_VetOrder..pdf","prettySize":"88.1 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 9010 dated 13. 02. 2003 on Environmental Treatment of Solid Waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ALB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ALB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation outlines the protocols, regulations and accepted procedures for the disposal of various categories of waste in Albania. The law defines the different categories of waste, and establishes the standards for their management. Hospital waste is a standalone category and specific provisions are made for its handling and disposal. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-02-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-02-13","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Law No. 9010 dated 13. 02. 2003 on Environmental Treatment of Solid Waste"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2266be0c8e19d2f06662e3e51427cd2e/alb52545E..pdf","prettySize":"170 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 93-41 relating to the National Sanitation Office","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TUN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TUN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law organizes the National Sanitation Office to manage water pollution and any sanitation works.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-04-19","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-04-19","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 93-41 relative à l'Office national de l'assainissement"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f75411c1859ea79d587d77bdae113e35/tun62475..pdf","prettySize":"1.3 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 935-XII “On veterinary medicine”","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"UZB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["UZB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the State Veterinary Service as the competent veterinary authority in Uruguay, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Uzbek"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН О ВЕТЕРИНАРИИ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c86421add1daf267033c2aa29ded36ec/Uzbekistan_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"406 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 94-037 establishing the Water Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This code sets the standards and protections for drinking water and outlines the legal framework for State management of water resources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1994-12-21","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-21","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 94-037 portant Code de l'eau"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/16e7075fd9403918beb21ca4b9000362/com78264..pdf","prettySize":"38 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 9587 for the Protection of Biodiversity","Subtitle":"Law No. 9587, dated 20.7.2006","Authoring_country":"ALB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ALB"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Law designed to ensure the protection of biodiversity, and to regulate the sustainable use of the components of biodiversity.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-07-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-08-04","Languages":["Albanian"],"Original_language_titles":["LIGJ Nr. 9587, datë 20.7.2006 PËR MBROJTJEN E BIODIVERSITETIT"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b47883377ea7798a1d037aaa143ac389/ALB_Biodiversity Protection..pdf","prettySize":"208 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 96-12 on the framework law relating to environmental management","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CMR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines regulations to prevent waste pollution within the environment. While this law provides the framework for medical waste disposal, it is extremely broad, and no specific policies have been created to implement sufficient handling and disposal of medical or pharmaceutical wastes. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-08-05","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-08-05","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 96-12 portant loi-cadre relative à la gestion de l'environnement"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/794dcda597f3715b2a8e41a8a273aa7d/cmr19578..pdf","prettySize":"147 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 98-005 of 14 April 1998 relating to the governing of water","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CMR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation ensures compliance with water quality standards already in force, and establishes penalties. It also forbids the altering of surface, ground or seawater quality. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-04-14","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-04-14","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi No 98-005 du 14 Avril 1998 portant regime de l’Eau"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/284d2394c2f4a3502bbc99af355a768d/cmrCameroun - Loi eau..pdf","prettySize":"73.2 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 98-029 on the Water Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MDG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MDG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law covers water's integrated management, water protection measures, regulation of potable water and sanitation services, wastewater disposal standards, and principles for pricing and cost recovery of potable water and sanitation facilities.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-01-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-01-20","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 98-029 portant Code de l'eau"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d1b1f7e4470b8a55852dcf46405173b4/mad19324..pdf","prettySize":"1.19 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 98-036 - Governing the fight against epidemics and compulsory vaccinations against certain diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MLI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MLI"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law describes the routine and emergency vaccinations that are mandatory in Mali to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Quarantine, isolation, and mandatory emergency vaccinations all fall under mandatory hygiene and prophylaxis measures under Article 9. Additionally, the law gives limited isolation powers to the High Commissioner of the Region or District of Bamako through the ability to order mandatory hospitalization for tuberculosis and leprosy.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-05-18","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-05-18","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Régissant la lutte contre les épidémies et les vaccinations obligatoires contre certaines maladies"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cc50433f95f7570f0d06191f20f5e4f1/MLI_Loi Lutte Epidemies_1998..pdf","prettySize":"104 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 98-755 establishing the Water Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CIV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CIV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines water quality and protection measures, as well as, pollution control measures in Ivory Coast. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-12-23","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-12-23","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["LOI n°98-755 du 23 décembre 1998 Portant Code de l’Eau "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/763e3e5916579cf72c761b9cc864c4cc/ivc15630..pdf","prettySize":"262 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 987/64 - that regulates the exercise of the profession of veterinarian","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PRY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PRY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates the veterinary profession in Paraguay, and establishes the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley Nº 987/64 – Que reglamenta el ejercicio de la profesión de médico veterinario"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/41df770cc8db57f247cb209e7c9c2eab/Paraguay_Vet..pdf","prettySize":"113 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 99-002 of February 12, 1999 relating to animal health policy on the territory of the Togolese Republic","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TGO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TGO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the competent veterinary authority in Togo, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi nº 99-002 du 12 février 1999 relative à la police sanitaire des animaux sur le territoire de la République togolaise"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1f29ee1716c4d301bfeb480186eea54a/Togo_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"275 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. 9947 on Industrial Property","Subtitle":"Law No. 9947, dated 7.7.2008 (As Amended up to Law No. 96/2021 of July 7, 2021)","Authoring_country":"ALB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ALB"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2008-07-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-11-01","Languages":["Albanian"],"Original_language_titles":["Ligj Nr. 9947, datë 07.07.2008 \"Për Pronësinë Industriale\""],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/699b90f3b31dea906584903ecee5668e/Albania_Industrial Property Law_2008_Albanian..pdf","prettySize":"650 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. HO-126-N amending Water Code of the Republic of Armenia","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law ensures that a centralized drainage system is able to manage residential effluent wastewater discharge and regulates the treatment of wastewater from special facilities.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-03-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-03-16","Languages":["Armenian"],"Original_language_titles":["ՀՀ ՕՐԵՆՔԸ ՀՀ ՋՐԱՅԻՆ ՕՐԵՆՍԳՐՔՈՒՄ ՓՈՓՈԽՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐ ԵՎ ԼՐԱՑՈՒՄՆԵՐ ԿԱՏԱՐԵԼՈՒ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/997f7f813e4fc012727269fdacb373ca/arm198208..pdf","prettySize":"117 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. HO-137-N “On veterinary medicine”","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates all aspects of veterinary medicine in Armenia, as well as the protection of animal health and welfare. It establishes 'state body (bodies) authorized by the Government of the Republic of Armenia to develop policy, exercise control and (or) provide services in the field of Veterinary Medicine' as the competent veterinary authority in Armenia. It specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine. It contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Armenian","English"],"Original_language_titles":["«ԱՆԱՍՆԱԲՈՒԺՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՄԱՍԻՆ» ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՀԱՆՐԱՊԵՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՕՐԵՆՔՈՒՄ ՓՈՓՈԽՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐ ԵՎ ԼՐԱՑՈՒՄՆԵՐ ԿԱՏԱՐԵԼՈՒ ՄԱՍԻՆ","Law No. HO-137-N “On veterinary medicine”"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2325b94558350c5c50b5b8c178c8e4e9/Armenia_VetMedArmenian..pdf","prettySize":"103 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cfda36ba3166c38f13a41f2b995ef8f8/Armenia_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"357 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. HO-141-N “On animal feed”","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates the use of medicated feed and feed additives for veterinary use in Armenia.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Armenian","English"],"Original_language_titles":["ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՀԱՆՐԱՊԵՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՕՐԵՆՔԸ «ԿԵՐԻ ՄԱՍԻՆ»","Law No. HO-141-N “On animal feed”"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/22aaa96802e67932a1fb93a4549d4969/Armenia_FeedArm..pdf","prettySize":"155 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ac31c26ce274bfdc02436481c3d51029/Armenia_Feed..pdf","prettySize":"222 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. HO-82-N “On environmental control”","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law created standards for environmental regulation and preservation. States are mandated to undertake inspections of water quality and enforcement of environmental, including water source, pollution control. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-04-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-05-28","Languages":["Armenian"],"Original_language_titles":["ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՀԱՆՐԱՊԵՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ Օ Ր Ե Ն Ք Ը Ընդունված է 2005 թվականի ապրիլի 11-ին ԲՆԱՊԱՀՊԱՆԱԿԱՆ ՎԵՐԱՀՍԿՈՂՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՄԱՍԻՆ."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/429e0feb12cd75a7c228ea04edb6f721/arm179267..pdf","prettySize":"172 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law No. VIII-474 on water","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LTU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LTU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates the ownership, management, use, and protection of water bodies in Lithuania, with a focus on maintaining their condition, ensuring sustainable use of water resources, and extending provisions to protect the marine environment's chemical status within the territorial sea.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-12-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-11-01","Languages":["Lithuanian"],"Original_language_titles":["LIETUVOS RESPUBLIKOS VANDENS ĮSTATYMO NR. VIII-474 PAKEITIMO ĮSTATYMAS 2018 m. gruodžio 20 d. Nr. XIII-1826 Vilnius"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/99f557b20ccfdd81d81a376aec6772fc/lit41412..pdf","prettySize":"346 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law for Protection against Measles and to Strengthen Vaccination Prevention","Subtitle":"(Measles Protection Act)","Authoring_country":"DEU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DEU"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law requires that all children over the age of 1 that are either cared for in a communal setting or are of compulsory schooling age, be vaccinated against measles. It is noted that while the mandate only applies to measles, the only vaccination against measles in Germany is the MMR vaccine. Unvaccinated children must be excluded from nursery schools, while the parents of school-aged children will be fined up to 2,500 Euros if their child stays unvaccinated. All other vaccines in Germany are recommended, but not mandatory. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-03-01","Languages":["German"],"Original_language_titles":["Gesetz für den Schutz vor Masern und zur Stärkung der Impfprävention\n(Masernschutzgesetz)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2c8568f9a3793a0f82c5a04d4a8cc50b/DEU_Measles and Vaccination..pdf","prettySize":"3.87 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law no. 211 of 15 November 2011 on the waste regime","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ROU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ROU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Sewerage","Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation defines how to manage wastewater to reduce the generation of waste and to increase the efficiency of resource use. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-11-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-11-15","Languages":["Romanian"],"Original_language_titles":["Lege nr. 211 din 15 noiembrie 2011 privind regimul deșeurilor"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2e16a0bb4e4234bda4d40769597d1ca0/rom197106..pdf","prettySize":"142 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of 14 July 2015 organizing the Administration of Veterinary Services","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LUX","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LUX"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Administration of Veterinary Services, the competent veterinary authority in Luxembourg.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi du 14 juillet 2015 portant organisation de l'Administration des services vétérinaires"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9c325f387be841835106109f93d5bc42/Luxembourg_VetAdmin..pdf","prettySize":"117 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of 15 May 2018 on environmental impact assessment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LUX","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LUX"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates the environmental impact assessment, stating that it should appropriately identify, describe, and evaluate the direct and indirect significant impacts of a project on various factors, including population health, biodiversity, land, soil, water, air, climate, material goods, cultural heritage, and landscape.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-05-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-05-15","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi du 15 mai 2018 relative à l’évaluation des incidences sur l’environnement "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f535a5a2211a72caa8d07a9cb1e5d7c4/lux181977..pdf","prettySize":"202 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of 18 December 1985 relating to veterinary medicinal products","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LUX","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LUX"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates the manufacture, import, prescription and sale of veterinary medicinal products in Luxembourg.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi du 18 décembre 1985 relative aux médicaments vétérinaires"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/806ec40f9c3dbf49c10fccbc8a3d3cab/Luxembourg_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"208 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of 29 April 1983 concerning the exercise of the professions of doctor, dentist and veterinary doctor","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LUX","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LUX"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates the practice of medicine, veterinary medicine, and dental medicine in Luxembourg. It specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine in Luxembourg.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi du 29 avril 1983 concernant l'exercice des professions de médecin, de médecin-dentiste et de médecin-vétérinaire"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/88dc2ae721b142d7ca88f9c8acdeab84/Luxembourg_Vet..pdf","prettySize":"149 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of April 19, 2014 on the Insertion of Book XI 'Intellectual Property' to the Code of Economic Law","Subtitle":" and Specific Provisions to the Book XI in Books I, XV and XVII of the Code","Authoring_country":"BEL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEL"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2014-04-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-01-01","Languages":["French","Dutch"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi du 19 avril 2014 portant insertion du Livre XI 'Propriété intellectuelle' dans le Code de droit économique","Wet van 19 april 2014 houdende invoeging van boek XI, “Intellectuele eigendom” in het Wetboek van economisch recht"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9b94953f2a650dd40f66763ea5207ea1/Belgium_Intellectual Property_2015_French..pdf","prettySize":"616 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7e19d075057c74eb5535cdf7656ff8bc/Belgium_Intellectual Property_2015_Dutch..pdf","prettySize":"1.39 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of Biological Diversity","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VEN"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the various elements of Biodiversity Law in Venezuela including those relating to access to genetic resources and indigenous traditional knowledge thereof.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-05-24","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-05-24","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley de la Diversidad Biológica"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8e77d2984ffbfe17dfb24ec19f2d5ee8/VEN_Law of Biological Diversity..pdf","prettySize":"750 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of December 14, 1922, on Patents of Inventions and Industrial Designs","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HTI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HTI"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1922-12-14","Date_entered_into_force":"1923-01-04","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi du 14 décembre 1922 sur les brevets d'invention, brevets de dessins et modèles industriels"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e30c2365f00e85adc1112cb8f8d9df4f/Haiti..pdf","prettySize":"313 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of Georgia No. 1791 of February 5, 1999, on Patents","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GEO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GEO"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1999-02-05","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-05-25","Languages":["English","Georgian"],"Original_language_titles":["Law of Georgia No. 1791 of February 5, 1999, on Patents","საქართველოს საპატენტო კანონი, N 1791 IIს, 1999 წლის 5 თებერვალი (20 ივლისი 2018 წ №3235 კანონის ცვლილებით)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/17a7eeabbf056ede4dbb2234a7262b1c/Georgia_En..pdf","prettySize":"138 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/276b550deb36a3b4eca8d3f6d419c5a7/Georgia..pdf","prettySize":"277 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of Georgia No. 5069 about Public Health","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GEO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GEO"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines the rights and responsibilities of citizens, governments and other entities within Georgia in combating infectious diseases. The national government has the power to quarantine and isolate and the law lays out the penalties for violating these orders. There are requirements for emergency vaccination in the case of a disease outbreak, though no enforcement mechanisms are included in the document.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-06-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-12","Languages":["Georgian","English"],"Original_language_titles":["საქართველოს კანონი საზოგადოებრივი ჯანმრთელობის შესახებ","Law of Georgia on Public Health"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c6a075752cf6be55cf59dd152bfb45ea/GEO_Public Health..pdf","prettySize":"194 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b748cac41212e002d12cb229ea9aba92/GEO_Public Health..pdf","prettySize":"234 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of July 20, 1992, on the Changes in the System for Patents for Invention","Subtitle":"(As amended by the Law of May 24, 1998)","Authoring_country":"LUX","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LUX"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1992-07-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-07-24","Languages":["English","French"],"Original_language_titles":["Law of July 20, 1992, on the Changes in the System for Patents for Invention ","Loi du 20 juillet 1992 portant modification du régime des brevets d'invention (telle que modifiée par la loi du 24 mai 1998)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/750694ed1004e389869a8129fc02d71a/Luxembourg..pdf","prettySize":"319 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b9fee3cbd83ee3d86eceadaa8f8562c4/Luxembourg_Fr..pdf","prettySize":"256 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of July 20, 2017 concerning certain methods of application and sanctions of Regulation (EU) No. 511/2014","Subtitle":"of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 16, 2014 relating to measures concerning compliance by users in the Union with the Protocol of Nagoya on access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use","Authoring_country":"LUX","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LUX"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Law enacting the EU ABS legislation (511/2014) by establishing a competent national authority, its duties to regulate compliance measures, and penalise ABS breaches.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-07-28","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-08-01","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi du 20 juillet 2017 concernant certaines modalités d’application et les sanctions du règlement (UE) n° 511/2014"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e3f99aa061409f6289d5c45bd0b12288/lux193019..pdf","prettySize":"139 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of October 26, 1906 - Water Regulations","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BOL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BOL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law approves the Water Regulation which organizes a system for the control and use of water. It, along with Supreme Decree No. 24.176, regulate the discharge of pollutants and wastewater into controlled water sources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1906-10-26","Date_entered_into_force":"1906-10-26","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley de 26 de octubre de 1906 - Reglamento de aguas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0de1593c7451c458b661d7a0276aa25c/bol26682..pdf","prettySize":"281 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of Protection and Utilization of the Country's Genetic Resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IRN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IRN"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the mechanism for accessing genetic resources in Iran. It also outlines the part of the Islamic Penal Code which describes the penalties incurred.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-01-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-14","Languages":["Persian (Farsi)"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون حفاظت و بهره برداری از منابع ژنتیکی کشور"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e93bb9dbfe9e362d0c6aa4984d1d7daf/IRA182127..pdf","prettySize":"153 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of The Republic of Azerbaijan on Patents","Subtitle":"(As Amended up to October 20, 2009)","Authoring_country":"AZE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AZE"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1997-07-25","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-08-02","Languages":["Azerbaijani","Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Patent haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikasının Qanunun","Закон Азербайджанской Республики «О патентах»"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fce4681fe01bce429e2b05c3a8b13e39/Azerbaijan_Patent Law_2009_Azerbaijani..pdf","prettySize":"415 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0cbe24621c11845ade2a848e109ff260/Azerbaijan_Patent Law_2009_Russian..pdf","prettySize":"210 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of Turkmenistan No. 867-XII of October 1, 1993, on Patents","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TKM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TKM"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1993-10-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-10-01","Languages":["English","Russian","Turkmen"],"Original_language_titles":["Law of Turkmenistan No. 867-XII of October 1, 1993, on Patents","Закон Туркменистана № 867-XII от 01.10.1993 г. «О патентах» 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requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the requirements for vaccination, quarantine and isolation to mitigate the threat of infectious disease outbreaks in Turkmenistan. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-03-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-03-13","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН ТУРКМЕНИСТАНА О профилактике инфекционных заболеваний"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ebddff2d0335c04cc5d59429d2eb8277/TKM_ЗАКОН ТУРКМЕНИСТАНА О профилактике инфекционных заболеваний_..pdf","prettySize":"890 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of Ukraine No. 3687-XII of December 15, 1993, on Protection of Rights to Inventions and Utility Models","Subtitle":"(As amended up to December 5, 2012)","Authoring_country":"UKR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["UKR"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1993-12-15","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-07-01","Languages":["Ukrainian"],"Original_language_titles":["Закон України № 3687-XII від 15.12.1993 про охорону прав на винаходи і корисні моделі"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4a1b0a9c9c642a00e43c611687991e7e/Ukraine_Inventions and Utility Models..pdf","prettySize":"259 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 8 of January 14, 1998, on Patents","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KGZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KGZ"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1998-01-14","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-02-04","Languages":["English","Kyrgyz","Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Law of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 8 of January 14, 1998, on 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It places the ownership of water in the people of Lao and establishes the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry as responsible for he survey and inventory of water resources.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-10-11","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-02","Languages":["English","Lao"],"Original_language_titles":["Law on Water and Water Resource (No. 02-96)","ກົດໝາຍ ນ້ຳ ແລະ ຊັບພະຍາກອນນ້ຳ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a1fcb46e51c1b1ac311d1d1eb0a77a96/LAO_Water and Water Resources..pdf","prettySize":"99.1 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2dcb71b9ddd870f909b4e5417261f314/LAO_Law on Water and Water Resources..pdf","prettySize":"1.94 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on drugs","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MNE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MNE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates all medicinal products and drugs in Montenegro, including those for veterinary use. \n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Montenegrin"],"Original_language_titles":["Zakon o ljekovima"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7bbfbfdca98cfd2a299992bd63fc1e8d/Montenegro_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"385 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on drugs and medical devices (Heilmittelgesetz; HMG)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LIE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LIE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates the prescription and sale of medicinal products and medical devices - including veterinary medicinal products - in Liechtenstein.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["German"],"Original_language_titles":["Gesetz vom 4. 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This law also regulates the prevention of flood, erosion, drought and desertification, water abstraction, water supply, and effluent wastewater discharge.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-06-17","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-06-17","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Республика Молдова ПАРЛАМЕНТ ЗАКОН Nr. 1515 от 16.06.1993 об охране окружающей среды"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1672bc8f63f9206676bfa54ed983f2a9/mol9888..pdf","prettySize":"502 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on the Basis of Health","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GNQ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GNQ"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the actions that may be taken to control disease in Equatorial Guinea. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1981-09-25","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-09-25","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley de Bases de Sanidad"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dd4a8d72344e46c2087def18e9d31066/GNQ_Ley de Bases de Sanidad..pdf","prettySize":"5.23 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on the Implementation of Regulation (EU) no. 511/2014","Subtitle":"on harmonization measures for users of the Nagoya Protocol on access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of profits arising from their use in the Union","Authoring_country":"HRV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HRV"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Legislation implementing the EU 511/2014 directive into Croatian law. Outlines the competent national authority, as well as the various mechanisms for supervising and monitoring compliance with appropriate ABS law. Outlines the penalties incurred in cases of non-compliance. This law focuses on the duties towards third donor countries.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-03-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-02-15","Languages":["Croatian"],"Original_language_titles":["Zakon o provedbi Uredbe (EU) br. 511/2014 o mjerama usklađivanja za korisnike Protokola iz Nagoye o pristupu genetskim resursima te poštenoj i pravičnoj podjeli dobiti koja proizlazi iz njihova korištenja u Uniji"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/22e62f5787ad5ae7e6c2474a6e833046/cro191604..pdf","prettySize":"393 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on the Patents, Utility Model Certificates and Industrial Designs","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KHM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KHM"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export 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\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-06-28","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-06-28","Languages":["English","Croatian"],"Original_language_titles":["Nature Protection Act","Zakon o zaštiti prirode"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6ccc418cb8a75a938eb2e87d0409a0de/Nature Protection Act_OG 80-13..pdf","prettySize":"805 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d76c0bd9d095d958d9509715a99fe001/Zakon o zaštiti prirode..pdf","prettySize":"1.17 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on the Protection of Nature and Landscape","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LIE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LIE"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines restrictions on access to natural resources in Lichtenstein, specifically all animal and plant 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The law includes sections on mandatory vaccination and quarantine/isolation. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-09-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-09-16","Languages":["Macedonian"],"Original_language_titles":["У К А З ЗА ПРОГЛАСУВАЊЕ НА ЗАКОНОТ ЗА ЗАШТИТА НА НАСЕЛЕНИЕТО ОД ЗАРАЗНИ БОЛЕСТИ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3e6316d7db20bd26a821787429c1f469/MKD_ZAKON-ZA-ZASHTITA-NA-NASELENIETO-OD-ZARAZNI-BOLESTI-66.04..pdf","prettySize":"293 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on the Protection of the Population from Infectious Diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MNE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MNE"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines the legal requirements necessary to mitigate the spread of infectious disease in Montenegro, including mandatory vaccinations and quarantine/isolation. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-10-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-10-15","Languages":["Croatian"],"Original_language_titles":["Zakon o zaštiti stanovništva od zaraznih bolesti"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/95f0e248df077a56e9a04d53e944912c/MNE_Infectious Diseases..pdf","prettySize":"152 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on the Protection of the Population from Infectious Diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HRV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HRV"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Enforcement of emergency vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the rules for the control of infectious diseases in Croatia and includes specific provisions on mandatory vaccination, quarantine and isolation. Part VII states the various penal provisions for failing to comply with specific articles. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-07-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-21","Languages":["Croatian"],"Original_language_titles":["ODLUKU O PROGLAŠENJU ZAKONA O ZAŠTITI PUČANSTVA OD ZARAZNIH BOLESTI "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/58925ba65c9633b89cb14f65e9f04d11/CRO106226..pdf","prettySize":"263 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on the Protection of the Population from Infectious Diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BIH","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BIH"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the rules for the control of infectious diseases in Bosnia and Herzegovina and includes specific provisions on mandatory vaccination, quarantine and isolation. Part Vll states the various penal provisions for failing to comply with specific articles. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-01-09","Languages":["Bosnian"],"Original_language_titles":["ZAKON o zaštiti stanovništva od zaraznih bolesti "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a1b5e6e356f8fffbd6483a0c08364ed7/BIH_Infectious diseases..pdf","prettySize":"189 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on the Water Authority No.18 of 1988 as amended by Law No.62 of 2001","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"JOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["JOR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the Water Authority to conserve water resources and take responsibility for all duties relating to water and pubic sewerage. This law also prohibits work related to water and wastewater without obtaining approval from the Authority first.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-11-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-11-01","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون سلطة المياه رقم (18) لسنة 1988م كما عدلت بالقانون رقم (62) لسنة 2001"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/668b4c424f84093f15bcb25608c8853c/jor1338..pdf","prettySize":"186 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on the practice of veterinary medicine","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BEL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates the veterinary profession in Belgium, and specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine. It also regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":[" Loi sur l'exercice de la médecine vétérinaire"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fe35d9dca314695c0ca43fd7e77ee893/Belgium_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"73.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on the protection of surface waters against pollution","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BEL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law creates a legislative framework for the definition and penalization of water polluting activities. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1971-03-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-12","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi sur la protection des eaux de surface contre la pollution."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/64d642f24278b81ff7ad2cac3f138b36/bel15770..pdf","prettySize":"316 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on veterinarians and other animal health (Animal Health Professionals Law)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NOR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Ministry of Agriculture and Food as the competent veterinary authority in Norway, and regulates the veterinary profession. It specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine in Norway.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Norwegian"],"Original_language_titles":["LOV 2001-06-15 nr 75: Lov om veterinærer og annet dyrehelsepersonell [dyrehelsepersonelloven]"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1d1b503fbeecbad993587f34199b909c/Norway_Vet..pdf","prettySize":"348 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on veterinarians and other animal health professions (Animal Health Professions Act; TGBG)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LIE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LIE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates the veterinary profession in Liechtenstein, along with other animal health professions.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["German"],"Original_language_titles":["Gesetz vom 20. 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European Green Deal and targeted at waste management systems in Croatia. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-07-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-07-15","Languages":["Croatian"],"Original_language_titles":["Zakon o gospodarenju otpadom"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5a4b32898d948296fd2f4c258359265e/cro210888..pdf","prettySize":"1.74 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law on waters","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MKD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MKD"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law regulates general water management, use, supply and conservation rules and issues pertaining to surface waters.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-07-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-07-23","Languages":["Macedonian"],"Original_language_titles":["Закон за водите"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/116eb63e1f92b38fdd4c7f571a1d22a6/mac202054..pdf","prettySize":"3.57 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law regarding the organization and financing of population vaccination activity in Romania","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ROU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ROU"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the obligations and rights of individuals living in Romania in regards to vaccination. There are mandatory vaccinations, which are included in the childhood vaccination schedule, which is enforceable through a fine of 5,000-10,000 Romanian Leu if the parent refuses to vaccinate their child after receiving educational counseling. Emergency vaccinations are permissible. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-07-31","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-01","Languages":["Romanian"],"Original_language_titles":["LEGE privind organizarea și finanțarea activității de vaccinare a populației în România"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7490e1170f5c25c1cea11ecd178860f5/ROU_vaccination_2017..pdf","prettySize":"491 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Law relating to access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use","Subtitle":"and amending the organic law of December 27, 1990 creating budgetary funds","Authoring_country":"BEL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEL"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Benefit-sharing","Access to resources","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Establishes rules of access to genetic material in marine territories under the jurisdiction of belgium, as well as material acquired between 1994 and 2014 by federal scientific establishments.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-10-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-10-13","Languages":["French","Dutch"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi relative à l'accès aux ressources génétiques et au partage juste et équitable des avantages découlant de leur utilisation et modifiant la loi organique du 27 décembre 1990 créant des fonds budgétaires","Wet betreffende de toegang tot de genetische rijkdommen en de eerlijke en billijke verdeling van voordelen voortvloeiende uit hun gebruik en tot wijziging aan de organieke wet van 27 december 1990 houdende oprichting van begrotingsfondsen"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b0b6e6ead49bd5f7b112139e97bd589c/nagoya-law-belgium-fed-french..pdf","prettySize":"72.9 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/75186b28be8b81cb294db27b34950220/nagoya-law-belgium-fed-dutch..pdf","prettySize":"73.2 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Legislative Decree No. 152/2006 approving the Code on the Environment","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ITA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ITA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law states that the subnational jurisdictions, namely regional and local authorities, would be responsible for regulating and monitoring water pollution and water quality. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-04-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-04-06","Languages":["Italian"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Legislativo n. 152: Codice dell'Ambiente"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/16993f48d3ec6a192e75cbecc6e68ba2/ita64213..pdf","prettySize":"1.88 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Legislative Decree No. 193 implementing Directive 2004/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2001/82/EC on the Community code relating to veterinary medicinal products","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ITA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ITA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Decree regulates veterinary medicinal products in Italy.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Italian"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Legislativo n. 193: Attuazione della direttiva 2004/28/CE recante codice comunitario dei medicinali veterinari"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/46b6e29b9e977e13f1e5cb336e123722/Italy_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"202 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Legislative Decree No. 233 - Environmental Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SLV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SLV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law aims to encourage environmental conservation and sustainable environmental management by establishing the National Environmental Policy, assigning economic value to national resources, and creating the System of Protected National Areas to promote conservation and sustainable resource use. Water quality in these areas will be monitored. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-01-01","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Legislativo Nº 233 - Ley del Medio Ambiente"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/66dd83d6972c8ef4f51198ecb4360d9b/els14872..pdf","prettySize":"467 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Legislative Decree No. 3/2015 approving the Water and Sanitation Code (CAS)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CPV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CPV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the definition of public water resources and creates water quality and protection standards in Cabo Verde. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-10-19","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto-Legislativo n. 3/2015 de 19 de Outubro"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b1dc12893acf9646a1801aebeaccf449/cvi149045..pdf","prettySize":"424 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Legislative Decree No. 524 - Plant and Animal Health Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SLV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SLV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law contains provisions for the protection of animal and plant health in El Salvador, including creating the Consultative Councils for Plant Health and Animal Health. It establishes the Ministry of Livestock as the competent veterinary authority in El Salvador. It contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Legislativo Nº 524 - Ley de sanidad vegetal y animal."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ebe92f7bcd6edc5f549ce731d53bc6e9/ElSalvador_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"72.8 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Lesotho Electricity and Water Authority Water and Sewage Treatment Facilities Safety Standards 2013","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LSO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LSO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation defines safety standards for water and sewage treatment facilities, including safe access to civil structures and use of safety apparatus, and operation and maintenance standards.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-05-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-05-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Lesotho Electricity and Water Authority Water and Sewage Treatment Facilities Safety Standards 2013"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5b34e45b0c8f1a8999ff13466cf21d22/les204988..pdf","prettySize":"177 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Liberia Intellectual Property Act, 2016","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LBR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LBR"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2016-06-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-07-22","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Liberia Intellectual Property Act, 2016"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/15dae79e948447fdb1d3553ba0df6c23/Liberia..pdf","prettySize":"1.25 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Order No. 150 of September 21, 2023","Subtitle":"On the approval of the sanitary principles \"Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the organization and conduct of preventive vaccinations for the population\"","Authoring_country":"KAZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KAZ"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This document states the requirements for vaccination under various situations in the Republic of Kazakhstan. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-09-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-09-21","Languages":["Kazakh"],"Original_language_titles":["\"Халыққа профилактикалық екпелерді ұйымдастыруға және жүргізуге қойылатын\nсанитариялық-эпидемиологиялық талаптар\" санитариялық қағидаларын бекіту туралы"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/656eab3ec04b957bc3ae7402298f17e3/KAZ_Vaccination..pdf","prettySize":"148 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Decision No. 12/2022 approving the Regulation of the Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MOZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MOZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Resolution approves the Regulation of the Ministry of Public Works, Housing, and Water Resources, outlining its responsibilities and duties as the central organ of the State, responsible for various tasks related to public works, housing, water resources, water supply, and sanitation.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-01-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-01-25","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Diploma Ministerial n. 12/2022 - Aprova o Regulamento Interno do Ministério das Obras Públicas, Habitação e Recursos Hídricos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/962029d8174009096bb0a9b991699b93/moz207665..pdf","prettySize":"721 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Decision No. 145 of 1993 issuing the Regulations on waste water reuse and discharge","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"OMN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["OMN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation prohibits the drainage and transportation of sewage water and sludge without the authorization of the Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-06-13","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-06-13","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["القرار الوزاري رقم 145/93 بتاريخ 13 يونيو 1993 بشأن اللائحة الخاصة بإعادة استخدام مياه الصرف وتصريفها"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/90f380fb0f6989760e40d9b46a2f44cf/oma44940..pdf","prettySize":"148 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Decree (Ministry for Environment, Land and Sea) 14 April 2009, n. 56 Regulation ","Subtitle":"concerning the technical criteria to monitor water sources and conditions under which modify technical provisions of the Legislative Decree 3 April 2006, n. 152 Environmental law provisions, under article 75, paragraph 3.","Authoring_country":"ITA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ITA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree amends parts of the  Legislative Decree No. 152 approving the Code on the Environment by adding new technical sheets related to updated water quality and monitoring competencies.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-04-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-06-14","Languages":["Italian"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Ministero dell’Ambiente del Territorio e del Mare 14 aprile 2009, n. 56 Regolamento recante “Criteri tecnici per il monitoraggio dei corpi idrici e l'identificazione delle condizioni di riferimento per la modifica delle norme tecniche del decreto legislativo 3 aprile 2006, n. 152, recante Norme in materia ambientale, predisposto ai sensi dell'articolo 75, comma 3, del decreto legislativo medesimo”"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ad388c07edd06545a9788948497279cf/ita192764..pdf","prettySize":"66.7 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Decree No (73) of 2010 With Respect to Organizing the Pharmaceutical Profession and Pharmaceutical Centers","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BHR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BHR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree regulates the veterinary profession in Bahrain, as well as the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products. It specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine in Bahrain.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["قرار وزاري رقم ( 73 ) لسنة 2010"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2a09010a06588b70338e66faf579701a/Bahrain_Vets..pdf","prettySize":"16.3 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Decree No. 104 validating Sanitary Regulation ","Subtitle":"“Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for water sources, water abstraction points for economic and potable purposes, economic and potable water supply, places of recreational water uses and safety of waterbodies.\"","Authoring_country":"KAZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KAZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Decree establishes sanitary and epidemiological requirements for protection of the sources of water supply against pollution, determination of the boundaries of sanitary water protection zone related to potable water supply, sets forth quality standards for potable water, water supply waterworks and sewerage system, water disinfection and centralized hot water supply.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-01-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-01-18","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Об утверждении Санитарных правил \"Санитарно-эпидемиологические требования к водоисточникам, местам водозабора для хозяйственно-питьевых целей, хозяйственно-питьевому водоснабжению и местам культурно-бытового водопользования и безопасности водных объектов\" Постановление Правительства Республики Казахстан от 18 января 2012 года № 104."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/42edacbf981c7c00f2c5d4007de5d819/kaz112216..pdf","prettySize":"998 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Decree No. 149","Subtitle":"Validating the Regulation on the development, setting and revision of environmental quality standards for chemical and physical indicators of the environment, as well as on the approval of regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection, setting technological indicators of the best available technologies","Authoring_country":"RUS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["RUS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes the method for developing and revising environmental quality standards and for approving environmental regulatory documents. The regulation establishes quality standards ensure favorable conditions for human activity, environmental monitoring protocols, rational use of natural resources, preservation of natural ecological systems, genetic fund of plants, animals and other organisms, concerning atmospheric air, surface bodies of water, water of underground water bodies, and soil.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-02-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-02-13","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВО РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ от 13 февраля 2019 г. № 149"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cb3a3a0107a6e08805407b6106087a05/rus188233..pdf","prettySize":"248 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Decree No. 303","Subtitle":"On the delineation of authority between Federal executive bodies in the area of biological and chemical protection of the national territory","Authoring_country":"RUS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["RUS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation defines the responsibilities of various federal executive bodies, including protecting farms from dangerous biological agents, monitoring bodies of water, protecting agricultural land against pollution, protecting of bodies of water, and monitoring forests.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-05-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-05-16","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Постановление Правительства РФ от 16 мая 2005 г. N 303"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5ed2e2373a915e7eb8bc1aceea9bb6f7/rus76376..pdf","prettySize":"150 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Decree No. 50 validating the Regulation on maximum permissible harmful impacts on water bodies","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KAZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KAZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Decree validates the rates of maximum permissible harmful impacts on water bodies to maintain surface water and groundwater compliance with environmental, sanitary and epidemiological requirements. These rates will also be used in the environmental impact assessment.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-01-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-01-05","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Постановление Правительства Республики Казахстан от 19 января 2004 года N 50 Об утверждении Правил разработки и утверждения нормативов предельно допустимых вредных воздействий на водные объекты"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b0e16d17baa342aca0faea4234e358bd/kaz80425..pdf","prettySize":"77 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Joint Decision No. 19396/1546 on hazardous waste handling and disposal","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GRC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GRC"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation provides the guidelines and procedures for the general management of hazardous waste to avoid damage on the environmental and health. It also outlines the properties of various hazardous wastes.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1997-07-08","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-07-18","Languages":["Greek"],"Original_language_titles":["Μέτρα και όροι για τη διαχείρηση επικινδύνων αποβλήτων"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7f4698dfd0183e637f4fc73a9a4aec2d/gre82301..pdf","prettySize":"10.2 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Order No. 019-14-MER of July 16, 2014 setting the methods for controlling and monitoring the quality of groundwater and surface water","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TGO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TGO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes the methods and procedures for monitoring groundwater and surface water, including periodicity and instructions for taking samples.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-07-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-07-16","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Arrêté ministériel n° 019-14-MER du 16 juillet 2014 fixant les modalités de contrôle et de suivi de la qualité des eaux souterraines et de surface"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bd064b4d1c3f99c2ea6aeffac95142a3/tog160653..pdf","prettySize":"1.39 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Order No. 1 of 2001 with respect to Managing Waste Hazardous to Health Care","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BHR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BHR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation provides for the management of hazardous waste, including medical waste, chemical waste, sharp waste, and other waste defined in the act that poses a risk to health.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Ministerial Order No. 1 of 2001 with respect to Managing Waste Hazardous to Health Care"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/efa0477cae58037b9610e3a5e4ed53f2/bah68175E..pdf","prettySize":"217 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Order No. 180/2004 approving the Regulation on water quality for human consumption","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MOZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MOZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This order approves the Regulation on Water Quality for human consumption, identifying quality standards, parameters, and control procedures to protect human health.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-09-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-09-15","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Diploma Ministerial n. 180/2004 - Regulamento sobre a Qualidade da Água para o Consumo Humano"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a32ed5103f93411a5a25e7c7d5c394ef/moz65565..pdf","prettySize":"957 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Order of 27 June 2012 on procedures and criteria for groundwater decontamination, in the framework of a procedure for the declaration of contaminated soil","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AND","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AND"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes procedures and standards for groundwater monitoring and decontamination in order to define criteria for waters that have been affected or contaminated by chemical pollutants.  \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-06-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-06-27","Languages":["Catalan"],"Original_language_titles":["Ordre ministerial del 27-06-2012 relativa al procediment i als criteris de descontaminació d’aigües subterrànies, en el marc d’un procediment de declaració de sòl contaminat."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f9f801ca6cf7f6d0010f4be4678070d5/and184707..pdf","prettySize":"225 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Regulation Soil and Groundwater Contamination Control in Factory Area B.E. 2559 (2016)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"THA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["THA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation states that factories are responsible for carrying a soil and groundwater inspection to be undertaken by a private laboratory that is registered with the Department of Industrial Works. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-03-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-03-21","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Ministerial Regulation Soil and Groundwater Contamination Control in Factory Area B.E. 2559 (2016)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0dda9bfadbf284c70f1eae9443b36e2d/tha211129..pdf","prettySize":"304 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Regulation on Infectious Waste Disposal B.E.2545 (2002)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"THA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["THA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation defines the requirements of municipalities to regulate potentially infectious waste collection, treatment and disposal in Thailand. It further regulates transportation of this waste and outlines the requirements for the persons responsible for the management of the waste disposal process. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-01-01","Languages":["Thai"],"Original_language_titles":["กฎกระทรวง ว่าด้วยการก าจัดมูลฝอยติดเชื้อ (ฉบับที่ ๒) พ.ศ. ๒๕๖๔"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ecedc4238400c3999ddbe4b87df16021/T_0015..pdf","prettySize":"96.7 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Resolution No 719-2018/MINSA","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PER","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PER"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Diphtheria vaccination","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"This resolution outlines the mandatory vaccination calendar for children in Peru. MINSA is mandated to set the obligatory vaccination calendar in the General Vaccine Law and the General Health Law. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-08-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-08-01","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Ministerial No 719 - 2018/MINSA"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/865e5dbce919243b1e89383b4ca6c807/PER_Ministerial Resolution No 719-2018..pdf","prettySize":"6.95 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Resolution No. 11 of 1979 defining the general and particular requirements and conditions for commercial and industrial houses as well as for the public utilities","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"QAT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["QAT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"The regulation requires commercial and industrial houses and buildings to have good airing, sufficient water quality and supply, and a drainage and sewerage system for waste disposal materials.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1979-10-24","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-10-24","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قرار وزاري رقم 11 لسنة 1979م بشأن الاشتراطات العامة والخاصة الواجب توافرها في المحال التجارية والصناعية العامة المماثلة"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/35cf50f78aad138770fb946399e7ef5a/qat62507..pdf","prettySize":"157 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministerial Resolution No. 1834 of 2000 regulating the sale and circulation of veterinary medicines","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"EGY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["EGY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Resolution controls the sale and circulation of veterinary medicines in Egypt, and requires that a veterinary surgeon prescribe them.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قرار رقم 1834 لسنة 2000م بتنظيم بيع وتداول الأدوية البيطرية"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3abf595a182605902c3e6d60ed24c8de/Egypt_VMPs..pdf","prettySize":"83.9 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ministry of Environment Act, 2018","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MHL"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":null,"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the Ministry of Environment, and outlines its duties. This includes the sustainable use of genetic resources, although the implementation of this is not yet fully established in this Act.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-10-02","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Ministry of Environment Act, 2018"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ef181970375593b04ef375c97a1bd4a1/MHL_Ministry of Environment Act..pdf","prettySize":"657 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"NTON 05 007-98: Nicaraguan Mandatory Technical Standard on required quality levels of water bodies according to the uses to which they are destined","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NIC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NIC"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This law establishes the parameters to determine required quality levels of water bodies.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-02-11","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["NTON 05 007-98: Norma Técnica Obligatoria Nicaragüense sobre niveles de calidad exigibles de los cuerpos de agua de acuerdo con los usos a los cuales se destinen"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1b793b34313ca76cc30c3f270f4cf217/nic19923..pdf","prettySize":"430 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol Implementation Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NLD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NLD"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Act of Parliament which codifies EU Regulation No 511/2014 into law, and outlines its enforcement and penalties for non-compliance\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-09-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-09-30","Languages":["English","Dutch"],"Original_language_titles":["Nagoya Protocol Implementation Act","Wet implementatie Nagoya Protocol"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fa92fb7faa0b9ccd43cd846530be91af/NLD_Nagoya Protocol (Implementation) Act..pdf","prettySize":"42.7 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8b73e9c32cdab63638dfedecda433f91/NLD_Nagoya Protocol (Implementation) Act_Dutch..pdf","prettySize":"51.8 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"National Aquaculture Policies and Practices","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SAU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SAU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This policy outlines the legal framework with respect to the aquaculture industry in Saudi Arabia. The policy prohibits the use of antimicrobials in feed products, regulates the use of veterinary drugs in aquaculture, requires monitoring and evaluation of facilities at regular intervals, and mandates that HACCP systems be implemented to minimize environmental contamination risks. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-04-02","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-04-02","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["National Aquaculture Policies and Practices"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d3a0aa240b64de40b213fb46cee8feea/sau207920E..pdf","prettySize":"1.31 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"National Committee on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity’s Regulations on Criteria and Procedures for Access to Biological Resources and Sharing of Benefits","Subtitle":"NCBD Regulations","Authoring_country":"THA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["THA"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Digital sequence information (DSI)"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These regulations describe the main mechanism for accessing non-plant genetic resources in Thailand.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-03-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-03-05","Languages":["Thai"],"Original_language_titles":["คณะกรรมการแห่งชาติว่าด้วยการอนุรักษ์และการใช้ระเบียบความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพอย่างยั่งยืน ว่าด้วยหลักเกณฑ์และวิธีการในการเข้าถึงทรัพยากรชีวภาพและการแบ่งปันผลประโยชน์"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3033cbce986b19f84f6bb8597dbc458a/386b1257-5f1e-465b-803c-c0c4f0d1065f..pdf","prettySize":"62.7 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"National Drinking Quality Standards and Directives, 2005","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NPL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NPL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This establishes national drinking quality standards and approval policies.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["National Drinking Quality Standards and Directives , 2005"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3a367f050f4acecdcd7e6a0222f25b2f/nep199481..pdf","prettySize":"251 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"National Drug Policy and Authority Act 1993 (Ch 206) ","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"UGA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["UGA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates the  import, export, sale and prescription of drugs in Uganda, including those for veterinary use. It specifies certain drugs - including antimicrobials - that may be provided only on the prescription of a duly qualified medical practitioner, dentist or veterinary surgeon.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["National Drug Policy and Authority Act 1993 (Ch 206)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0aa22640f32686033c36d3b7dd12c267/Uganda_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"301 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"National Environment (Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing) Regulations, 2005 (S.I. 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Kiribati.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-03-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-03-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["National Sanitation Policy (Effective Sanitation for Healthy Communities, Environments and Sustainable Development"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dbe643c5c6757dd4d9af174fd4b596a0/kir178964..pdf","prettySize":"129 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"National Standard for Drinking Water Quality","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MYS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MYS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This standard establishes guidelines for the acceptable levels of microbiological, physical, chemical, and radioactive components in raw water that can be treated to meet the standards for safe drinking water, while outlining the requirements and recommended procedures 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The vaccinations included in this document are compulsory, as stated in the Vaccine Law of the Republic of Honduras. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-12-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-01-01","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Esquema nacional de vacunación, Honduras 2023"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3d114d66b7a568ed8ab7d758f6e809e6/HND_National Vaccination Scheme_2023..pdf","prettySize":"23.1 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"National Vaccine Calendar","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARG"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"This document provides a schedule for vaccination of all individuals residing in Argentina. The vaccinations included in this document are compulsory, as stated in Public health law 27491.  \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-01-01","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Calendario nacional de vacunación"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dd98d207d60d15c510406f7b25ec0dba/ARG_National Vaccine Calendar_2022..pdf","prettySize":"399 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"National Water Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MEX","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MEX"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law governs the development, use, and protection of the nation's water resources, as well as their administration. Additionally, it mandates that quality and maximum residue limits may be set for water sources and wastewater, and states that these waters may be monitored to ensure standard compliance. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1992-11-27","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-11-27","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley de Aguas Nacionales"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0337a53bbd980ad8305b7eb32041030a/mex3015..pdf","prettySize":"422 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"National Water Management Plan Ordinance 2009","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AUT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AUT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law describes the establishment of a national water management plan, which includes provisions on conducting environmental impact assessments and monitoring water sources for pollution residues. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-03-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-03-30","Languages":["German"],"Original_language_titles":["Nationale GewässerbewirtschaftungsplanVO 2009 – NGPV 2009."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6bdf54d69564d2ebc1bde7e8b77bf1f1/aut98381..pdf","prettySize":"197 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"National Water Resources Management Agency Act (No. 5 of 2017)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SLE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SLE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the National Water Resources Management Agency, responsible for generally managing water resources throughout Sierra Leone and creating a water monitoring system, as a body corporate and creates a National Water Resources Management Fund.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-08-03","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-03","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["National Water Resources Management Agency Act (No. 5 of 2017)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e3f882d5b736a9d8e85271faecb60e55/sie176313..pdf","prettySize":"93.3 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"National Water Supply and Drainage Board","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LKA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LKA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation establishes the legal framework for the National Water Supply and Drainage Board. One of their powers is to control all operations of waterworks and sewerage, as stated in clauses 17 and 19. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1974-11-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1974-11-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["National Water Supply and Drainage Board"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3261cbdf566b9838778bcdc2e8bcb9fd/srl22038..pdf","prettySize":"1.65 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Natural Resources Conservation (Wastewater and Sludge) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 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Designates the various national authorities responsible for ABS legislation.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-04-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-05-10","Languages":["English","Estonian"],"Original_language_titles":["Nature Conservation Act","Looduskaitseseadus"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/52a6e73d38dcf2be6a36ce27154598d6/EST_NatureConservationAct_English..pdf","prettySize":"225 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5899646b7e67f4d709f45481e2af4953/EST_NatureConservationAct_Estonian..pdf","prettySize":"315 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Nepal Veterinary Council Act, 2055 (1999)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NPL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NPL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the Nepal Veterinary Council, which is the regulating body over all veterinary medical professionals in Nepal. It specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Nepali"],"Original_language_titles":["नेपाल भेटेरिनरी काउन्सिल ऐन, २०५५ (१९९९)।"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/86effd1489b7747f36420d8513cf59ad/Nepal_VetCouncil..pdf","prettySize":"180 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Nevis Physical Planning and Development Control Regulations, no. 60 of 2021","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KNA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KNA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation manages waste disposal, which includes the sewerage and drainage systems, and development permission. Development permission requires environmental impact assessments, as outlined in this document. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-10-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-10-05","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Nevis Physical Planning and Development Control Regulations, no. 60 of 2021"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/85fbd4546ad83ef518d122e010ac129a/stk215862..pdf","prettySize":"1.58 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"New Rural Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HTI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HTI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the Rural Code which regulates administrative actions relating to the rural sector. It also provides for water pollution and regulates bodies of water.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1984-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1984-01-01","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Nouveau Code Rural"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d282c9c64bd1f0b140e1247ecb955d9b/hai2847..pdf","prettySize":"417 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Nitrates Action Programme Regulations, 2011 (L.N. 321 of 2011)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MLT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MLT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation aims to reduce the pollution of water resources by nitrates from agricultural sources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-01-01","Languages":["Maltese"],"Original_language_titles":["Regolamenti tal-Programm ta’ Azzjoni dwar in-Nitrati, 2011 (L.N. 321 tal-2011)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e2e26a9e4c23a603c74ab8864053e379/mlt106335..pdf","prettySize":"685 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Norm No. 14 of May 17, 2012","Subtitle":"Prohibiting the importation, production and use of antimicrobial substances, spiramycin and erythromycin used as additive in livestock feeding","Authoring_country":"BRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Norm prohibits the use of certain antimicrobial substances for growth purposes in livestock feeding. \n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Instrução Normativa nº 14, de 17 de maio de 2012"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b0624e4a376946d7cbc5614c2a7483c1/Brazil_AGP2..pdf","prettySize":"6.42 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Norm No. 2 of January 25, 2021","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Norm regulates the list of additives in animal feed in Brazil, including medicated feed. \n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["INSTRUÇÃO NORMATIVA MAPA Nº 3, DE 25 DE JANEIRO DE 2021"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1d85e88adf7f5aa1358b7f556d8f649d/Brazil_Feed..pdf","prettySize":"94.2 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Norm that Regulates the Procedure for the Subscription of Framework Contracts for Access to Genetic Resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ECU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ECU"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Scope of legislation","Contractual terms"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation outlines the procedure to apply for access to a genetic resource, and describes the minimum requirements for Mutually Agreed Terms. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-03-02","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-03-02","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["NORMA QUE REGULA EL PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LA SUSCRIPCIÓN DE CONTRATOS MARCO DE ACCESO A RECURSOS GENÉTICOS"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/253aa6158e93c110b487dd97408faf1c/ecu162551..pdf","prettySize":"53.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Notification of Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives - Subject: Thai Agricultural Standard: Code of Practice for Control of the Use of Veterinary Drugs under the Agricultural Standards Act B.E. 2551","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"THA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["THA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Code of Practice regulates the use of veterinary drugs in Thailand. It specifies that the use of antimicrobial drugs shall be prescribed only by the veterinarian who is directly responsible for the animal or herd health. It also specifies that the use of medicated feed may only be done under supervision of a veterinarian.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English","Thai"],"Original_language_titles":["Notification of Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives - Subject: Thai Agricultural Standard: Code of Practice for Control of the Use of Veterinary Drugs under the Agricultural Standards Act B.E. 2551","ประกาศกระทรวงเกษตรและสหกรณ์ เรื่อง มาตรฐานสินค้าเกษตร : หลักปฏิบัติในการควบคุมการใช้ยาสัตว์ตามพระราชบัญญัติมาตรฐานสินค้าเกษตร พ.ศ. 2551."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a31191c23ac21fa03c5778bdbd02b9b8/Thailand_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"119 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/df1484ff6b545057039142c5bc25d88c/Thailand_VMP_Thai..pdf","prettySize":"284 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Official Mexican Standard NOM-064-ZOO-2000: Guidelines for the classification and prescription of veterinary pharmaceutical products by the risk level of their active ingredients","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MEX","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MEX"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Regulation regulates the prescription, sale and use of veterinary medicinal products in Mexico.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["NOM-064-ZOO-2000: Lineamientos para la clasificación y prescripción de productos farmacéuticos veterinarios por el nivel de riesgo de sus ingredientes activos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a787c4d42a21226afd490bf992c63cb0/Mexico_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"79.6 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"On Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VNM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VNM"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Emergency vaccination authority","Diphtheria vaccination","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law describes the legal measures that may be taken to control an outbreak of infectious disease in Viet Nam. The document covers vaccination and quarantine/isolation. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-11-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-11-21","Languages":["Vietnamese"],"Original_language_titles":["PHÒNG, CHỐNG BỆNH TRUYỀN NHIỄM"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e7a3be0eb40866196f3d77084bbe1598/VNM_Infecious diseases_2007..pdf","prettySize":"339 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"On Waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TKM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TKM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates the handling and disposal of waste in Turkmenistan. There are provisions on specific standards for the categorization, handling and disposal of medical wastes. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-04-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-04-05","Languages":["Turkmen"],"Original_language_titles":["Galyndylar hakynda"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/29e85d0e73514b719a218dcbacdd4ab9/tkmTÜRKMENISTANYŇ KANUNY _br_Galyndylar hakynda..pdf","prettySize":"455 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"On approval of the rules for provision of information on medical waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KAZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KAZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation provides rules for medical waste including ownership, disposal of waste, and other management procedures related to medical waste.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-03-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-03-30","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["On approval of the rules for provision of information on medical waste"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fb7301ce19c82b9393d27cc66ea47a5c/v1900018459.30-03-2019.eng (1)..pdf","prettySize":"86.7 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"On immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"RUS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["RUS"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the requirements for vaccination of citizens and residents of the Russian Federation. Vaccinations are mandatory, and there are social exclusion penalties that may be invoked for those who do not have completed vaccination regimens, however, anyone is allowed to refuse a vaccination for either medical or non-medical reasons.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-09-17","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-09-17","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Об иммунопрофилактике инфекционных болезней"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e76c8a4f8a0571f4078d45d9fbf73d14/RUS_Об иммунопрофилактике инфекционных болезней..pdf","prettySize":"133 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"On issues related to the handling of medical waste and work with mercury-containing products in healthcare organizations of the Kyrgyz Republic","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KGZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KGZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree states the procedures for handling and disposing of medical and pharmaceutical biohazard waste in the Kyrgyz Republic. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-12-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-12-30","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["О вопросах по обращению с медицинскими отходами и работе с ртутьсодержащими изделиями в организациях здравоохранения Кыргызской Республики"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/45f6767213c8d39ae88519ab8c1d26fa/kyrПостановление Правительства Кыргызской ...здравоохранения Кыргызской Республики_..pdf","prettySize":"235 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"On preventing and combating infections and infectious diseases in humans","Subtitle":"Act of December 5, 2008 ","Authoring_country":"POL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["POL"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate","List of actionable diseases"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Article 5 of this act provides the Chief Sanitary Inspectorate, located within the Ministry of Health, with a mandate to set the annual vaccination calendar. Moreover, Article 5 obligates all persons under the age of 19 residing in Poland for more than three months to be vaccinated in accordance with this calendar. The State District Sanitary Inspector is granted the authority to quarantine and isolate in Articles 33 and 37, with the former include provisions about physician quarantine authority. Article 35 grants physicians the authority to isolate. Enforcement mechanisms for quarantine and isolation are detailed in Article 36, which allows for direct coercion if someone refuses quarantine or isolation.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-12-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-12-05","Languages":["Polish"],"Original_language_titles":["USTAWA z dnia 5 grudnia 2008 r.  o zapobieganiu oraz zwalczaniu zakażeń i chorób zakaźnych u ludzi"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a58e038fe1ff241204d41db05cde44d4/POL_Infectious Diseases..pdf","prettySize":"287 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"On the Protection of Citizens' Health","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"UZB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["UZB"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Emergency vaccination authority","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the requirements to protect the health and wellbeing of citizens of Uzbekistan. The law states that compulsory emergency vaccinations may take place if deemed appropriate by the epidemiological circumstances. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-08-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-08-29","Languages":["Uzbek"],"Original_language_titles":["FUQAROLAR SOG‘LIG‘INI SAQLASH TO‘G‘RISIDA"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/25dc7481d77e8b1aa2ea6d56fe57e861/UZB_Citizen's Health_1996..pdf","prettySize":"661 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"On the necessary epidemiological measures to prevent infectious diseases and epidemics","Subtitle":"18/1998. (VI. 3.) NM decree","Authoring_country":"HUN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HUN"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines the legally enforceable obligations of residents of Hungary in mitigating infectious disease epidemics. Specific provisions are included for vaccination, quarantine, isolation and reportable diseases. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-01-01","Languages":["Hungarian"],"Original_language_titles":["18/1998. (VI. 3.) NM rendelet\na fertőző betegségek és a járványok megelőzése érdekében szükséges járványügyi intézkedésekről"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6c55dd639e964d78d5619f3d1833c1d8/HUN_infecious diseases and epidemics..pdf","prettySize":"5.91 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"On the protection of the population from infectious diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"UKR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["UKR"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Tuberculosis vaccination","Enforcement of emergency vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines legally enforceable measures to prepare for, respond to and control epidemic events in Ukraine. The document includes specific provisions for vaccination and isolation. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-04-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-01-01","Languages":["Ukrainian"],"Original_language_titles":["Про захист захисту населення від інфекційних хвороб"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5db8aea44f8c278fc7b6bde18716fb22/UKR_Про захист населення від ін... _ від 06.04.2000 № 1645-III (Текст для друку)..pdf","prettySize":"649 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"On the protection, support and development of public health ","Subtitle":"Law no. 355/2007 Coll.","Authoring_country":"SVK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SVK"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate","List of actionable diseases"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law broadly outlines public health requirements for Slovakia, but more specifically states the requirements and penalties for failing to follow mandates on quarantine/isolation and mandatory vaccination. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-07-31","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-31","Languages":["Slovak"],"Original_language_titles":["Zákon o ochrane, podpore a rozvoji verejného zdravia a o zmene a doplnení niektorých zákonov"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d5297d41935c39140eb5cb98a23e3d4c/SVK_Public Health_2007..pdf","prettySize":"1.56 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Operating rules for the Hydro-agricultural Infrastructure Programs, and Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation under the responsibility of the National Water Commission","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MEX","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MEX"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These Operational Rules for the Hydroagricultural Infrastructure Programs and the Drinking Water, Sewerage, and Sanitation Programs, overseen by the National Water Commission (CNA), provide guidelines and procedures for the implementation of subsidized programs and fund transfers administered by the CNA.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-03-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-03-14","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Reglas de operación para los Programas de Infraestructura Hidroagrícola, y de Agua Potable, Alcantarillado y Saneamiento a cargo de la Comisión Nacional del Agua"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f57180d72208c7021a572634d922c324/mex27836..pdf","prettySize":"528 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order 2015 on the organization and operation of the environmental assessment and impact studies office (BEEEI) and determining the powers of its director","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NER","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NER"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree determines the organization of power for the Environmental Assessment. It specifies jurisdiction and plans for when the assessment is mandatory.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-08-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-08-05","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Arrêté 2015 portant organisation et fonctionnement du bureau d'évaluation environnementale et des études d'impacts (BEEEI) et déterminant les attributions de son directeur"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/30adcc3a77e7ea48cf85b9c5b4836249/ner216705..pdf","prettySize":"1.32 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order A/2014/5894/MEEF/CAB/SGG of 09 December 2014, fixing the list of hazardous waste by class in the Republic of Guinea","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GIN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GIN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This law defines a list of hazardous wastes of potential danger to the environment, including any waste that comes from commercial and industrial activities, including healthcare activities, that may pose a risk to public and environmental health. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-12-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-12-09","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Arrêté A/2014/5894/MEEF/CAB/SGG du 09 décembre 2014, fixant la liste des déchets dangereux par classe en République de Guinée"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5cd77327249fd741b183206982bce100/Gui174202..pdf","prettySize":"6.11 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order No 297/N of 2001 of Minister of Labor, Health and Social Affairs of Georgia on Environmental Quality Requirements","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GEO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GEO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes environmental standards related to surface water quality, pollution, water source quality and protection, coastal water conservation, industrial water systems, and irrigation.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-08-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-08-16","Languages":["Georgian"],"Original_language_titles":["საქართველოს შრომის, ჯანმრთელობისა და სოციალური დაცვის მინისტრის ბრძანება №297/ნ გარემოს ხარისხობრივი მდგომარეობის ნორმების დამტკიცების შესახებ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2554ee4f8a119915f499fbb2a011c05e/geo167707..pdf","prettySize":"5.58 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order No. 0025 MEL-SG-DL of May 31, 2012 on the organization of the Divisions and Services of the National Directorates of the Ministry of Livestock and determining the attributions of their managers","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NER","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NER"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Order establishes the National Directorates of the Ministry of Livestock as the competent veterinary authority in Niger.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Arrêté n° 0025 MEL-SG-DL du 31 mai 2012 portant organisation des Divisions et Services des Directions Nationales du Ministère de l'Elevage et déterminant les attributions de leurs responsables"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/695cac6ea6d08ea517a347b25e2c224a/Niger_VetAuthority..pdf","prettySize":"2.98 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order No. 1048/2008 defining good practices for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PRT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PRT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Order regulates the manufacture, sale, distribution and use of veterinary medical products in Portugal.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Portaria n.º 1048/2008"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/486c27cc26b38ef0eccab1ccc1d5f112/Portugal_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"160 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order No. 111/PM of 06 October 2023","Subtitle":"to Lay Down the Organization and Functioning of the National Access and Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from the Utilization of Genetic Resources 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MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order No. 1318 on commercial keeping of livestock, manure, silage","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DNK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DNK"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation creates the parameters for the sanitary keeping of livestock. The regulation specifically states that animals should be kept in facilities that are designed to inhibit ground and surface water pollution. Likewise, the regulation outlines the types of drainage systems necessary for the collection of liquid manure and wastewater. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-11-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-12-01","Languages":["Danish"],"Original_language_titles":["Bekendtgørelse om erhvervsmæssigt dyrehold, husdyrgødning, ensilage"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/732bcc5c406b14a529b3dc87c9a9d1e3/den149989..pdf","prettySize":"398 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order No. 1362 on veterinary use, administration and prescription of drugs for animals","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DNK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DNK"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Order regulates the administration, prescription and use of veterinary drugs in Denmark.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Danish"],"Original_language_titles":["Bekendtgørelse om dyrlægers anvendelse, udlevering og ordinering af lægemidler til dyr"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ffc0fe19f4ba71815f5923df42f98045/Denmark_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"280 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order No. 140/MSP/LCE/ of September 27, 2004, setting standards for the discharge of waste into natural environments","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NER","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NER"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation controls the discharge of waste into environments. 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It establishes the National Veterinary Sanitary and Food Safety Authority as the competent veterinary authority in Romania.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Romanian"],"Original_language_titles":["AUTORITATEA NAŢIONALĂ SANITARĂ VETERINARĂ ŞI PENTRU SIGURANŢA ALIMENTELOR ORDIN nr. 35 din 30 martie 2016 pentru aprobarea Normelor metodologice de aplicare a Programului acţiunilor de supraveghere, prevenire, control şi eradicare a bolilor la animale, a celor transmisibile de la animale la om, protecţia animalelor şi protecţia mediului, de identificare şi înregistrare a bovinelor, suinelor, ovinelor, caprinelor şi ecvideelor, precum şi a Normelor metodologice de aplicare a Programului de supraveghere şi control în domeniul siguranţei alimentelor"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1c174cc55dfeed7e801c7d06009541a9/Romania_AnimalDisease..pdf","prettySize":"3.13 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order No. 370 of 2014 approving the regulation on veterinary medical products","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ALB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ALB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Law regulates the import, labeling, possession, distribution and supply of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials, in Albania. It also regulates medicated feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Albanian"],"Original_language_titles":["Urdhër Nr. 370, Datë 29.7.2014 Për Miratimin E Rregullores “Mbi Produktet Mjekësore Veterinare”"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/677a1a40339cfebacc5c5e917a163fb7/Albania_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"340 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order No. 48 of the Ministry of Agriculture validating Regulation on state registration of drugs and fodder additives","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"RUS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["RUS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Order regulates feed additives, including medicated feed, for animals in Russia.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Зарегистрировано в Минюсте РФ 14 апреля 2005 г.\nРегистрационный N 6510 \"Об утверждении Правил государственной регистрации лекарственных средств для животных и кормовых добавок\""],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c3c945277a28cc27b3b815c1fb868d01/Russia_MedicatedFeed..pdf","prettySize":"170 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order No. 53/2011 regulating the classification and disposal of hospital solid wastes","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CPV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CPV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes procedures for classification, management, collection, storage, treatment, valorization and disposal for solid hospital waste for the purpose of environmental and human protection.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-12-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-12-30","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Portaria n. 53/2011 de 30 de Dezembro"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dbe136bd9841ea99ad5ba85289e11c56/cvi120492..pdf","prettySize":"224 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order No. 63 of 2004 of State Department of Statistics on Instruction for Filling out and Submitting Statistics Forms for State Accounting of Use of Water","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GEO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GEO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This law adopts methods for accounting and monitoring the use of water resources, including filling out forms for data collection on wastewater discharge and use of water resources.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-11-03","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-11-03","Languages":["Georgian"],"Original_language_titles":["საქართველოს ეკონომიკური განვითარების სამინისტროს სტატისტიკის სახელმწიფო დეპარტამენტის 2004 წლის #63 ბრძანება ინსტრუქცია წყლის გამოყენების სახელმწიფო აღრიცხვის სახელმწიფო სტატისტიკური ანგარიშგების ფორმების შევსებისა და წარდგენის შესახებ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0b9986bfd767eb57b42f58632bc1fa62/geo187455..pdf","prettySize":"99 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order No. 7-1/587 of the Minister of Agriculture validating Veterinary (sanitary-veterinary) regulations","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KAZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KAZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Order regulates the manufacture, import, trade and use of veterinary medicinal products and feed additives in Kazakhstan.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Kazakh"],"Original_language_titles":["Об утверждении Ветеринарных (ветеринарно-санитарных) правил Приказ Министра сельского хозяйства Республики Казахстан от 29 июня 2015 года № 7 -1/587"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/19aaa633885039c24e1dcd8b9dfb38a3/Kazakhstan_VMPFeed..pdf","prettySize":"1.37 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order No. 828 / 23.03.2023 for the approval of the General Guidelines and the practical Guidelines on the Nagoya Protocol","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ROU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ROU"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Order which explains the implementation of the EU ABS Regulation. Discusses obligations incurred with accessing genetic resources in Romania or overseas, including a duty to abide by PIC, MAT, and compliance mechanisms. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-04-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-04-26","Languages":["Romanian"],"Original_language_titles":["Ordinul ministrului mediului, apelor și pădurilor nr. 828/2023 pentru aprobarea Ghidului general și a Ghidului practic privind Protocolul de la Nagoya"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/603b6667d270cb730e42c5a5d22bc069/ROU_Guidelines on the Nagoya Protocol..pdf","prettySize":"1.39 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order No. R-002 authorizing and regulating the sale and use of vaccines, medicines and veterinary products","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MRT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MRT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Order regulates the sale and use of vaccines, medicines and veterinary products in Mauritania.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Arrêté nº R- 002 autorisant et réglementant la vente et l'utilisation des vaccins, médicaments et produits vétérinaires"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7f8fe1951b121c5d4f902d9f458e5fdd/Mauritania_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"39.6 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order governing the entry and movement of livestock in the Central African Republic","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CAF","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CAF"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Order regulates the movement of livestock in the Central African Republic, and includes a mandate to quarantine animals to prevent and control the spread of communicable diseases. It establishes the Director of the Service of Livestock as the competent veterinary authority in Central African Republic.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Arrêté régissant l'entrée et la circulation du bétail en République centrafricaine"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3e73098b4678f176ef92ef8ada7144d4/CAR_Quarantine..pdf","prettySize":"821 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order no. 867 Executive order on responsible authority for the administration of the Act on sharing benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources ","Subtitle":"and punishment for violation of the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) no. 511/2014","Authoring_country":"DNK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DNK"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Legal sanctions","Compliance"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Updates the previous law on compliance and penalties incurred from non-compliance to EU ABS legislation\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-06-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-15","Languages":["English","Danish"],"Original_language_titles":["Order no. 867 Executive order on responsible authority for the administration of the Act on sharing benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources","Bekendtgørelse om ansvarlig myndighed for administrationen af lov om udbyttedeling ved anvendelse af genetiske ressourcer"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e3240980b0788a767fb4b9ea291e44f4/Denmark_ExecutiveOrderABSAuthority_2017..pdf","prettySize":"89.3 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8f5678f1338eabe90ef69259ee526c78/Bekendtgørelse om ansvarlig myndighed for administrationen af lov om udbyttedeling ved anvendelse af genetiske ressourcer og straf for overtrædelse af EU forordning..pdf","prettySize":"316 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Order of the Minister of Equipment, Regional Planning and Sustainable Development and of the Minister of Health dated 6 June 2014","Subtitle":"Setting the mandatory requirements contained in the agreement concluded between the health establishment and the management company of the waste from health activities","Authoring_country":"TUN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TUN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation sets requirements for handling, managing, and transporting pharmaceutical waste in Tunisia. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-06-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-06-06","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Arrêté du ministre de l'équipement, de l'aménagement du territoire et du développement durable et du ministre de la santé 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quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Dutch"],"Original_language_titles":["Deverordening van 3 April 1954 terkoming en bestrijding van dierziekten"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fa93a9b5e5878c34cac8e2b6e149d440/Suriname_AnimalDisease..pdf","prettySize":"702 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Ordinance (2012:259) on environmental penalty fees","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SWE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SWE"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Environmental Legislation outlining the penalties incurred for various infractions against the environmental code, including no-compliance with ABS legislation\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-05-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-05-10","Languages":["Swedish"],"Original_language_titles":["Förordning (2012:259) om 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Aprova o Programa Nacional de Qualidade Ambiental."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/48a2f78dbd9b94fd293250e4b0156cf4/ang196837..pdf","prettySize":"2.51 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Presidential Decree No. 160/14 approving the Regulation on the Management of Waste originated from Hospital and Health Services","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AGO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AGO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation sets procedures for the management of pharmaceutical waste generated in health care or research facilities and classifies different wastes.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-06-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-09-16","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Presidencial n. 160/14 - Aprova o Regulamento sobre a Gestão de Resíduos Hospitalares e de Serviços de Saúde"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e1d7d73a080198319bda8a0c3b1c64be/ang134838..pdf","prettySize":"5.34 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Presidential Decree No. 190/12 approving the Regulation on Waste Management","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AGO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AGO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Decree approves the Regulation on Waste Management which establishes rules relating to waste disposal, discharges into the atmosphere and water, treatment of waste, and minimizing waste impact on human health and the environment.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-08-24","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-11-21","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Presidencial n. 190/12 - Aprova o Regulamento sobre a Gestão de Residuos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3f5937cfbd69b155d81c04f66778a4c4/ang116925..pdf","prettySize":"3.23 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Presidential Decree No. 261/11 approving the Regulation on the quality of water","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AGO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AGO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Presidential Decree establishes the quality standards for water sources in order to preserve human and environmental health. The decree also regulates residual water discharge and sets maximum residue limits in water sources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-10-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-10-06","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Presidencial n. 261/11 de 6 de Outubro."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f1b35ffaaf9bab2263f4fdf03dee910a/ang119447..pdf","prettySize":"708 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Presidential Decree No. 51. 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Καθορισμός μέτρων και διαδικασιών για την ολοκληρωμένη προστασία και διαχείριση των υδάτων σε συμμόρφωση με τις διατάξεις της Οδηγίας 2000/60/ΕΚ «για τη θέσπιση πλαισίου κοινοτικής δράσης στον τομέα της πολιτικής των υδάτων» του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου και του Συμβουλίου της 23ης Οκτωβρίου 2000"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3c3e04fe2d063959c968e851ebf49730/gre102435..pdf","prettySize":"3 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Presidential Decree No. 82/14 approving the Regulation of General Use of Water Resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AGO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AGO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This presidential decree outlines the rules of general use of water resources and specifically establishes the system of monitoring and evaluation for surface and groundwater sources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-04-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-04-21","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Presidencial n. 82/14 - Aprova o Regulamento de Utilização Geral dos Recursos Hídricos."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/646f15439896091d959c7742f0cff6ac/ang132816..pdf","prettySize":"15.6 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Presidential Decree No. 83/14 approving the Regulation of Public Supply of Water and Water Disposal Sanitation","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AGO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AGO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This presidential decree sets the standards and resources allocated for the water and sewerage systems in Angola. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-04-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-04-21","Languages":["Portuguese"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Presidencial n. 83/14 - Aprova o Regulamento de Abastecimento Público de Água e de Saneamento de Águas Residuais"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/69851acf5a4474fea163598047f9af26/ang132817..pdf","prettySize":"16.1 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Presidential Decree No. 856 Promulgating the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PHL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation establishes that all foods must be obtained from sources approved by the local health authority, the treatment of water must conform to procedures prescribed by the Department, requirements for sewage treatment plants, and that cities and municipalities are responsible for collecting, transporting and disposing solid wastes in their areas of jurisdiction in a manner approved by the local health authority.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1975-12-23","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-12-23","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Presidential Decree No. 856 Promulgating the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f39ccbf7fa2efd01f55e5f8cd4805520/phi201040..pdf","prettySize":"2.12 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases Law ","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MMR"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law states the requirements for mitigating the spread of infectious diseases in Myanmar. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1995-03-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-20","Languages":["Burmese"],"Original_language_titles":["ကူးစက်ရောဂါများ ကာကွယ်ထိန်းချုပ်ရေးဥပဒေ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/144bffa6e0ffeb77bc5528292b1f244d/MMR_Communicable Disease Law..pdf","prettySize":"8.79 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MYS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MYS"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the legal measures that may be taken to mitigate the spread of infectious diseases in Malaysia. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1988-08-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c81243eae4379786db02142eb372d131/prevention and control of infectious disease act 1988..pdf","prettySize":"64.4 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Prevention and Control of Infectious and Contagious Diseases in Animals Act, 2009 (Act No. 27 of 2009)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IND","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IND"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act contains measures for the prevention, control and eradication of contagious diseases in animals in India. It establishes the Department of Animal Husbandry or Veterinary Services as the competent veterinary authority in India.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Prevention and Control of Infectious and Contagious Diseases in Animals Act, 2009 (Act No. 27 of 2009)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d49917d0a89322c264e595cc52f3734b/India_AnimalDisease..pdf","prettySize":"652 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Procedure for Access to the Genetic Resources of the Republic of Belarus","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BLR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BLR"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Contractual terms"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"This website provides supporting information and guidance regarding the ABS process in Belarus\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-10-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-01","Languages":["English","Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Procedure for Access to the Genetic Resources of the Republic of Belarus","Порядок доступа к генетическим ресурсам в Республике Беларусь"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7568f51458d111851c00039e0abe238c/Access Procedure – NATIONAL COORDINATION CENTRE ON ACCESS TO GENETIC RESOURCES AND BENEFIT-SHARING..pdf","prettySize":"1.05 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1d4200f3cdbe4dc743df25620acb4696/Порядок доступа – НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ КООРДИНАЦИОННЫЙ ЦЕНТР ПО ВОПРОСАМ ДОСТУПА К ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИМ РЕСУРСАМ И СОВМЕСТНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ВЫГОД..pdf","prettySize":"1.01 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Protection of Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources and Expressions of Folklore Act, 2016","Subtitle":"No. 16 of 2016","Authoring_country":"ZMB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ZMB"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These Regulations were the first in Zambia to establish the various features of access and benefit-sharing mechanisms, including establishing access mechanisms and benefit-sharing obligations.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-06-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-06-06","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Protection of Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources and Expressions of Folklore Act, 2016"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1ce30f0ce722b2e44392c4e88e176d9a/ZMB_Protection of Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources and Expressions of Folklore Act, 2016..pdf","prettySize":"93.1 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Provides Mandatory Vaccination Against Immune Preventable Diseases of the Country's Population","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHL"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This decree outlines the mandatory vaccines, the associated ages of children requiring each vaccine, and the responsibilities of the institutions that must administer the vaccine. 12 routine vaccinations are required in this document. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-09-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-09-25","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Dispone Vacunación Obligatoria contra Enfermedades Inmunoprevenibles de la Población del País "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b7e3bf80fb3a1e60f62fe87b0fdb1e53/CHL_Vaccination..pdf","prettySize":"993 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health (Animals and Birds) Ordinance","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HKG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HKG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Ordinance consolidates and amends the law relating to quarantine and the prevention of disease among animals and birds in Hong Kong. It establishes the Director of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation as the competent veterinary authority.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health (Animals and Birds) Ordinance"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3a7ef47fb253b58b0ab59f9db2002dba/HongKong_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"1.69 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health (Effluent) Regulations (G. N. No. 662 of 1970).","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ZWE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ZWE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation states that no one may discharge effluent liquid onto land or use it for irrigation without approval from a health authority.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1970-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health (Effluent) Regulations (G. N. No. 662 of 1970)."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b1193d700160922cee65bacf471f4d32/zim2624..pdf","prettySize":"133 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health (Nursery Schools and Primary Schools) Immunization Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TTO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TTO"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law states that no school or nursery may admit a student that does not show record of vaccination against certain communicable diseases. Medical exemptions are allowed, but school administrators that admit unvaccinated children without a medical exemption will be liable to a fine. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1970-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-31","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health (Nursery Schools and Primary Schools) Immunization Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f712bd2cad9f83f4b669da98be0a185a/TTO_Public Health Immunization Act..pdf","prettySize":"68.9 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health (Sanitation and General) Regulation 1973","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PNG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PNG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This document aims to ensure sanitation and public health through various regulations, including the prevention of pollution of water supplies.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1973-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1973-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health (Sanitation and General) Regulation 1973"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7f36dd9d7b48850b5dba31ac10ff2cf4/png53727..pdf","prettySize":"224 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health (School Children) Immunisation Act 1974","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GUY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GUY"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Childhood vaccination"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Polio vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law describes the vaccinations required for admission to schools in Guyana. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1974-10-25","Date_entered_into_force":"1974-10-25","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health (School Children) Immunisation Act 1974 "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6b6a52da5e7efca60471dda0e139be42/GUY_public_health_(school_children)_immunisation_act_1974..pdf","prettySize":"320 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health (Sewage and Wastewater Treatment and Disposal) Regulations 2014","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COK"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes the general requirements for the sewage system and wastewater disposal. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health (Sewage and Wastewater Treatment and Disposal) Regulations 2014"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2cd25b2fc35388ff6d0faeb4470cf902/cok170669..pdf","prettySize":"168 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KNA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KNA"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the measures that may be taken to combat infectious diseases in St. Kitts and Nevis. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1970-12-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-12-31","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d185e67d2f784006ba5d80f88ab0722c/KNA_Public-Health-Act..pdf","prettySize":"551 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act","Subtitle":"Chapter 465","Authoring_country":"MLT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MLT"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Section 15 gives the Superintendent of Public Health the power to isolate and quarantine. Sections 38-40 concern penalties. Furthermore, section 27 pertains to vaccinations, and enforcement mechanisms are detailed in section 44. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-11-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-11-21","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4ad140adef9d040e0f14db409cda1476/MLT_Public Health Act_2003..pdf","prettySize":"215 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"FJI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["FJI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation deals with various aspects of public health in Fiji, including the establishment of the Board of Health, infectious diseases, vaccination, quarantine measures, emergency vaccinations, health inspections, and sanitary conditions in public places.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1936-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1936-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3fb0d9ebf5cf5b990b7982b92a00a3c6/FJI_Public Health Act..pdf","prettySize":"276 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act","Subtitle":"Revised Edition 2020","Authoring_country":"BLZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BLZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act outlines the public health rights and responsibilities of the government and citizens of Belize. The law provides the Minister with powers to make regulations for isolation of tuberculosis and leprosy.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1943-11-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-12-31","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bf381aae965951766e4d73cc793e6565/BLZ_Public Health Act..pdf","prettySize":"675 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KEN"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Sections 35 and 36 of this law mandate that the Minister may make rules, including for mandatory vaccinations, in light of a formidable disease threat or in an effort to proactively prevent the spread of communicable diseases. These threats may include smallpox, plague, cholera, yellow fever, sleeping sickness, human trypanosomiasis or any other disease deemed to be an epidemic threat to the country. This law also allows the Ministry of Health to appoint a body to set the National Immunization Program. No enforcement measures or exemption provisions are included in this law.  \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1921-09-06","Date_entered_into_force":"1921-09-06","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d0fd9b9dec18da33e48317ac476b0641/KEN_PublicHealthAct_2012..pdf","prettySize":"2.45 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act (Cap. 263)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GRD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GRD"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate","List of actionable diseases"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the Sanitary Authority to protect the public health through food hygiene standards, pollution policies, and maintenance of drainage channels.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act (Cap. 263)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/16daf8a30f692e50e64357f6b7e707a0/grn206409..pdf","prettySize":"311 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act (Cap. 277)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MUS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MUS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Sewerage","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate","Transparency requirements"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The Act addresses a range of public health concerns in Mauritius, such as food safety, sanitary water supplies, environmental health officers, diseases, sanitation, and mosquito control measures.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1925-12-31","Date_entered_into_force":"1925-12-31","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act (Cap. 277)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/142c8d8ebf0ad49e9c051156798b738e/mat194897..pdf","prettySize":"275 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act (Chapter 12.15)","Subtitle":"2020 Revised Edition","Authoring_country":"TON","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TON"],"Topics":["Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate","Misinformation or disinformation","Emergency vaccination authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law lays out powers in regards to disease control. One provision gives the Minister the authority to make regulations about isolation and quarantine for notifiable diseases. The law assigns the Supreme Court the power to grant detention orders for patients who are sick with notifiable diseases; these isolation orders are enforced through the use of reasonable force. Additionally, the law spells out isolation and quarantine measures for states of public health emergency. During a public health emergency, nationally appointed emergency medical officers can isolate patients with \"serious diseases,\" while nationally appointed emergency officers can require a person to stay in a specific location, which encompasses contacts (quarantine), sick persons (isolation), and well persons.  Notably, no relevant legislation was identified that lists the \"notifiable conditions\" referred to in this act.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/09dfd21ddbc9fc4f0335396f0c38ebb7/PublicHealthAct_3..pdf","prettySize":"1.11 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act (Chapter 34:01)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MWI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MWI"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency media and communications authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law details powers and responsibilities in infectious disease control in Malawi.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1948-07-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-07-29","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d6e4ae27d36aff203fd4150796ee65b0/MWI_Public Health Act..pdf","prettySize":"622 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act (Chapter 63:01)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BWA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BWA"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Transparency requirements"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law pertains to the mitigation of disease in Botswana, with specific provisions on vaccination, quarantine and isolation. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-02-03","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-02-03","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/785952ef7e0bb8b3306ea612c82a1573/BWA_Public Health Act..pdf","prettySize":"1 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act (No. 11/2018)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ZWE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ZWE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Sewerage","Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act outlines the rights of citizens of Zimbabwe to health care, and includes provisions mandating the creation of water quality standards and dictating the sectors responsible for implementing these policies. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act (No. 11/2018)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a3e4eb2ad26ea7cd861cd3d0651f9cbb/zim190656..pdf","prettySize":"6.3 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act 2004","Subtitle":"(No. 13 of 2004)","Authoring_country":"COK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COK"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Risk communication and community engagement","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Transparency requirements","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law includes provisions on water quality standards necessary for recreational water use and wastewater treatment. The Second Schedule lists notifiable diseases and conditions.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-06-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-06-14","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act 2004 (No. 13 of 2004)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/765bd4d5793b87e65e67a0be05fd73c5/cok98956..pdf","prettySize":"398 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act 2018","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ZWE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ZWE"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Emergency media and communications authority","Community engagement mandate"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines the laws and regulations related to public health in Zimbabwe. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-08-31","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-08-31","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act 2018"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/05cedba722960c317f5e7f0318fbac57/ZWE_Public Health Act_2018..pdf","prettySize":"708 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act 2022","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SLE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SLE"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Community engagement mandate"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the legal actions that may be taken to prevent and control the outbreak of infectious disease in Sierra Leone. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-03-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-03-21","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act of 2022"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/452ccfe0ac1f047a3d4fedc3734071dc/SLE_Public Health Act 2022..pdf","prettySize":"13.6 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act, 1930","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ZMB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ZMB"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the responsibilities of the national government for public health. Sections 20 and 28 assign the power to isolate to the national level, while sections 21 and 22 pertain to penalties for isolation violations. Section 9 lists notifiable diseases, which can be amended by the national government. There are also provisions for mandatory routine and emergency vaccination. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1930-04-11","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-04-11","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act, 1930"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9f4c00394e72ccc23e86806f780ac11b/ZMB_Public Health Act_1930..pdf","prettySize":"526 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act, 2012","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GHA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GHA"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines the public health measures to be employed in Ghana. The law includes information on vaccination, quarantine, and isolation. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-10-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-10-09","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act, 2012"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/27ccc609b36c8d97a26800f79b85be9e/GHA_Public Health Act_2012..pdf","prettySize":"645 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act, 2015","Subtitle":"Act No. 13 of 2015","Authoring_country":"SYC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SYC"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Sewerage","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate","List of actionable diseases"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act is concerned with the protection of the public health, with rules on diseases, water supplies, and disposal of waste.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-10-16","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act, 2015 (No. 13 of 2015)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4c96da10bd0b44d3cc16f1fe534421f3/sey150955..pdf","prettySize":"1.21 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act, B.E. 2535","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"THA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["THA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law gives local governments the responsibility to collect, transport and dispose of sewage or waste within their areas. The law also authorizes local governments to create animal raising or control areas to prevent hazards from microbes originating from animals.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1992-03-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-03-29","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act, B.E. 2535"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bf7fd403370866258605a2403e7384d7/tha209339..pdf","prettySize":"811 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Act, Cap. 353","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ATG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ATG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Authority to isolate","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Among other provisions, this law creates regulations for privies and drainage systems. Article 102 grants quarantine and isolation power for a list of dangerous infectious diseases (defined in Article 2) to the Central Board of Health. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1992-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Act, Cap. 353"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/19fd97b83281566d4c9828a28246cfcf/ant45460..pdf","prettySize":"1.69 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GIN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GIN"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Childhood vaccination requirement","Community engagement mandate","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the measures that may be taken to combat infectious diseases and uphold public health in Guinea. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1997-06-19","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-06-19","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Code de la Sante Publique"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bf4c69090718660b5ad49d8402cf446b/GIN_Public Health Code..pdf","prettySize":"165 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"FRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["FRA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Sewerage","Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This law provides for the protection of public health with regulations on wastewater pollution and sewerage systems, plans for fighting disease, organizing health professions, provision of pharmaceutical products, establishment of medical institutions and disposal of medical and pharmaceutical wastes. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-01-01","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Code de la santé publique"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a15a22c2a0de4058c24db9cc7d75de2a/Fra178934..pdf","prettySize":"2.02 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Code (regulatory part)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"FRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["FRA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This code establishes the Ministry of Agriculture as the competent veterinary authority in France. The Fifth part of this code relates to the regulation of medical products, including veterinary medical products, in France. \n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Code de la santé publique (Partie réglementaire)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f2b1ffaa8976acc9f4e51e1bc2b041e2/France_VMPs..pdf","prettySize":"6.72 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Code of the Togolese Republic","Subtitle":"Law no.2009-007 of 15 May 2009 ","Authoring_country":"TGO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TGO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Medical waste disposal","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law specifically outlines legal measures taken to diminish the risk of transmission of infectious diseases. Within this document, the disposal of potentially infectious wastes is covered, as is vaccination. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-05-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-05-15","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Loi no.2009-007 du 15 mai 2009 portant code de la santé publique de la République togolaise"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/274d736ea61981a3e4106cbbe42516b8/TGO_Public Health Code_French_2009..pdf","prettySize":"4.17 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Code, Third Part, Book 1, Title 1, Chapter 1: Vaccinations","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"FRA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["FRA"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines France's compulsory vaccinations and allows only for medical exemptions granted after examination by a medical professional. All vaccines will be provided for free. The document also requires that children that remain unvaccinated 3 months after their registration in a childcare or school setting be removed by that nursery or school. Finally, the law states that individuals staying in French Guyana must be vaccinated against Yellow Fever. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-01","Languages":["French"],"Original_language_titles":["Code de la santé publique, Troisième partie, Livre 1, Titre 1, Chapitre 1 : Vaccinations"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b2159a6a96263697e502bd2f7534682f/FRA_Public Health Code..pdf","prettySize":"153 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"JOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["JOR"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law describes the measures taken to preserve public health in Jordan. It includes information on sanitation, vaccination and quarantine/isolation. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-06-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-06-30","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون الصحة العامة"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ff1a2f9d2152bacf8169ddbbeaffd3f1/JOR_Public Health Law_2008..pdf","prettySize":"249 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Law","Subtitle":"Title 33 Liberian Code of Laws Revised","Authoring_country":"LBR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LBR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture","Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Competent veterinary authority","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law covers health topics, including animal diseases, communicable diseases, environmental sanitation, food hygiene, parasite control, freshwater pollution, disease reporting, sewage discharge and water pollution, vaccinations and the protection of drinking water. \n\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-12-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-12-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Law Title 33 Liberian Code of Laws Revised"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/62512e2dcd70a01c0e190a72d4b1c3c4/LBR_Public Health Law..pdf","prettySize":"11.6 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Law 27491 - Control of diseases preventable by vaccination","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARG"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Public broadcasting","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the legal basis for mandatory vaccination in Argentina. Articles 6 and 7 state that an application authority has the right to set the National Vaccine Calendar and that all included vaccines are mandatory for anyone residing in the country. Article 7 further states that, in an epidemiological emergency situation, all vaccines deemed by the application authority to be necessary to quell the outbreak would become mandatory. The law also requires that employers provide a day of paid leave for parents/guardians taking their dependents to receive these vaccinations. Article 13 outlines the enforcement mechanisms, which include multiple levels of social exclusion and inability for parents to receive family allowances. Additionally, Article 14 allows sanctions to be determined by local health authorities, and states that sanctions may range from notification of delinquency to compulsory vaccination. Finally, Article 21 states that an unwillingness to be vaccinated is not a valid rationale for non-compliance with the law, and requires that individuals unable to receive a vaccine due to a medical contraindication be provided with a certificate stating this medical reason for non-vaccination from a healthcare provider. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-12-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-04-11","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Law 27491: Control of diseases by preventable vaccination"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dd51319784f2df4d84dd6f8e593b5204/ARG_Vaccination..pdf","prettySize":"90.7 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Law No. 89 of 1981","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IRQ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IRQ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Sewerage","Tuberculosis vaccination","Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the functions of the Ministry of Health which include providing for the safety of drinking water and observing the application of those regulations, specifications, and conditions within their purview. It also contains information on quarantine and isolation and mandatory vaccinations. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1981-08-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-09-30","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون الصحة العامة رقم (89) لسنة 1981"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d0337c26d7e6752368cb781accd8aec0/IRQ_قانون الصحة العامة رقم (89) لسنة 1981..pdf","prettySize":"321 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Order (No. 12 of 1970)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LSO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LSO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Competent veterinary authority","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This order contains provisions for the protection and promotion of public health in Lesotho, including measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in humans and animals.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Order (No. 12 of 1970)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/143b0318ea4ea9546303d2ab70b5f433/Lesotho_PublicHealth..pdf","prettySize":"7.51 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Ordinance, 1940","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ISR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ISR"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law covers a variety of public health issues and contains broad emergency powers for health events. Section 19 states that, in the event of a localized disease epidemic within Israel or Palestine, Israeli medical authorities have the right to take any measures necessary to contain the disease, which can include the mandatory administration of vaccines. Likewise, section 20 states that, in the event of a disease that effects all Israeli territory, the Israeli government can impose mandates on the whole country, which may include quarantine or the application of treatments to any member of the public in the country. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1940-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1940-01-01","Languages":["Hebrew"],"Original_language_titles":["1940 ,םעה תואירב תדוקפ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b54911b73b0cfdb73b3d6e40969d5cf1/ISR_Public Health Ordinance_1940..pdf","prettySize":"751 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Protection Act","Subtitle":"Act No. 2012-07","Authoring_country":"MDV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MDV"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines disease control powers in the Maldives.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-12-17","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-12-17","Languages":["Dhivehi"],"Original_language_titles":["ާޢާންމު ޞިއްޙަތު ރައްކާތެރިކުރުމުގެ ޤާނޫނު"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/34bb0aa4cdf1d12c93128808b1b50708/MDV_Public Health Protection Act..pdf","prettySize":"415 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Protection Act 2000","Subtitle":"Act No. 258/2000 Coll.","Authoring_country":"CZE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CZE"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Enforcement of emergency vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines the framework for healthcare provision and disease prevention in Czechia. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-11-08","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-01-01","Languages":["Czech"],"Original_language_titles":["Zákon o ochraně veřejného zdraví"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d6826f737ff104e574c5fffd2eba2158/CZE_Zákon o ochraně veřejného zdraví..pdf","prettySize":"4.27 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Health Regulations 2013 The Sanitary Quality of Drinking Water and Drinking Water Facilities","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ISR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ISR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation sets standards for drinking water quality and drinking water facilities, and requirements for reporting and advertising.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-06-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-06-26","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health Regulations 2013 The Sanitary Quality of Drinking Water and Drinking Water Facilities"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b5d61c7d2ffa17aee97852fe619896b2/isrBriut47-Eng..pdf","prettySize":"683 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Hygiene Law","Subtitle":"Law 99 of 1922","Authoring_country":"COL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COL"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines the public health responsibilities of citizens and the government of Colombia. The law specifically states that citizens must be vaccinated against Smallpox and may not be admitted to public schools without documentation of this immunization. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1922-12-07","Date_entered_into_force":"1922-12-07","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley 99 de 1922"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/58a29bd766cb24d3e60b8191d0948232/COL_Public Hygiene_1922..pdf","prettySize":"82.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Notice on Exemptions from Reporting Access to Domestic Genetic Resource(s)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KOR"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This document establishes exceptions to the reporting obligations to accessing domestic genetic resources\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-09-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-09-19","Languages":["English","Korean","English","Korean"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Notice on Exemptions from Reporting Access to Domestic Genetic Resource(s) (of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs)","(농림축산식품부) 국내 유전자원등에 대한 접근 신고의 예외 고","Public Notice on Exemptions from Reporting Access to Domestic Genetic Resource(s) (of the Ministry of Environment)","(환경부) 국내 유전자원등에 대한 접근 신고의 예외 고시"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/aef326107d01a66227e3d673bcd1e7e4/Public Notice on Exemptions from Reporting Access to Domestic Genetic Resource(s)_Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (English)..pdf","prettySize":"101 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c734c1d216e86b6394b6ec6175fd4a11/Public Notice on Exemptions from Reporting Access to Domestic Genetic Resource(s)_Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (Korean)..pdf","prettySize":"4.67 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e389670aa9cf71ac40fd6d0246dc72d4/Public Notice on Exemptions from Reporting Access to Domestic Genetic Resource(s)_Ministry of Environment (English)..pdf","prettySize":"101 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e88112a573d22f173dd15fa4d8cf8096/Public Notice on Exemptions from Reporting Access to Domestic Genetic Resource(s)_Ministry of Environment (Korean)..pdf","prettySize":"4.58 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Public Water Supply Regulations 1994","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MHL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes water quality standards for the public water supply and water sources.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1994-01-07","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-01-07","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Water Supply Regulations 1994"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3a6527e4754b9a192f977c2f990a5962/mas99537..pdf","prettySize":"338 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Quarantine (Biosecurity) Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"WSM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["WSM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act contains measures to prevent and control communicable diseases in animals in Samoa, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Quarantine (Biosecurity) Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3c887e52ca3f54a2468418f54ef2d3b8/Samoa_Quarantine..pdf","prettySize":"311 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Quarantine Act","Subtitle":"S.C. 2005, c. 20","Authoring_country":"CAN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CAN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Competent veterinary authority","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in humans and animals. It gives the national government the authority to quarantine and isolate in airports. Outside of the airport, quarantine and isolation authority belongs to the provinces.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-05-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-12-12","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Quarantine Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7f821cd16d6b71ca692a0cc8182e031e/CAN_Quarantine Act..pdf","prettySize":"366 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Quarantine Ordinance [Cap 85]","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KIR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KIR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Approval of other animal health measures"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Ordinance contains measures for the quarantine of animals to control the spread of communicable disease in Kiribati.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Quarantine Ordinance [Cap 85]"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8e594da86bb5023bc07f1a3b2960f665/Kiribati_Quarantine..pdf","prettySize":"199 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Rangoon Municipal Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MMR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act gives the Municipal Corporation of the City of Rangoon the authority to provide for proper water management including disposal, supply, and construction of waterworks. This is one example of sewerage regulation in Myanmar, which is under the authority of subnational governments. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Rangoon Municipal Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4c6a9351a7f58ef9d07bc40cd71c400f/mya201110..pdf","prettySize":"17.1 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regarding state supervision of public health","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MDA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MDA"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to quarantine","Authority to isolate","Childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines the roles and responsibility of the government, healthcare professionals and residents of Moldova to prevent and respond to outbreaks of disease. The document specifically includes provisions regarding quarantine and isolation, mandatory childhood vaccination and emergency vaccinations. Notably, this law includes civil liability provisions, stating that, if someone violates this legislation and causes the occurrence of communicable disease, they are obliged to compensate the expenses of medical, sanitary and public health institutions for providing medical assistance to sick individuals and carrying out public health measures. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-02-03","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-02-03","Languages":["Romanian"],"Original_language_titles":["privind supravegherea de stat a sănătăţii publice"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4609eea16f8f259ef8e45ddde94b41a4/MDA_Public Health..pdf","prettySize":"197 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regarding the approval of the National Program of Immunizations for the years 2023-2027","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MDA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MDA"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"This document outlines the National Program of Immunizations in Moldova, which is updated every five years. The document is pursuant to the Health Protection Law and the Law on State Supervision of Public Health. Appendix 4 includes the mandatory vaccination calendar. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-01-01","Languages":["Romanian"],"Original_language_titles":["Cu privire la aprobarea Programului național de imunizări\npentru anii 2023-2027"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/931a82a787577fe6c6a8280603b0cd21/MDA_Immunizations..pdf","prettySize":"760 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulating the vaccination process in the Republic of Panama","Subtitle":"Law No. 48 Of December 5, 2007 ","Authoring_country":"PAN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PAN"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law dictates the mandatory vaccinations in Panama. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-12-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-12-05","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Que regula el proceso de vacunación en la República de Panamá y dicta otras disposiciones"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8f7403caac1b99278b333c372830aeb1/PAN_Vaccination..pdf","prettySize":"289 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation (2018:495) on state subsidies for the purification of wastewater from pharmaceutical residues","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SWE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SWE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation aims to minimize the release of pharmaceuticals residues into aquatic environments to meet environmental quality goals and establish non-toxic conditions in bodies of water.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-05-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-05-29","Languages":["Swedish"],"Original_language_titles":["Förordning (2018:495) om bidrag för rening av avloppsvatten från läkemedelsrester"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/67b4c73676b4b50c116faeb51baaa1b1/swe187075..pdf","prettySize":"259 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":null,"Authoring_regional_organization":"European Union","All_applicable_countries":["AUT","BEL","BGR","HRV","CYP","CZE","DNK","EST","FIN","FRA","DEU","GRC","HUN","IRL","ITA","LVA","LTU","LUX","MLT","NLD","PRT","POL","ROU","SVK","SVN","ESP","SWE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This EU Regulation bans the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) in the EU, and restricts the use of medicated feed in animals. \n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e4e114ff037dcd493ef2c33ef7596aaf/EU_AGPs..pdf","prettySize":"231 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation (EC) No 816/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006","Subtitle":"on the compulsory licensing of patents relating to the manufacture of pharmaceutical products for export to countries with public health problems","Authoring_country":"N/A","Authoring_regional_organization":"European Union","All_applicable_countries":["AUT","BEL","BGR","HRV","CYP","CZE","DNK","EST","FIN","FRA","DEU","GRC","HUN","IRL","ITA","LVA","LTU","LUX","MLT","NLD","POL","PRT","ROU","SVK","ESP","SWE"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision","Pharmaceutical export provision"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Regulation (EC) No 816/2006 contains provisions for compulsory licenses specifically for the export of pharmaceutical products to countries with public health problems. This applies to all Member States of the European Union (EU).\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2006-05-17","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-06-29","Languages":["English","French","German","Italian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Regulation (EC) No 816/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17/05/2006","Réglement (CE) NO 816/2006 du Parlement Européen et du Conseil du 17 mai 2006","Verordnung (EG) Nr. 816/2006 des EuropäIschen Parlaments und des Rates vom 17. Mai 2006","Regolamento (CE) N. 816/2006 del Parlamento Europeo e del Consiglio del 17 maggio 2006","Reglamento (CE) NO 816/2006 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 17 de mayo de 2006"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/077a925cf861352dc5218edf9f5094cf/EU_Compulsory licensing_2006_English..pdf","prettySize":"127 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/68d5523fd8816797948fe1ce8a853188/EU_Compulsory licensing_2006_French..pdf","prettySize":"131 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/91f78bed46865bcbe2572f3b42747722/EU_Compulsory licensing_2006_German..pdf","prettySize":"129 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5ecba242b454a3473fc33312fbaaf7c7/EU_Compulsory licensing_2006_Italian..pdf","prettySize":"129 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7b65ed0e68179592d096bffac8b7e86c/EU_Compulsory licensing_2006_Spanish..pdf","prettySize":"130 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law')","Subtitle":"And amending and repealing certain acts in the area of animal health","Authoring_country":null,"Authoring_regional_organization":"European Union","All_applicable_countries":["AUT","BEL","BGR","HRV","CYP","CZE","DNK","EST","FIN","FRA","DEU","GRC","HUN","IRL","ITA","LVA","LTU","LUX","MLT","NLD","PRT","POL","ROU","SVK","SVN","ESP","SWE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Animal movement regulations","Approval of other animal health measures","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"The EU Animal Health Law sets out a framework for the prevention and control of animal diseases that are transmissible to other animals and/or humans. This includes rules on the detection and surveillance of diseases in animals, entry of animals into the EU, and emergency measures to be taken in the event of an emergency situation.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on transmissible animal diseases and amending and repealing certain acts in the area of animal health (‘Animal Health Law’) "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0f9cf4f8f20b05581674e6be34c876ec/EU_AnimalHealth..pdf","prettySize":"1.46 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation (EU) No 511/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014","Subtitle":"on compliance measures for users from the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization in the Union","Authoring_country":null,"Authoring_regional_organization":"European Union","All_applicable_countries":["AUT","BEL","BGR","HRV","CYP","CZE","DNK","EST","FIN","FRA","DEU","GRC","HUN","IRL","ITA","LVA","LTU","LUX","MLT","NLD","POL","PRT","ROU","SVK","ESP","SWE"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Compliance","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"EU Regulation establishing rule of compliance of EU Member States with the Nagoya Protocol, applicable regardless of individual Nagoya Protocol ratification. This regulation does not establish specific member states' rules of access or penalty.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-05-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-06-09","Languages":["English","French","Spanish","German","Italian","Dutch"],"Original_language_titles":["REGULATION (EU) No 511/2014 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 16 April 2014","RÈGLEMENT (UE) No 511/2014 DU PARLEMENT EUROPÉEN ET DU CONSEIL du 16 avril 2014","REGLAMENTO (UE) No 511/2014 DEL PARLAMENTO EUROPEO Y DEL CONSEJO de 16 de abril de 2014","VERORDNUNG (EU) Nr. 511/2014 DES EUROPÄISCHEN PARLAMENTS UND DES RATES vom 16. 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It also bans the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in animals.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Reglugerð um heimildir dýralækna til að ávísa lyfjum"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1f8236cbd148123ef9a9cdd72e24bbc8/Iceland_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"473 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation No. 6 establishing emission standards for acceptable content of hazardous and dangerous substances in waste water discharged into water bodies","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BGR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BGR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes emission standards for wastewater discharge containing hazardous substances into water bodies to prevent water pollution. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-11-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-11-09","Languages":["Bulgarian"],"Original_language_titles":["HAPE)J,EA NQ 6\nOT 9.11.2000 r.\nsa eMHCHOHHH HOpMH sa zronvcrasroro Cb):(bp)l{aHHe na Bpe):(HH H onacna aemecrsa B\nornazrs-mare BO):(H, 3aycTBaHH BbB BO):(HH 06eKTH"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/29ea4dbd605c832e4da89b76860b675e/bul33616..pdf","prettySize":"1.25 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation No. 61 of 2019 of Minister of Social Affairs of Estonia ","Subtitle":"On Drinking water quality and control requirements and methods of analysis","Authoring_country":"EST","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["EST"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes drinking water quality standards and defines the procedures for monitoring water.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-09-24","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-09-24","Languages":["Estonian"],"Original_language_titles":["Eesti sotsiaalministri 2019. aasta määrus nr 61 joogivee kvaliteedi- ja kontrollinõuete ning analüüsimeetodite kohta"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b9dc594739c1fd683390af38aed65838/est194015..pdf","prettySize":"950 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation No. 61 of 2019 of the Minister of Environment","Subtitle":"On Requirements for Wastewater Treatment and Discharge of Sewage, Precipitation, Mining, Quarrying and Cooling Water, Conformity Assessment Measures and Pollutant Limit Values","Authoring_country":"EST","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["EST"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation sets the standards for wastewater treatment, management, discharge, and provides requirements for pollutant content in effluent.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-06-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-06-25","Languages":["Estonian"],"Original_language_titles":["Keskkonnaminister määrus nr 61 nõuded reovee puhastamise ning heit-, sademe-, kaevandus-, karjääri- ja jahutusvee suublasse juhtimise kohta, nõuetele vastavuse hindamise meetmed ning saasteainesisalduse piirväärtused"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fd31a421f77e16f50fb3340626c6766a/est206020..pdf","prettySize":"553 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation No. 631 on animal health (the Animal Health Regulation)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NOR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation, in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council on transmissible animals diseases and repealing certain acts in the area of animal health, draws attention to AMR in Norway. This regulation requires compliance with veterinary drug laws, and monitoring for animal diseases, which explicitly include antibiotic resistant bacterias. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-04-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-04-06","Languages":["Norwegian"],"Original_language_titles":["Forskrift om dyrehelse (dyrehelseforskriften)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7250e23c345200bc257836b09479bb14/nor210321..pdf","prettySize":"1.49 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation confirming criteria for discharge of waste water into water bodies and the ground (No. 464 of 1994)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"EST","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["EST"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation specifies the amount of polluting substances allowed in effluent to be discharged into the environment. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1994-12-15","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-15","Languages":["Estonian"],"Original_language_titles":["Heitvee veekogusse ja pinnasesse juhtimise nõuete kinnitamine"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fd5d1f3a77c4b18823e3d1811172fce0/est14353..pdf","prettySize":"144 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation establishing vulnerable areas and the action program","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CZE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CZE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation endeavors to protect freshwater from agricultural pollution by requiring certain areas surrounding water to be protected from agricultural production. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-07-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-08-01","Languages":["Czech"],"Original_language_titles":["Nařízení vlády o stanovení zranitelných oblastí a akčním programu"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/eadb8cd17e4d772e2fd78be463a9b0c9/cze192340..pdf","prettySize":"1.05 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation for the Management of Hazardous Waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"OMN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["OMN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation authorizes the Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Environment to issue licenses for the disposal of hazardous wastes. Moreover, entities handling, transporting and disposing of hazardous waste must meet the standards for equipment and procedures or forfeit their licenses. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1993-02-02","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-02-02","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["لائحة إدارة المخلفات الخطرة"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5ad1c3cac7b57a934e3186d640e529e7/oma44696..pdf","prettySize":"98.6 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation for the Reuse of Sludge Generated in Wastewater Treatment Plants","Subtitle":"Supreme Decree Nº 015-2017-VIVIENDA","Authoring_country":"PER","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PER"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree approves the Regulations for the Reuse of Sludge generated in Wastewater Treatment Plants which characterizes sludge and establishes parameters and control of biosolids from the stabilization of sludge.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-06-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-06-22","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Supremo Nº 015-2017-VIVIENDA ─ Reglamento para el Reaprovechamiento de los Lodos generados en las Plantas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4fbbb459c0d7a0209a39cf13f28d20a1/PER_Wastewater Regulation_2017..pdf","prettySize":"216 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation governing the management of medical waste pursuant to article 24 of the law of 31 July 2002, n. 179","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ITA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ITA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This decree outlines the regulations for the disposal of medical and pharmaceutical waste in Italy with the purpose of protecting the environment and public health from potentially harmful substances. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-09-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-26","Languages":["Italian"],"Original_language_titles":["Regolamento recante disciplina della gestione dei rifiuti sanitari a norma dell'articolo 24 della legge 31 luglio 2002, n. 179."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/834a1c3e797f81649f5a61de844fdea1/itaDECRETO DEL PRESIDENTE DELLA REPUBBLICA_254_2003..pdf","prettySize":"117 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation implementing the Livestock Act issued by Royal Decree M/13 of 2003 (1424 Hegira)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SAU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SAU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Regulation implements the Livestock Act, which contains provisions to protect animal and human health in Saudi Arabia. This includes provisions to prevent the occurrence and spread of communicable diseases in animals.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["اللائحة التنفيذية لنظام الثروة الحيوانية الصادر بموجب المرسوم الملكي م/13 وتاريخ 10/3/1424هـ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0123963056aaf1fe6796c71c1687d780/SaudiArabia_Livestock..pdf","prettySize":"15.3 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation in Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol Implementation Act","Subtitle":"No. WJZ/15145152","Authoring_country":"NLD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NLD"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Benefit-sharing"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Dutch regulation laying down the provisions which implements the EU Regulation No 511/2014\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-04-22","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-04-23","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Regulation in Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol Implementation Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cadc5994356288ad9f5293c411d4146c/Regulation in implementation of the Nagoya Protocol Implementation Act..pdf","prettySize":"95.3 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation of Access to Genetic Resources, Associated Traditional Knowledge, and the Fair and Equitable Distribution of Benefits of the Dominican Republic","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DOM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DOM"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Contractual terms","Compliance"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Regulation implementing ABS regulation in the Dominican Republic.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-01","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["REGLAMENTO DE ACCESO A RECURSOS GENÉTICOS, CONOCIMIENTOS TRADICIONALES ASOCIADOS Y DISTRIBUCIÓN JUSTA Y EQUITATIVA DE BENEFICIOS DE LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3e39b34ad02778914b77258830ca07c6/DominicanRepublic_ABSRegulation_2018..pdf","prettySize":"459 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation of Decision 391 of the Commission of the Cartagena Agreement and of the Biosafety, Supreme Decree N 24676","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BOL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BOL"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Access to resources","Contractual terms","Legal sanctions","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation","Digital sequence information (DSI)"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These regulations outline a common access regime to genetic resources within Bolivian territory \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1997-06-21","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-06-21","Languages":["English","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Regulation of Decision 391 of the Commission of the Cartagena Agreement and of the Biosafety, Supreme Decree N 24676","Decreto Supremo Nº 24.676 - Aprueba el Reglamento de la Decisión Nº 391 de la Comisión del Acuerdo de Cartagena y el Reglamento de Bioseguridad"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/871e0ae53062c974f0c86266ae89b837/bol53033ENG..pdf","prettySize":"425 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/306e233ea2f3fe648385793ccdc4f0f7/bol53033..pdf","prettySize":"127 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation of Medical Waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AFG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AFG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation outlines the efforts of the Afghani government to manage the disposal of medical waste. The regulation states that medical waste must not mix with other waste and that the Department of Environment would create standards for the methods of this waste disposal. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-07-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-11","Languages":["Persian (Dari)"],"Original_language_titles":["مقرره زباله های طبی"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/97ace00d8d5f655488e6f436b8a31241/AFG183848..pdf","prettySize":"741 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation of Organization and Functions of the National Agrarian Health Service (SENASA)","Subtitle":"Supreme Decree No. 024-95-AG","Authoring_country":"PER","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PER"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree establishes the National Agrarian Health Service (SENASA), which is the authority on agricultural and livestock health in Peru.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Supremo Nº 024-95-AG ─ Reglamento de Organización y Funciones del Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1e4560d3fbade51a299588a88a3c2ec1/Peru_VetAuthority..pdf","prettySize":"434 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation of Titles I, II and III of Decree Law No. 17,752, General Water Law","Subtitle":"Supreme Decree No. 261/69/AP","Authoring_country":"PER","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PER"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation outlines the conservation and preservation of waters and the authorized uses of water.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1969-12-12","Date_entered_into_force":"1969-12-12","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Decreto Supremo Nº 261/69/AP - Reglamento de los Títulos I, II y III del Decreto Ley Nº 17.752, Ley General de Aguas."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/a00012fc953743aec09f366e92ac4b5d/PER_Regulation of Titles I,II,III of General Water Law_1969..pdf","prettySize":"1.47 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 12 of 2017 About Organization of Immunization","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IDN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IDN"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation, promulgated through the authority of Law No. 36/2009 on Health, outlines the mandatory childhood vaccines for Indonesia children and states the technical requirements for vaccination. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-04-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-11","Languages":["Indonesian"],"Original_language_titles":["Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 12 Tahun 2017 tentang Penyelenggaraan Imunisasi"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/963389c023ce90910e7bb514d55156bb/IDN_Permenkes Nomor 12 Tahun 2017..pdf","prettySize":"3.23 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation of the Organic Code of the Social Economy of Knowledge","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ECU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ECU"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Benefit-sharing","Access to resources","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual 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wastewater.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-02-28","Languages":["Croatian"],"Original_language_titles":["Pravilnik o graničnim vrijednostima emisija otpadnih voda"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e151e5e2cd74df6bbf5b6b0e687bc235/cro194831..pdf","prettySize":"4.7 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation on management of the environment at aquatic product-processing establishments","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VNM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VNM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation manages aquatic product-processing establishments and establishes requirements for constructions, handling of post-processing solid and water wastes in order to avoid environmental pollution.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-09-18","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-09-18","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Regulation on management of the environment at aquatic product-processing establishments"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9dd9310d7125c44bc4c81db19a534ef3/vie35123..pdf","prettySize":"1.82 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation on medical waste management","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BIH","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BIH"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation defines general rules for medical waste management including a system for medical waste treatment to reduce risk to the general health and the 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It also provides for the procedure for testing and reporting the quality of wastewater.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-09-24","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-10-01","Languages":["Montenegrin"],"Original_language_titles":["Pravilnik o kvalitetu i sanitarno-tehničkim uslovima za ispuštanje otpadnih voda, načinu i postupku ispitivanja kvaliteta otpadnih voda i sadržaju izvještaja o utvrđenom kvalitetu otpadnih voda"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d53eb8ded57967d20b950d8a9d74027d/mne199413 (1)..pdf","prettySize":"941 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation on reference conditions for surface water types","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SRB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SRB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation defines parameters for the conditions of watercourse to measure quality elements and ecological status. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-09-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-09-06","Languages":["Serbian"],"Original_language_titles":["Правилник о референтним условима за типове површинских вода."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ac6decec72ac50ab17d0b223033e5ba6/srb195638..pdf","prettySize":"91.3 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation on special conditions for the performance of public sewerage","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HRV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HRV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation sets procedures and standards for the management, treatment, disposal, transportation, and collection of sewerage sludge.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-02-17","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-02-17","Languages":["Croatian"],"Original_language_titles":["Pravilnik o posebnim uvjetima za obavljanje djelatnosti javne odvodnje"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9504c2a43894c956209f200b2eaa3ee1/cro133160..pdf","prettySize":"181 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation on the Administration of Feeds and Feed Additives","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Regulation controls animal food and feed additives in China, including medicated feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-05-19","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Chinese (Simplified)"],"Original_language_titles":["饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f85d84382bbdba63115bd93cc618bbf4/China_Feed..pdf","prettySize":"400 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation on the Handling of Waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This ordinance outlines the standards for the classification, transportation, treatment and final disposal of medical wastes in Switzerland. Hazardous medical waste must be collected at specified points and by licensed waste disposal operations, which are regulated by the national government. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-06-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-06-21","Languages":["German"],"Original_language_titles":["Verordnung über den Verkehr mit Abfällen"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/98d9c80d411fbd2412e4f5420621c01d/swsSR 814.610 - Verordnung vom 22. 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assessment.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-10-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-11-08","Languages":["Polish"],"Original_language_titles":["Rozporządzenie w sprawie klasyfikacji stanu ekologicznego, potencjału ekologicznego i stanu chemicznego oraz sposobu klasyfikacji stanu jednolitych części wód powierzchniowych, a także środowiskowych norm jakości dla substancji priorytetowych"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0f441f90ce6a1f017effe330402228a2/pol192330..pdf","prettySize":"3.26 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation on the conditions, manner and procedure of medical waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MNE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MNE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes classification of waste, defines the recycle and re-use standards and issues, processing, marking standards, local government waste management rules, and more on waste management.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-09-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-09-20","Languages":["Montenegrin"],"Original_language_titles":["Pravilnik o uslovima, načinu i postupku obrade medicinskog otpada"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/26b91225e29993800b0508fceba6b203/mne138948..pdf","prettySize":"132 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation on the criteria and method for assessing the state of groundwater","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"POL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["POL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes the method for assessing the status of groundwater method for including the classification of physico-chemical elements, quantitative and chemical state, interpretation of test results, presentation to the state, frequency of assessment, and the threshold values for environmental quality standards.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-10-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-11-08","Languages":["Polish"],"Original_language_titles":["Rozporządzenie w sprawie kryteriów i sposobu oceny stanu jednolitych części wód podziemnych"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7e6ddebb5ac3efa06adfcceca6d1c620/pol192329..pdf","prettySize":"340 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation on the criteria for determining sensitive and vulnerable areas for the protection of water from pollution","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MNE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MNE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Regulation defines the criteria for the determination of sensitive and vulnerable areas 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It describes the duty to seek consent prior to access, and the penalties incurred in cases of breach.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-11-28","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-01","Languages":["Norwegian","English"],"Original_language_titles":["Forskrift om beskyttelse av tradisjonell kunnskap knyttet til genetisk materiale","Regulation relating to the protection of traditional knowledge associated with genetic material"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/80dac480cb98632567c298be7bf8aff5/Forskrift om beskyttelse av tradisjonell kunnskap knyttet til genetisk materiale - Lovdata..pdf","prettySize":"147 kB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2629255770782aadddc8a1b230eefd1f/Regulation relating to the protection of traditional knowledge associated with genetic material - Lovdata..pdf","prettySize":"164 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation № 1 of 13 January 2021","Subtitle":"On veterinary requirements and biosecurity measures for livestock farms for fish and other aquatic organisms","Authoring_country":"BGR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BGR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation aligns Bulgarian aquaculture and veterinary law with Regulation 2017/625 of the European Parliament and the Council on official controls and other official activities performed to ensure the application of food and feed law, rules on animal health and welfare, plant health and plant protection products. This regulation ensures that feed used in aquaculture is monitored and aligns with standards meant to combat antimicrobial resistance. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-01-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-01-13","Languages":["Bulgarian"],"Original_language_titles":["Наредба № 1 от 13 януари 2021 г. за ветеринарномедицинските изисквания и мерките за биосигурност към животновъдните обекти за риба и други водни организми"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9676d63a172146a322035a2d15f13032/bul200268..pdf","prettySize":"225 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulation № 24 of September 7, 2010","Subtitle":"On the requirements and conditions for the production, processing, storage, trade, import and export of narcotic drugs for veterinary purposes","Authoring_country":"BGR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BGR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Regulation controls the manufacture, sale and dispensing of veterinary drugs in Bulgaria.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Bulgarian"],"Original_language_titles":["Наредба № 24 от 7 септември 2010 г. за изискванията и условията за производство, преработване, съхранение, търговия, внос и износ на наркотични вещества за ветеринарномедицински цели "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/653dec7173fc6c9449ef1b246765684d/Bulgaria_VetDrugs..pdf","prettySize":"110 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulations Governing Good Manufacturing Practices for Medical Products","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"RWA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["RWA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation governs the manufacturing of medical products, regulating inspection, quality management, personnel management, documentation, and more. It also establishes water requirements for pharmaceutical use.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-02-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-02-14","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Regulations Governing Good Manufacturing Practices for Medical Products"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3fd8633c7bf6d384e2de5381bba41e82/rwa210461..pdf","prettySize":"898 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulations No. 005/R/SAN-EWS/RURA/2016 Governing Liquid Waste Collection and Transportation","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"RWA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["RWA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation aims to provide a regulatory framework to create effective and efficient liquid waste collection and transportation services.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-11-08","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-08","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Regulations No 005/R/SAN-EWS/RURA/2016 Governing Liquid Waste Collection and Transportation"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f1ae2b4304cb2174299dce4fb494ef3d/Regulations_Governing__liquid_waste_collection_and_transportation..pdf","prettySize":"661 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulations Regarding Communicable Diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ZAF","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ZAF"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These regulations on the National Health Act of 2003 pertain to communicable disease control.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-01-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-01-25","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Regulations Regarding Communicable Diseases"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2185bfbc92dc46dc7a071ab07147fd3a/ZAF_Regulations Regarding Communicable Diseases..pdf","prettySize":"372 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Regulations Relating to Health Care Waste Management in Health Establishments, 2014","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ZAF","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ZAF"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These regulations establish the legal structure to create and improve South Africa's healthcare system. 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decision 486 of 2000, outlining that any patent application derived from genetic resources originating from Bolivia must submit a copy of the access permit to the CNA.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-07-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-11","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolucion 1352 de 2017"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4df373f6fe3c8fbdba595e706553eb12/Colombia_Resolution1352modifying1348_2017..pdf","prettySize":"723 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution 4254 creates the official control system for marketing and use of anabolics for the purposes of promoting growth in cattle","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CHL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Resolution prohibits the use of growth promoting antibiotics in cattle in Chile.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-07-27","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución 4254 exenta crea el sistema de control oficial de comercialización y uso de anabólicos con fines de promoción del crecimiento en bovinos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7a96c14e0dbb956fb47161a4bbdd3f47/Chile_AGP..pdf","prettySize":"63.5 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution 736 of 2015","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COL"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Regulation establishing groups responsible for the monitoring and enforcement of environmental protection laws.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-03-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-03-25","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolucion 736 de 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This mandates a task force to create methodology for the control of AMR and to monitor the implementation of PMERAM, which restricts the use of antimicrobials in veterinary practices. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-01-22","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-01-26","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº 005-2021-SANIPES-PE ─ Procedimiento Técnico Sanitario para el control oficial de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en los recursos y productos hidrobiológicos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f21104644f34b37ac3bad5110a3f09b6/per203341..pdf","prettySize":"80.6 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 072-2013-MINAGRI-SENASA-DIAIA — Prohibits the import and sale of various active ingredients, as well as their use in the manufacture of veterinary products or animal feed for human consumption","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PER","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PER"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Resolution prohibits the use of certain antimicrobials in food for animals intended for animal consumption. These include chloramphenicol, nitrofurans, and nitroimidazoles.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº 072-2013-MINAGRI-SENASA-DIAIA — Prohíbe la importación y comercialización de diversos principios activos, así como el uso de los mismos en la fabricación de productos veterinarios o alimentos para animales destinados al consumo humano"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8f1e7543fdd75bd2b0beb2e92bb8b5f6/Peru_AGP..pdf","prettySize":"37.3 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 1,414 - Rules on the industry and trade of animal feed","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Law regulates the import, export, sale, dispensing and use of animal feed in 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\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº 1.478 - Normas para el control de la importación, exportación, procesamiento, distribución, destrucción y uso de sustancias sometidas a fiscalización"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/977dc9a6af1b1bd7ecc56183deb406a0/Colombia_VetMed..pdf","prettySize":"275 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 1-2018 ─ Regulates and controls the use and marketing of certain substances for veterinary use based on their prohibited or restricted status","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NIC","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NIC"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Resolution regulates and controls the use of certain veterinary medicinal products in Nicaragua, and restricts the use of antibiotics as growth promoters or performance enhancers.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución N° 1-2018 ─ Regula y controla el uso y comercialización de ciertas sustancias de uso veterinario en base a su condición de prohibidas o restringidas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/02692a41c5a1663d71f719aad9ef73ce/Nicaragua_AGP..pdf","prettySize":"2.42 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 111/96 Regulations on biological diversity","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CUB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CUB"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Benefit-sharing","Access to resources","Digital sequence information (DSI)","Compliance"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Outlines the various resolutions of the Cuban Government to protect its biodiversity, including the designation of Competent National Authorities, and their various duties and roles.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-09-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2024-03-11","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley No. 150 del Sistema de los Recursos Naturales y el Medio Ambiente"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/df126564f8de547bad7ce214a5e51eeb/ley_150_del_sistema_de_los_recursos_naturales_y_el_medio_ambiente..pdf","prettySize":"494 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 112 of 2019 of Georgian Government on Rules for Registration, Authorization of Production and Control of Veterinary Medicinal Products","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GEO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GEO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Resolution regulates the import, manufacture, sale, dispensing and use of veterinary medicinal products in Georgia.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Georgian"],"Original_language_titles":["საქართველოს მთავრობის 2019 წლის დადგენილება №112 ვეტერინარული პრეპარატების რეგისტრაციის, წარმოების ავტორიზაციისა და კონტროლის წესის დამტკიცების შესახებ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/23877c4d91fafdf2439d4552e0335c73/Georgia_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"942 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 121 of 2011 regarding the registration, import, manufacture and circulation of veterinary medicinal preparations, disinfectants, sterilizers, veterinary raw materials and feed additives","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LBN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LBN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Resolution regulates the registration, import and manufacture of veterinary medicinal products in Lebanon, as well as the use of feed additives and antibiotics in livestock feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قرار رقم 121 لسنة 2011 بشأن تسجيل واستيراد وتصنيع وتداول المستحضرات الطبية البيطرية والمطهرات والمعقمات والمواد الاولية البيطرية والمزيدات العلفية"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/d69de30b45c6e0bb54d808ec75180bd4/Lebanon_VMPAGPFeed..pdf","prettySize":"262 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 145 of 2016 of Georgian Government on Special Rules for Collection and Processing of Hazardous Waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GEO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GEO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation outlines the requirements of managing hazardous wastes, including medical wastes, from their production to disposal.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-03-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-08-01","Languages":["Georgian"],"Original_language_titles":["საქართველოს მთავრობის დადგენილება №145 სახიფათო ნარჩენების შეგროვებისა და დამუშავების სპეციალური მოთხოვნების შესახებ ტექნიკური რეგლამენტის დამტკიცების თაობაზე"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6bb7229771f127750e93be1c6fa08a67/geo166695..pdf","prettySize":"99.6 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 1642/2019","Subtitle":"Regulatory Framework for the Import, Export, Preparation, Possession, Fractioning, Distribution and/or Sale of Veterinary Products in the Argentine Republic","Authoring_country":"ARG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Resolution establishes the regulatory framework for the import, export, distribution and sale of veterinary medical products in Argentina. It also specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº 1642/2019 - Marco Regulatorio para la Importación, Exportación, Elaboración, Tenencia, Fraccionamiento, Distribución y/o Expendio de Productos Veterinarios en la República Argentina."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7a63b00f649c3e9633cabb6be9e1f780/Argentina_VetProducts..pdf","prettySize":"236 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 173 of 2020 of Georgian Government on Hygiene Rules for Animal Feed","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GEO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GEO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Resolution regulates animal feed in Georgia, including medicated feed.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Georgian"],"Original_language_titles":["საქართველოს მთავრობის 2020 წლის დადგენილება №173 ცხოველის საკვების ჰიგიენის წესის დამტკიცების შესახებ"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/14a7be833e4bc25b260007a9e1e16c85/Georgia_Feed..pdf","prettySize":"189 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 18 - Instructions for post-registration control of veterinary products","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ECU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ECU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This document regulates the production, import, commercialization and distribution of veterinary medical products in Ecuador. It establishes the Ministry of Livestock as the competent veterinary authority in Ecuador.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº 18 - Instructivo para el control post registro de productos veterinarios"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8a6255467d551b97df42547e5d0be7f1/Ecuador_VMPs..pdf","prettySize":"5.28 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 1966 - Regulates the use of antimicrobial products or substances as growth promoters or feed efficiency improvers","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"The Law prohibits the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in Colombia. \n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº 1966 - Reglamenta el uso de productos o sustancias antimicrobianas como promotores de crecimiento o mejoradores de la eficiencia alimenticia"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/76d3cca5a9325fe03974fe16fd3c00ed/Colombia_AGP..pdf","prettySize":"1.05 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 223/14 - Regulations for the administrative control of polluting sources that generate liquid and solid waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CUB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CUB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation bans the pollution of water sources with solid and liquid pollutants from pint sources smaller than the industrial scale. However, this regulation specifically controls pollution and wastewater disposal from small-scale farming and agriculture facilities. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-10-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-01-30","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº 223/14 - Reglamento del control administrativo de fuentes contaminantes generadoras de residuales líquidos y sólidos"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/049e5a99b2003565d6204cf5a7d05b52/cub153532..pdf","prettySize":"214 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 2721 of 2004 prohibiting the use of antibiotics as a growing stimulator for animal, poultry and fish","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"EGY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["EGY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Resolution prohibits the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) for animals, poultry and fish in Egypt.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قرار رقم 2721 لسنة 2004م بحظر استخدام المضادات الحيوية كمنشطات للحيوان والدواجن والأسماك"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4994439c016d16e14b36ad6e990eb028/Egypt_AGP..pdf","prettySize":"18.1 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 28/2019 of the Uruguay River Administrative Commission","Subtitle":"Approves the new structure of the Digest on the Use and Exploitation of the Uruguay River","Authoring_country":"ARG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Digest includes the topic, \"Water Quality and Pollution Prevention\" which establishes a framework of regulations to reduce the risk of contamination and pollution. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-12-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-12-05","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº 28/2019 de la Comisión Administradora del Río Uruguay - 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Technical Regulation DGNTI-COPANIT 47-2000 on uses and final disposal of sludge","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PAN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PAN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation authorizes the technical regulation that aims to protect the environment and health by using sludge as a source of nutrients in agriculture.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-07-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-08-10","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº 352 - Reglamento técnico DGNTI-COPANIT 47-2000 sobre usos y disposición final de lodos."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/70183dc0dd3010d3c76ef78575461d6f/pan78326..pdf","prettySize":"648 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 431 of 2018 of Georgian Government on Rules for Discharging and Receiving of Water Flowing into Sewerage System and Permitted Limits of Pollutants","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GEO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GEO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Sewerage","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes limits on pollution when discharging and receiving water from sewerage systems.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-08-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-08-20","Languages":["Georgian"],"Original_language_titles":["საქართველოს მთავრობის 2018 წლის დადგენილება №431 წყალარინების (საკანალიზაციო) სისტემაში ჩამდინარე წყლის ჩაშვებისა და მიღების პირობებისა და დამაბინძურებელ ნივთიერებათა ზღვრულად დასაშვები ნორმების შესახებ ტექნიკური რეგლამენტის დამტკიცების თაობაზე"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bf3fdae1103d0f345024a7e23cc1b1db/geo181491..pdf","prettySize":"423 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 49 - 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It aims to protect the public health by restricting uses of treated wastewater and promoting sustainable use of resources. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-02-02","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-02-02","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº 49 - Reglamento Técnico DGNTI-COPANIT 24-99 sobre la reutilización de las aguas residuales tratadas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f80c35437b6fd74962d8788b3cdde745/panwastewater..pdf","prettySize":"547 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 594/2015 - Technical Standard for Animal Food of the Argentine Republic","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ARG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ARG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Resolution establishes a framework to set production, hygiene and safety standards for the import, export, manufacturing, distribution, and sale of animal food in Argentina. \n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº 594/2015 - Norma Técnica de Alimentos para Animales de la República Argentina"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/80c9acbd6d5b198df410efcd2c1fa355/Argentina_Feed..pdf","prettySize":"111 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 598 - Technical Regulation DGNTI-COPANIT 23-394-99 on the taking of samples for biological analysis of water quality","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PAN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PAN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation authorizes the Technical Regulation DGNTI-COPANIT 23-394-99 to sample and analyze water quality.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-11-12","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-12-17","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº 598 - Reglamento Técnico DGNTI-COPANIT 23-394-99 sobre la toma de muestra para análisis biológico de la calidad del agua"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/255809450b8f6e2d0fea46f1f6ce42f1/pan98879..pdf","prettySize":"99.3 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 612 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated September 24, 2020","Subtitle":"On the approval of the list of diseases against which mandatory preventive vaccinations are carried out within the guaranteed scope of medical care, the rules and terms of vaccinations and the groups of the population subject to preventive vaccinations","Authoring_country":"KAZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KAZ"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law states the mandatory vaccinations that must be administered to children of an appropriate age in Kazakhstan. Additionally, this law details procedures for quarantine, isolation, and sending a tuberculosis patient into forced treatment.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-09-24","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-09-24","Languages":["Kazakh"],"Original_language_titles":["Медициналық көмектің кепілдік берілген көлемі шеңберінде оларға қарсы міндетті\nпрофилактикалық екпелер жүргізілетін аурулардың тізбесін, екпелерді жүргізу\nқағидаларын, мерзімдерін және халықтың профилактикалық екпелерге жататын\nтоптарын бекіту туралы"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/719012833b0f0339a28ae8600d1e16a6/KAZ_Vaccinations and Quarantine..pdf","prettySize":"99 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. 955 - Form for the Registration of Users of the Water Resource","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"COL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["COL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes the Water Use Authority (RURH) which is charged with protecting water sources in Colombia from pollution. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-06-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-06-21","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº 955 - Formato para el Registro de Usuarios del Recurso Hídrico"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8e75deded62dda94129a4acf711caf67/col114568..pdf","prettySize":"161 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. DIR-ARCA-002-2016 ─ Control measures for activities that alter the quantity and/or quality of surface and/or groundwater","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ECU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ECU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes control measures for any activities that may impact the quality or quantity of water. Monitoring will be mandated and unauthorized activities that affect the quality or quantity of water are prohibited.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-02-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-02-20","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº DIR-ARCA-002-2016 ─ Medidas de control de actividades que alteran la cantidad y/o calidad de las aguas superficiales y/o subterráneas"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1a4ad2fa8be170943e4dc82b0b43fc35/Ecuador_Resolution No. DIR-ARCA-002-2016..pdf","prettySize":"226 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No. DIR-ARCA-RG-003-2016 ─ Technical regulations for the evaluation and diagnosis of the provision of public drinking water and/or sanitation services in urban and rural areas","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ECU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ECU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation adopts and regulates parameters for the evaluation and implementation of drinking water and sanitation services.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-04-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-04-04","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Nº DIR-ARCA-RG-003-2016 ─ Normativa técnica para la evaluación y diagnóstico de la prestación de los servicios públicos de agua potable y/o saneamiento en las áreas urbanas y rurales"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1de35d607f8704cc25de4e9d93f33d00/ecu166292..pdf","prettySize":"567 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution No.6 of 2017 regarding the Executive Regulations for the Management of Hazardous, Medical, Municipal Solid Waste and Sludge","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KWT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KWT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Medical waste disposal","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation defines rules for disposing of nuclear, hazardous, and medical waste. It also creates regulatory standards for sewerage and the effluents that can be disposed of in the sewerage system. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-05-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-05-29","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قرار رقم 6 لسنة 2017 باللائحة التنفیذیة لإدارة النفایات الخطرة والطبیة والبلدیة الصلبة والحمأة (القواعد التنفیذیة لأحكام المواد من 25 حتى39 من قانون حمایة البیئة رقم 42 لسنة 2014 وتعدیلاته)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3e73764cc33bc97216b140c2d168d3bc/kuw198587..pdf","prettySize":"1.21 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus 1 October 2014 No. 933","Subtitle":"On establishment of the national coordination centre on access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing","Authoring_country":"BLR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BLR"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Contractual terms","Prior informed consent (PIC)"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Document outlining the establishment of the National Centre for Coordination on Access the Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing (NCC). Establishes the NCCs objectives in specifying procedures for access and benefits-sharing, as well as resolution of instances of non-compliance.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-10-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-02","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus 1 October 2014. No. 933 on establishment of the national coordination centre on access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/992cf3f91b032142642fae77b290a0e3/BLR_ABS..pdf","prettySize":"108 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resolution of the Minister of Health No.75 of 2020 regarding the health requirements that must be met in treated wastewater","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BHR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BHR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes standards for treated wastewater and outlines requirements for microbiological limits in treated wastewater for use in agriculture. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-11-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-11-25","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قرار وزيرة الصحة رقم (75) لسنة 2020 بشأن الاشتراطات الصحية الواجب توافرها في مياه الصرف الصحي المعالَجة"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/148761c41abecd7a1b9a2950a0bb20b1/bah202492..pdf","prettySize":"157 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Resource Management Act 1991","Subtitle":"(No. 69 of 1991)","Authoring_country":"NZL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NZL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates sustainable management of natural resources with an Environmental Protection Authority, the prescription of national standards, and restrictions on environmental usage. Wastewater effluent is specifically regulated to promote environmental conservation. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-07-22","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-07-22","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Resource Management Act 1991 (No. 69 of 1991)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5759430429860bb5d5f4ddcb6bfbd9a6/nze11889..pdf","prettySize":"4.42 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Royal Decree 124/2017,  of February 24, regarding access to genetic resources from wild taxa and control of use","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ESP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ESP"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Scope of legislation","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Contractual terms","Compliance","Benefit-sharing"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Royal Decree laying out the amendments to the Law 42/2007 on Biodiversity in order to include an ABS mechanism.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-03-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-15","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Real Decreto 124/2017, de 24 de febrero, relativo al acceso a los recursos genéticos procedentes de taxones silvestres y al control de la utilización."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f160705beb601b56e53e39d1ce603dfe/Spain_AccesstoGeneticResources_2017..pdf","prettySize":"360 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Royal Decree No. 109/1995 - Veterinary medicines","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ESP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ESP"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Decree regulates the manufacturing, import and export and prescription of veterinary medicines in Spain.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Real Decreto Nº 109/1995 - Medicamentos veterinarios"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c7cbdcc3dbba5a00fbe43c44d45512ed/Spain_VMP..pdf","prettySize":"371 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Royal Decree No. 1620/2007 - Legal regime for the reuse of treated water. Consolidated text","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ESP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ESP"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation establishes the legal framework for the reuse of treated waters, requiring administrative authorization, setting quality criteria, and allowing public administrations to implement water reuse plans and programs to promote efficient water resource use.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-12-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-12-07","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Real Decreto Nº 1620/2007 - Régimen jurídico de la reutilización de las aguas depuradas. Texto consolidado."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/814a495c76614eec3a417ddc309c9817/spa76465..pdf","prettySize":"920 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Royal Decree No. M/60 of 2014 issuing Resolution No.377 approving the Feed System","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SAU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SAU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Medicated feed"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree approves the Feed System in Saudi Arabia, whereby animal feed is regulated. It contains provisions prohibiting the addition of medicine or feed additive to stimulate growth, unless in licensed establishments.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["مرسوم ملكي رقم (م/ 60) بتاريخ 23/9/1435 يرسم بالموافقة على قرار رقم (377) بتاريخ 17/9/1435 يوافق على نظام الأعلاف"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bab2fd68310a144c2bc83d035e0153e1/SaudiArabia_Feed..pdf","prettySize":"180 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Royal Decree No.92/2020 amending the name of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Water Resources, defining its functions and approving its organizational structure","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"OMN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["OMN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Decree establishes the structure of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Water Resources as the competent veterinary authority in Oman. \n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["مرسوم سلطاني رقم 2020/92 بتعديل مسمى وزارة الزراعة والثروة السمكية إلى وزارة الزراعة والثروة السمكية والموارد المائية وموارد المياه وتحديد اختصاصاتها واعتماد هيكلها التنظيمي"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/39c0f8491cf01bb324ce5aee5ea14955/Oman_VetOrder..pdf","prettySize":"489 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Royal Decree No.M/165 2020 issuing the Environment Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SAU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SAU"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Scope of legislation","Legal sanctions","Compliance"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The environment law of 2020 dictates the duties and obligations relating to environmental protection within Saudi Arabia. This establishes that access for any reason to natural resources living or non-living is forbidden without a permit.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-07-10","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-01-06","Languages":["Arabic","English"],"Original_language_titles":["مرسوم ملكي رقم (م/165) لسنة 2020 بإصدار نظام البيئة","Royal Decree No.M/165 of 2020 issuing the Environment Law"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ea781a175ee60f1d2d0433f009c64be9/SaudiArabia_GeneralEnviromentalLaw..pdf","prettySize":"1.51 MB","ext":".pdf"},{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7b54c2e26214dd03aa68215b1d9e9d5b/Environmental Law EN..pdf","prettySize":"392 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Royal Decree making vaccination against poliomyelitis mandatory","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BEL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BEL"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Polio vaccination"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This decree states that all children born in Belgium must receive a vaccination against poliomyelitis within 18 months of their birth. This vaccination will be provided for free and will be administered by a local healthcare professional. Medical contraindications to the vaccine must be documented after assessment by the healthcare professional. Either certification of vaccination or medical contraindication must be registered with the local government within 15 days of the last dose of the vaccination. Parents that do not comply with the law will be penalized in accordance with enforcement mechanisms outlined in The Health Law of September 1, 1945. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1966-10-26","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-01-01","Languages":["Dutch"],"Original_language_titles":["26 OKTOBER 1966. - KONINKLIJK BESLUIT waarbij de inenting tegen poliomyelitis verplicht gesteld wordt"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8e94353db1f732109aa108da4712043b/BEL_vaccination..pdf","prettySize":"171 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Royal Legislative Decree No. 1/2001 - Water Law. Refunded text","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ESP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ESP"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates the use and management of water resources and establishes the State’s responsibilities, including water resource planning, nature protection, and the establishment of national parks. The Law emphasizes integrated water management, efficiency, and coordination with environmental conservation.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-07-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-07-20","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Real Decreto Legislativo Nº 1/2001 - Ley de Aguas. 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No. 253/2019 - European Union (Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing) Regulations 2019\nView SI"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/009c20402d195fc8c15ed1a4a364c958/IrelandNagoya..pdf","prettySize":"126 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"SENASAG Administrative Resolution No. 09/2021 – Approves the General Animal Health Regulation REGENSA V.2021","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BOL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BOL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"Title VIII of this regulation establishes standards regarding aquaculture in alignment with One Health priorities and for the purpose of combatting antimicrobial resistance. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-01-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-01-25","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Administrativa SENASAG Nº 09/2021 – Aprueba el Reglamento General de Sanidad Animal REGENSA V.2021"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e37ce1728420216c7fee95b629723a88/bol210867..pdf","prettySize":"10.3 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"SENASAG Administrative Resolution No. 76","Subtitle":"Prohibits products for veterinary use that contain animal growth promoting hormones for the purpose of promoting animal growth for human consumption","Authoring_country":"BOL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BOL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This Resolution bans the use of animal growth promoting hormones for veterinary use in Bolivia. \n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Resolución Administrativa SENASAG Nº 76 - 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It amends the Council of the Municipality of Windhoek in terms of section 30(1)(u) of the Local Authorities Act, 1992.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-11-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-11-11","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Sewerage Tariffs other than Industrial Tariffs"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b3368424792c2d3afa3250f2f2021bc5/namna-government-gazette-dated-2010-11-11-no-4603..pdf","prettySize":"953 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Sewerage and Drainage Act 10 of 1999 (Chapter 294)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SGP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SGP"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act has provisions for construction, maintenance and improvement of sewerage and land drainage systems and restrictions for using public drainage systems.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-04-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-04-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Sewerage and Drainage Act 10 of 1999 (Chapter 294)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/59944843007df95579e0ad523ac659b2/sin46924..pdf","prettySize":"369 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Sikkim Agricultural, Horticultural Input and Livestock Feed Regulatory Act, 2014 (Act No. 10 of 2014)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IND","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IND"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Medicated feed","Prophylactic use of antimicrobials"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates livestock feed in India, and prohibits the addition of synthetic growth stimulants in feed given to farm animals.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Sikkim Agricultural, Horticultural Input and Livestock Feed Regulatory Act, 2014 (Act No. 10 of 2014)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7974bb29e5dcae8bb8691361fdd438d2/India_Feed..pdf","prettySize":"4.07 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Solid Waste Management Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KNA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KNA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation provides details on waste management, including industrial and clinical waste as defined in Part 1: Interpretation. 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It prohibits pesticide usage near water supply areas and covers the classification, packaging, and labeling requirements for potentially harmful pesticides.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2012-04-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-04-16","Languages":["Dutch"],"Original_language_titles":["STAATSBESLUIT van 16 april 2012, ter uitvoering van artikel 13 van de bestrijdingsmiddelenwet 1972 (G.B.1972 no.151, zoals laatstelijk gewijzigd hij S.B. 2005 no.18). 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It contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Statute for Prevention and Control of Infectious Animal Diseases"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/242dbe3279a48f64fb0d10a7d947c3da/Taiwan_AnimalDisease..pdf","prettySize":"414 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Statute of the Veterinary Organization","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IRN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IRN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Statute establishes the Veterinary Organization of Iran, and regulates the veterinary profession.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Persian 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\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-02-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-02-19","Languages":["Chinese (Simplified)"],"Original_language_titles":["场地环境监测技术导则"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f588f2a44a040f4d272750faff599b2b/chn193195..pdf","prettySize":"197 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Temporary version of the regulation effective from 01.07.2023 to 31.10.2023","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SVK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SVK"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation places the authority for sewerage standards under subnational entities. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-01-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-01-07","Languages":["Slovak"],"Original_language_titles":["Časová verzia predpisu účinná od 01.07.2023 do 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of the Biodiversity Act of Bhutan 2022\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-02-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-02-16","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Biodiversity Rules and Regulations of Bhutan 2023"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6b50d7df16c2145516524e0be9b6de8c/Biodiversity-Rules-and-Regulations-booklet-design_compressed-1-2..pdf","prettySize":"1.6 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Biodiversity and Community Knowledge Protection Act of Bangladesh","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BGD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BGD"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Contractual terms","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Benefit-sharing","Compliance","Legal sanctions","Digital sequence information (DSI)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the access and benefit-sharing processes relating to genetic resources and traditional knowledge thereof within Bangladesh, both for research and commercial purposes.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-09-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-09-29","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Biodiversity and Community Knowledge Protection Act of Bangladesh"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/3129b89be4b363120cb8eac34f537682/bgd28749..pdf","prettySize":"210 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Biological Diversity Act, 2002, and the Biological Diversity Rules, 2004","Subtitle":"An Act to provide for conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources, knowledge and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.","Authoring_country":"IND","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IND"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Legal sanctions","Scope of 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Notably, the document states that immunization is a prerequisite to admission to any public school. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1973-04-04","Date_entered_into_force":"1973-04-04","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Education Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e115d7c6e88646990892a8a00bca30f7/ATG_The Education Act_1973..pdf","prettySize":"76.6 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Environment Protection and Management Act, 2019","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ATG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ATG"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Scope of legislation","Contractual terms","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Legal sanctions","Compliance","Digital sequence information (DSI)"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Section IX of this document outlines the implementation of Access and Benefit-sharing law in Antigua & Barbuda.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-06-06","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-06-07","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Environmental Protection and Management Act, 2019"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c539ce172a00270381fb91d9cfa80280/Environmental Protection and Management Act, 2019..pdf","prettySize":"1.3 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Environmental Management and Co-Ordination Act","Subtitle":"Chapter 387","Authoring_country":"KEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KEN"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Legal sanctions","Scope of legislation","Access to resources","Benefit-sharing"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act outlines the various ways in with the government sets out its environmental protection law. Article 53 sets out provisions to institute ABS regulations. 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Contains the word of the Nagoya Protocol in itself, but makes no further provisions for its implementation beyond the designation of a competent national authority\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-03-29","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-04-06","Languages":["Serbian"],"Original_language_titles":["ЗАКОН о потврђивању Протокола из Нагоје о приступу генетичким ресурсима и праведној и једнакој расподели користи које проистичу из њиховог коришћења уз Конвенцију о биолошкој разноврсности"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4e16b9af098504cb992635113d363f9e/The Law on Ratification of the Nagoya Protocol_Republic of Serbia_SRB..pdf","prettySize":"317 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Law on the Control of Communicable Diseases","Subtitle":"Promulgated by the Royal Decree 73/92 (Consolidated up to Royal Decree 32/2020 issued on 23 March 2020)","Authoring_country":"OMN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["OMN"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the actions that may be taken to control communicable diseases in Oman. 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kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Patents and Designs Act","Subtitle":"(Act No. II of 1911, as amended up to Act No. XV of 2003)","Authoring_country":"BGD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BGD"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"1911-03-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1912-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Patents and Designs Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/46c631c09f6a84d6c698a97d7ff52e79/Bangladesh_Patents and Designs Act_2003_English..pdf","prettySize":"245 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Patents and Designs Act (Act No. 1 of 2020)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"JAM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["JAM"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-02-11","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Patents and Designs Act (Act No. 1 of 2020)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/62918eb86489c62407ca6befce2f4bbb/Jamaica..pdf","prettySize":"26.5 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Patents and Industrial Design Act, 2012","Subtitle":"(Act No. 10 of 2012)","Authoring_country":"SLE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SLE"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":null,"Date_of_original_publication":"2012-10-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-10-11","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Patents and Industrial Design Act, 2012"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/70c5a32a09908a54a67e63e5b369477d/SierraLeone_Patents and 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(Translation)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DNK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DNK"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation governs urban and spatial planning in Denmark. It sets the framework and procedures for land use planning, including zoning regulations, development plans, and environmental assessments with the goal of conserving the environment and combatting pollution. The Act establishes the roles and responsibilities of local authorities, government agencies, and stakeholders in the planning process. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-06-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-06-01","Languages":["Danish"],"Original_language_titles":["Planloven i Danmark 1999"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/31f8af7fe773eadb93a88909d9d8f651/denPlanning_Act_1999..pdf","prettySize":"167 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Protection of Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources and Expression of Folklore, 2021","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ZMB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ZMB"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Access to resources","Digital sequence information (DSI)","Prior informed consent (PIC)","Scope of legislation"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This Act builds upon the Act of 2016, by elaborating on the concept of traditional knowledge and how to register it, as well as providing updated model contracts. A main difference includes a slight change in the definition of traditional knowledge, to include a broader interpretation.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-05-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-05-14","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Protection of Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources and Expression of Folklore, 2021"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f7ebda70621c47ddc3fc080c879a5a58/ZMB_Protection of Traditional Knowledge Genetic Resources and Expressions of Folklore Regulations 2021..pdf","prettySize":"597 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Public Health (Amendment) Bill, 2021","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"UGA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["UGA"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document updates the 1935 Public Health Act to tailor requirements for the promotion of public health and the mitigation of infectious disease outbreaks. This document should be read in conjunction with the original 1935 Public Health Act. Notably, vaccinations are not required to be offered free of charge. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2023-02-11","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-02-11","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Public Health (Amendment) Bill, 2021"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1471696a30815fe8881cc6bd89457bb0/UGA_The Public Health (Amendment) Bill, 2021 ..pdf","prettySize":"1.63 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Public Health (Immunization) Regulations, 1986","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"JAM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["JAM"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Enforcement of emergency vaccination"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These regulations, dictated under the Public Health Act, state the requirements for mandatory childhood vaccinations and emergency vaccination in Jamaica. Vaccines are free of charge, and penalties include social exclusion from schools and criminalization. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1986-08-07","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-09-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Public Health (Immunization) Regulations, 1986"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1b3def901f6ebedac02751c8d0c3d9e3/JAM_Public Health(Immunization) Regulations_1986..pdf","prettySize":"370 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Public Health Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"UGA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["UGA"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document broadly outlines requirements for promoting public health and combating infectious disease outbreaks in Uganda. It includes specific sections on childhood and emergency vaccination. This document should be examined in conjunction with the Amendments document (entered into force 2022). \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1935-10-15","Date_entered_into_force":"1935-10-15","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Public Health Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6eb896347832af72adc29466bf943b55/UGA_Public Health Act Uganda_1935..pdf","prettySize":"175 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Public Health Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SWZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SWZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Sewerage","Transparency requirements"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act promotes the protection of public health through an outline for responding to communicable diseases and nuisances, including wastewater discharge and pollution. To prevent water pollution and threats to human health, it sets standards for sewerage systems. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1969-08-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1969-08-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Public Health Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f89bee5ed6c4df096efb991473e4c0f2/SWZ_Public Health Act..pdf","prettySize":"192 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Public Health Act, 2009","Subtitle":" (No. 1 of 2010)","Authoring_country":"TZA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TZA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Authority to isolate","Authority to quarantine","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","List of actionable diseases","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Childhood vaccination requirement","Sewerage","Tuberculosis vaccination","Transparency requirements"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act provides control of diseases, water pollution in ports, sewerage and drainage, vaccination, and quarantine and isolation. Any waste collection, disposal and processing requires an environmental impact assessment. Mandatory vaccinations are required for mothers and children. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2009-03-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-03-12","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Public Health Act, 2009"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0faf801285a964d0dc12651f4bb80fb6/TZA_Public Health Act_2009..pdf","prettySize":"2.21 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Public Health Order 1970","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LSO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LSO"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Transparency requirements"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the required actions for upholding the public health in Lesotho. It contains information on mandatory vaccinations. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1970-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Public Health Order 1970"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/143b0318ea4ea9546303d2ab70b5f433/LSO_Public Health Order..pdf","prettySize":"7.51 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Republic of Korea's Views on the Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KOR"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Digital sequence information (DSI)"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"This response to a CBD notification regarding Digital Sequence Information explicitly outlines the Republic of Korea's views on the separation between ABS and DSI. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-02-04","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Republic of Korea's Views on the Digital Sequence Information on Genetic Resources"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/758af17c16ab4e5314772c2754205897/ROK-DSI..pdf","prettySize":"81.8 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Solid Waste Regulation and Management Act, 2018","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ZMB","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ZMB"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act establishes regulations for the sustainable management of waste, addressing companies, landfills, facilities handling waste, tariffs, and waste service providers. Specific provisions and protocols are established for healthcare waste, and offenses are outlined for the indiscriminate disposal of infectious waste with non-hazardous wastes. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Solid Waste Regulation and Management Act, 2018"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4b9d556dd2c158c0babc160f7f4dd662/zamThe Solid Waste Regulation and Management Act, 2018..pdf","prettySize":"321 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2016","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GBR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GBR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation provides the legislative framework for drinking water quality.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2016"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/90f0eb7abafc1f27e57a3f8f4812606f/ukwaterqual..pdf","prettySize":"835 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"The law on how to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and infectious diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IRN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IRN"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","List of actionable diseases"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document dictates the actions that may be taken to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections and other infectious diseases in Iran. Topics covered include quarantine and vaccination. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-06-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-06-15","Languages":["Persian (Farsi)"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون نحوه پیشگیری از بیماری های مقاربتی و بیماری های عفونی"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f3260bdb048afc7b656d71a5415d33d8/IRN_prevent sexually transmitted diseases..pdf","prettySize":"295 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"There is legislation that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MNE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MNE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"his Law prescribes the parameters of health safety of water for human use, obligations of legal entities performing the activity of public water supply, activities in the case of deviations from prescribed values of parameters, monitoring the health of water for human use, as well as other issues of importance for correct water for human use, in order to protect human health. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-11-23","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-12-09","Languages":["Montenegrin"],"Original_language_titles":["Zakon o obezbjeđivanju zdravstveno ispravne vode za ljudsku upotrebu"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/10081d4c2c55c2b898908ea6601386bd/mne206981..pdf","prettySize":"195 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Title 34 Public Health, Safety and Welfare","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PLW","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PLW"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation","Risk communication and community engagement"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Community engagement mandate","Public alert systems","Transparency requirements","Emergency media and communications authority"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines Palau's public health requirements, including provisions for infectious diseases.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1966-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Title 34 Public Health, Safety and Welfare"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/98e8bfe89f307bb4e38777a752af4d03/PLW_Public Health..doc","prettySize":"589 kB","ext":".doc"}]},{"Name":"Title 41 Public Health, Safety and Welfare","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"FSM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["FSM"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies","Quarantine and isolation"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Tuberculosis vaccination","Quarantine and isolation policies","Quarantine enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to quarantine","List of actionable diseases","Isolation enforcement mechanisms and penalties","Authority to isolate"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document includes information on the measures that may legally be taken to prevent and control disease across the Federated States of Micronesia. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1992-12-22","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-12-22","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Public Health, Safety and Welfare"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bbad6a5f5756265d2f747a976b9c3a7b/FSM_Public Health_1992..pdf","prettySize":"549 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Toilet Facilities and Sewage Disposal Regulations","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MHL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MHL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"The Regulations outline construction standards for sewage systems and septic tanks, requiring a permit from the Environmental Protection Authority, while also prohibiting the disposal of sewage into bodies of water or the ground, except for specific reasons listed, for which a special permit is necessary.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1990-02-24","Date_entered_into_force":"1990-02-24","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Toilet Facilities and Sewage Disposal Regulations"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0a66ad059b3fb9054a3f40ee8d9d3aab/mas50424..pdf","prettySize":"669 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Trade Wastewater Policy","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"PNG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["PNG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Other","Description":"This policy aims to enhance the quality of life by ensuring quality water and safe sanitation services. It sets guidelines and limits for industrial waste and discharges into the sewerage system to minimize public health risk.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-02-22","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-02-22","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Trade Wastewater Policy"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f01d90052f9610a572a99283684a91c3/png202942..pdf","prettySize":"521 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"U.S. Code Title 28 - Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, §§ 1-4105","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"USA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["USA"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Compulsory licensing can be exercised in at least two different ways under the U.S. government’s power: Section 1498 applies to all patents.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1948-06-25","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-25","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Title 28, U.S. Code  - Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, §§ 1 - 4105"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2daae65545961716ffb994163d818621/USA_Title 28 Judiciary and Judicial Procedure..pdf","prettySize":"4.8 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"U.S. Code Title 35 - Patents","Subtitle":"(As amended up to Public Law No. 117-168)","Authoring_country":"USA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["USA"],"Topics":["Trade and intellectual property"],"Subtopics":["Compulsory licensing provision"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Compulsory licensing can be exercised in at least two different ways under the U.S. government’s power: the Bayh-Dole Act applies to patents that emerge from government funding.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1952-07-19","Date_entered_into_force":"1952-07-19","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Patent Act, 35 U.S.C. §§ 1 et seq."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/034e35c4937c6abbf89d171dd339556e/USA_Patent Act..pdf","prettySize":"2.09 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Urgent provisions on vaccination prevention","Subtitle":"Law 31 July 2017, n. 119 Conversion into law, with amendments, of the decree-law of 7 June 2017, n. 73","Authoring_country":"ITA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ITA"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law states the vaccines that are mandatory for Italian citizens and unaccompanied minors between the ages of zero and sixteen residing in Italy. The law also outlines the financial penalties that will be assessed to parents or guardians that have not immunized their children with the mandatory vaccinations. Additionally, the legal document outlines the new requirement for preschool- and school-aged children to be vaccinated on schedule as a prerequisite for enrollment in public or private schools and nurseries. Finally, the law allows for medical exemptions to vaccines, given that the clinical danger to the child is duly noted by a physician. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-07-31","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-01","Languages":["Italian"],"Original_language_titles":["Legge 31 luglio 2017, n. 119 Conversione in legge, con modificazioni, del decreto-legge 7 giugno 2017, n. 73, recante disposizioni urgenti in materia di prevenzione vaccinale"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6a24a4f31b0e2b13c51d810b86b1c5c1/ITA_vaccination prevention..pdf","prettySize":"2.27 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"User Compliance Measures Under the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization in the Union Act of 2018","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CYP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CYP"],"Topics":["Access and benefit-sharing"],"Subtopics":["Compliance","Legal sanctions"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"Transposes the EU ABS Legislation into local Cypriot law. Establishes a Competent National Authority, and outlines the penalties incurred in cases of infraction.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-06-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-06-01","Languages":["Greek"],"Original_language_titles":["ΕΠΙΣΗΜΗ ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙΔΑ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΠΡΙΑΚΗΣ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑΣ ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ ΠΡΩΤΟ ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑ - ΜΕΡΟΣ Ι - Ν. 49(Ι)/2018"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/83f87ce4b1c00b4b75252cbb1d34bde5/4654 1 6 2018 PARARTHMA 1o MEROS I..pdf","prettySize":"3.33 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Vaccination (Amendment) Act 2021","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TON","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TON"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document amends the Vaccination Act, removing compulsory routine vaccination against Smallpox. It further creates an enforcement mechanism for emergency vaccination. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2021-10-28","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-10-28","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Vaccination (Amendment) Act 2021"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/75d24b60ad9dcfc94bfc5a84d5098392/VaccinationAmendmentAct2021..pdf","prettySize":"410 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Vaccination Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LCA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LCA"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act states the requirement for children to be vaccinated against Smallpox. \n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Vaccination Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/412d409c3e35a358541f6f9d19440ddc/LCA_Vaccination Act..pdf","prettySize":"334 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Vaccination Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TON","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TON"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of emergency vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document outlines the requirement for routine Smallpox vaccination for children in Tonga. Please note that this law was amended by Vaccination (Amendment) Act of 2021, which repealed the requirement for Smallpox vaccination and instead this act is now used to enforce emergency vaccination requirements. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1909-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Vaccination Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cc876c205970757d9f13f09e0d9e2237/toVaccinationAct_3..pdf","prettySize":"225 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Vaccination Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GRD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GRD"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law requires that children in Grenada be vaccinated against Smallpox within the first six months of life. Parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined EC$ 50. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1873-09-09","Date_entered_into_force":"1873-09-09","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["CHAPTER 333 VACCINATION ACT"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/02a04979d2bb66ed500d82931bb55b38/GRD_Vaccination Act..pdf","prettySize":"164 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Vaccination Manual for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ECU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ECU"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Diphtheria vaccination","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Supporting document","Description":"This supporting document outlines the vaccination schedule of mandatory vaccines in Ecuador. It is authorized by the Organic Law on Health. The document also allows for a medical professional to assess a patient for medical contraindications before administering the vaccine, yet this authority is not specifically included in the law. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-01-01","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Manual de Vacunas para enfermedades immunoprevenibles "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e9138c6c5bf3334f5388bc33380fb41b/ECU_Vaccine Manual..pdf","prettySize":"9.95 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Vaccination Ordinance","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LKA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LKA"],"Topics":["General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document describes the requirement for Smallpox vaccination in children in Sri Lanka. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1887-07-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1887-07-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Vaccination Ordinance"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/dc0b85583bc346f5974f80d15ee1bf83/LKA_Vaccination Ordinance..pdf","prettySize":"199 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Vaccination Regulations","Subtitle":"Law no. 69 of 05.23.1995","Authoring_country":"SMR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SMR"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Diphtheria vaccination","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines the mandatory childhood vaccinations in San Marino. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1995-05-23","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-07-22","Languages":["Italian"],"Original_language_titles":["Disciplina delle Vaccinazioni"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/64e2f5ee54458f478e08c6b1dcdab299/SMR_Disciplina delle Vaccinazioni..pdf","prettySize":"34.2 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Vaccination Rules","Subtitle":"Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers No. 330","Authoring_country":"LVA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LVA"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Childhood vaccination requirement","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"These regulations outline the rights and duties of those involved in administering or receiving vaccinations in Latvia. This regulation relies on the powers granted in the Epidemiological Security Law. It defines emergency powers, exemptions and restates mandatory vaccines. Notably, Latvia allows for medical and non-medical exemptions and does not have enforcement mechanisms. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-09-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-09-30","Languages":["Latvian"],"Original_language_titles":["Ministru kabineta noteikumi Nr. 330: Vakcinācijas noteikumi"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e2b3619b49d5b81a91e7c6733ea102aa/LVA_Vaccination Rules..pdf","prettySize":"259 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Vaccine Law of the Republic of Honduras ","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"HND","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["HND"],"Topics":["Childhood vaccination","General vaccination policies"],"Subtopics":["Childhood vaccination requirement","Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Diphtheria vaccination","Emergency vaccination authority","Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Measles vaccination","Polio vaccination","Tuberculosis vaccination"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation outlines the legal framework for the distribution, reception and enforcement of mandatory vaccines in Honduras. Articles 59 and 145 of the Honduran Constitution state that citizens have a right to have their personal health and the health of their community ensured by the government. Pursuant to these articles, Article 6 of this law states that all vaccines published in the National Vaccine Scheme are compulsory for individuals residing in the country. Article 18 then states that schools and employers are required to ensure that pupils or employees are in compliance with this law. However, pupils cannot be excluded from school for failing to produce documentation of their vaccinations and must instead be directed to the nearest public health institution to complete their vaccinations or paperwork. Article 21 outlines requirements to receive a medical exemption and Article 27 includes legal provisions for mandatory vaccination in the event of a novel disease outbreak. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-03-26","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-07-24","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley de vacunas de la republica de Honduras"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/95014f3bb2b80ea5ba067ca3273e3e27/HND_Vaccine Law..pdf","prettySize":"729 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Veterinarian Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TWN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TWN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates the veterinary profession in Chinese Taipei (Taiwan), and specifies the qualifications require to practice veterinary medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Veterinarian Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/934e576f715edc71d7fba0c7acd2c219/Taiwan_Veterinarina..pdf","prettySize":"327 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Veterinarian Act No. 186 of 1944","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"JPN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["JPN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act the Veterinary Council of Japan, which regulates the veterinary profession in Japan. It specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Japanese"],"Original_language_titles":["昭和二十四年法律第百八十六号 獣医師法"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/1a551935f62f8626fab0b88b124fc392/Japan_VetAct..pdf","prettySize":"399 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Veterinarian Doctor’s Law, 1991","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ISR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ISR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the Ministry of Agriculture as having power to regulate veterinary medicine in Israel, and regulates the veterinary profession in Israel. It specifies the qualifications required to practice veterinary medicine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Hebrew"],"Original_language_titles":["חוק הרופאים הווטרינרים, התשנ\"א-199"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4ff051722998250263b86cc18a6e1e9a/Israel_Vet..pdf","prettySize":"101 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Veterinarians Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KOR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act regulates the veterinary profession in the Republic of Korea, as well as the prescription of veterinary medical products.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Veterinarians Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0311d8d1f8175572e29ad31ceec5d50c/SouthKorea_VetAct..pdf","prettySize":"43.9 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Veterinarians Act 2005","Subtitle":"(No. 126 of 2005)","Authoring_country":"NZL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NZL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the Veterinary Council of New Zealand, which is the regulating body for veterinary professionals in New Zealand. 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It regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products in Guyana.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Veterinarians Act No. 13 of 2003"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/15bbace2f39879e05a75b20abca9adc8/Guyana_VetAct..pdf","prettySize":"829 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Veterinary Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SVN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SVN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Competent veterinary authority","Approval of other animal health measures","Animal movement regulations"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the competent veterinary authority in Slovenia, and contains measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in animals, such as quarantine.\n","Date_of_original_publication":null,"Date_entered_into_force":null,"Languages":["Slovenian"],"Original_language_titles":["Zakon o veterinarstvu"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f336f33cbc9fe58a940db99d05ec4200/Slovenia_VetAct..pdf","prettySize":"237 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Veterinary Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"JAM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["JAM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture"],"Subtopics":["Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the Veterinary Board in Jamaica, which regulates veterinary practice in Jamaica. 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Chapter 49 states that the minister has the authority to use Orders to prescribe the collection, disposal and treatment of hazardous and clinical waste. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1998-09-04","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-09-04","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Waste Management Act (Chapter 65:06)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/731ba5f9e38ffedcd697296c4b488b26/bot91838..pdf","prettySize":"415 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Waste Management Act (No. 238/1991)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SVK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SVK"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation outlines how entities involved in waste management should handle hazardous waste and other pollutants in ways that do not risk public or environmental health.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1991-05-22","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-05-22","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Waste Management Act (No. 238/1991)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cc5ddb5523204748f39eda18e95ba593/slo53352..pdf","prettySize":"176 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Waste Management Act 2017","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TUV","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TUV"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law states that regulation of the handling and disposal is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2017-12-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-12-21","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Waste Management Act 2017"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8211c867f477bbe0729aad845d658847/tuvWasteManagementAct2017_1..pdf","prettySize":"558 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Waste Management Act No. 18 of 2004","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LCA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LCA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act sets rules for waste management, covering the establishment of the Solid Waste Authority, waste management planning, licensing of facilities, prohibitions and liabilities, monitoring, enforcement, and penalties, with provisions for regulations on waste diversion, licensing systems, environmental impact assessments, waste handling standards, fees, public awareness, and various aspects of waste collection, treatment, disposal, and recycling.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-04-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-04-20","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Waste Management Act No. 18 of 2004"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e109d93f80a00fd5851c8b3e467e1706/stl192157..pdf","prettySize":"279 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Waste Management Act No. 24 of 2014","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VUT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VUT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act aims to ensure environmental protection by establishing a National Waste Management Strategy, creating annual waste audits, outlining government agency participation in waste management, establishing the duties of authorized waste management officers, and outlining fee regulations. The legislation states that the Ministry of Health shall be responsible for the regulation of medical waste management. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-06-19","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-06-19","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Waste Management Act No. 24 of 2014"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f2f07a9cc5767c9c5efaaef38c18d0e8/van186194..pdf","prettySize":"251 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Waste Management Act, 1996","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"IRL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["IRL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation regulates the handling and disposal of hazardous waste, including medical and pharmaceutical waste, in Ireland. This act does not apply to sewerage effluent. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-05-20","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-05-20","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Waste Management Act, 1996"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8e3d96d86f6c63d3dc7d0d8e58a6cc81/ire22204..pdf","prettySize":"3.34 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Waste Management Act, 2000 (No. 31 of 2000)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VCT","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VCT"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Sewerage","Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act defines rules for public management and disposal of solid and hazardous waste. It appoints the Central Water and Sewage Authority as National Solid Waste Management Authority to monitor waste management, licenses, and environmental impact assessments.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-12-22","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-12-22","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Waste Management Act, 2000 (No. 31 of 2000)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f15ccd1e3dd83111fbc16240fafa0d1e/stv52994..pdf","prettySize":"934 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Waste Management Framework Law","Subtitle":"No.16 of 2020","Authoring_country":"JOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["JOR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes a framework for organizing waste management, and organizes waste into different categories. These categories include hazardous waste disposal, which encompasses medical waste. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-03-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-09-01","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["القانون الاطاري لإدارة النفايات رقم ١٦ لسنة ٢٠٢٠"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cfedbc7aea7febec48e6403737774da5/JOR_Waste Management..pdf","prettySize":"684 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Waste Management Law (2010)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LVA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LVA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation establishes the methods for managing waste in a way that does not harm the environment, does not pose a risk to public health, and encourages the sustainable use of natural resources. Certain provisions are included in the legislation for the management of waste produced by medical institutions. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-11-28","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-11-28","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Waste Management Law (2010)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/80d8330e7917b6226bed64026796e4b8/lat172891..pdf","prettySize":"380 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Waste Management Law No.202 of 2020","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"EGY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["EGY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law aims to create a system for safely managing and disposing of waste, reducing waste, and encouraging the recycling of waste in a way that is environmentally sustainable and healthy. It also establishes a Waste Management Authority, which oversees all waste disposal, including medical and other hazardous wastes.  \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-10-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-10-14","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون رقم ٢٠٢ لسنة ٢٠٢٠ بإصدار قانون تنظيم إدارة المخلفات"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2944ae667ca9f658c2660244d45a2d9a/egy199134..pdf","prettySize":"324 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Waste Prevention and Management Act of Bhutan, 2009","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BTN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BTN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation mitigates waste generation in Bhutan and encourages the sustainable use and recycling of waste. It states that the waste management is overseen by the National Environment Commission and defines the functions of other agencies involved in waste management. Chapter 3 contains provisions for Medical Waste disposal. 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It also sets standards for sewerage systems to prevent water pollution. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-05-27","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-05-27","Languages":["Swedish"],"Original_language_titles":["Vattenlag"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/fde8c969ce9f2e68964b1a57add43150/fin173197..pdf","prettySize":"805 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BGR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BGR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This document creates the legal framework for the ownership, protection, and quality standards for surface and groundwaters in Bulgaria. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-07-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-02-26","Languages":["Bulgarian"],"Original_language_titles":["Закон за водите."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cb0c3e0ff231441edb996431eb60b614/bul33607..pdf","prettySize":"992 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Act (2019)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"EST","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["EST"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law outlines water protection standards, standards for drinkable water, the management of wastewater and sewerage, the assessment of ground water, and water monitoring.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-01-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-01-30","Languages":["Estonian"],"Original_language_titles":["Veeseadus (2019)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/405b5fd98ddc3aac0875f83ff9f8764b/est191553..pdf","prettySize":"2.9 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Act (Chapter 34:01)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BWA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BWA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates water rights and outlines regulations against water pollution. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1968-02-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-12-31","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Act (Chapter 34:01)."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c7a0f1881c11d2053152c9ce41a13c6c/bot42103..pdf","prettySize":"140 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Act (No. 15 of 1923)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"ISL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ISL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act guarantees that all people residing in Iceland will have access to clean water through the protection of water sources from pollutants. The document further establishes the rights and responsibilities of all people to use and collectively protect the water by outlining permissible activities. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1923-06-15","Date_entered_into_force":"1923-06-15","Languages":["Icelandic"],"Original_language_titles":["Lög um vatnsveitur sveitarfélaga"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7f9796db19d13381f6e040b0b584bc34/ice199821..pdf","prettySize":"237 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Act (within the Saudi Vision 2030)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SAU","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SAU"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act establishes that all water sources are property of the State. The Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture is responsible for regulating sources of water, such as granting licenses for the use of water sources, developing a disaster management plan, creating a center for information and research, monitoring water, promoting environmentally sustainable technologies related to water, and supplying sanitary water to communities in Saudi Arabia.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-04-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-04-25","Languages":["Arabic"],"Original_language_titles":["مشروع نظام المياه"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/20a41359de01416cc274d0b9cf3e40c5/sau171544..pdf","prettySize":"904 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Act 1995 (Cap 152)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"UGA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["UGA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Sewerage","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act provides for the use, protection, and management of water resources by providing for the constitution of water and sewerage authorities and facilitating the devolution of water supply and sewerage undertakings. This law also mandates that water quality be monitored and reported to an oversight authority. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1995-12-14","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-12-14","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Act 1995 (Cap 152)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4c502f5dadecd3c5e2854e76d749a91c/uga5251..pdf","prettySize":"217 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Act 2003 (No. 7 of 2003)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"SWZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["SWZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law concerns water resources, establishing the The National Water Authority, which manages the The Water Resources Master Plan, makes provisions for the conservation of water, controls pollution, includes water use permits, and controls the discharge of effluent.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-03-05","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-03-05","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Act 2003 (No. 7 of 2003)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4511c4ba5e85292b03d8abf5c18f0662/swa45031..pdf","prettySize":"297 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Act of Bhutan, 2011","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BTN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BTN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes a competent environmental agency overseeing the prevention and control of water pollution, standards for drinking water, and water monitoring procedures. The document includes text in both English and Dzongkha. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-05-31","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-07-05","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Act of Bhutan, 2011"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/4c335d57f141909e2dbab0bab6e7b8ab/bhu106322..pdf","prettySize":"2.6 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Act, 2008 (No. 15 of 2008)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LSO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LSO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the office of the Commissioner of Water to define authorities regarding water resources and establishes protections for water resources.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2008-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Act, 2008 (No. 15 of 2008)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/03095db22bc6230b95c36062080d1dd1/les139287..pdf","prettySize":"306 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Act, 2016 (No. 43 of 2016)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KEN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal ","Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act provides for the regulation, management and development of water resources and water and sewerage services in line with the Constitution.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2016-09-13","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-09-20","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Act, 2016 (No. 43 of 2016)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/48b3a55526b040a918223f00cef9da2c/ken160877..pdf","prettySize":"6.14 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Affairs Management Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AFG","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AFG"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates water quality, distribution, and management through a clarification of the roles and responsibilities of the government in ensuring water quality and supply. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-02-04","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-02-04","Languages":["Persian (Dari)"],"Original_language_titles":["قانون مدیریت امور آب."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c2ffa32e461c6e0dc1ebddee769ec0cf/AFG_Water Law..pdf","prettySize":"606 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Authority of Fiji Promulgation 2007 (Promulgation No. 25 of 2007)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"FJI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["FJI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Sewerage","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the Water Authority of Fiji and its powers for managing water and sewerage systems. The Water Authority sets water quality standards and protocols for water monitoring. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Authority of Fiji Promulgation 2007"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/0a1bdc4e0697d69a0e2bf278baee5639/fij88424..pdf","prettySize":"146 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TJK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TJK"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal ","Medical waste disposal"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act ensures the sustainable utilization of water resources, addressing pollution, depletion, water body conditions, and the safeguarding of the rights of individuals and legal entities involved in water-related activities. Article 62 specifically says that discharge of wastewater of a medical nature is strictly prohibited. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2001-03-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-03-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Code"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c354d810f95812e50b8d0f9acfc6e214/taj34375E..pdf","prettySize":"535 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TKM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TKM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Code provides water legislation to ensure water protection by providing a water quality standards with a legal basis, management of water resources, and policies for the prevention of pollution. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-10-16","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-10-16","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ВОДНЫЙ КОДЕКС ТУРКМЕНИСТАНА."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8a2633eafb22f1563f2db43e39d102e0/tuk184359..pdf","prettySize":"559 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Code","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"AZE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["AZE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establsihes the legal framework for the use and protection of water resources in Azerbaijan. The legislation organizes the management of water source protection, establishes standards for the use of potable water bodies, and outlines protection provisions for water bodies designated as public and potable. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1997-12-26","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-12-26","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["THE WATER CODE OF THE AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC "],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/bb88fa62bdc68aada3547a5c7d1519aa/aze32664E..pdf","prettySize":"240 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Code (Law No. 149-Z)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BLR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BLR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates the sustainable use and protection of water from pollution in Belarus. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2014-04-30","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-04-30","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Водный кодекс Республики Беларусь."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ea28c85626d593aa8b391e6aae8fe346/blr173349..pdf","prettySize":"357 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Code (Law No. 1688)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TJK","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TJK"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law regulates the ownership, use, and management of water resources, with the objective of sustainable water management, protection of water bodies from pollution, and the rights of water users. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-04-02","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-04-02","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["ВОДНЫЙ КОДЕКС РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5d37022b054d366a09f846f56c4eef6c/taj200729..pdf","prettySize":"364 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Code (No. 8 of 2005)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"KGZ","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["KGZ"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This code regulates the use, protection, and development of water resources to ensure safe management and protection.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-01-12","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-01-12","Languages":["Russian"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Code (No. 8 of 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For example, the Water Commissioner oversees water quality and the Board advises on matters of policy and prevention of pollution and approving regulations concerning water quality, price, conditions of supply and rationing\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1959-08-03","Date_entered_into_force":"1959-08-03","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Law, 5719-1959"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/6228533431b7ea0436f52293ee03cb4e/isr1321..pdf","prettySize":"89.3 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Management Framework Regulation","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NOR","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NOR"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation provides a framework for managing water resources, any programs must meet 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\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2007-06-22","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-22","Languages":["Greek"],"Original_language_titles":["Το περί Ελέγχου της Ρύπανσης των Νερών (Κώδικας Ορθής Γεωργικής Πρακτικής για Περιορισμό της Νιτρορύπανσης) Διάταγμα του 2007 (Κ.Δ.Π. 263/2007)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b48ea0ed0d317a94cd87027f56798ace/cyp91769..pdf","prettySize":"208 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Pollution Control (Discharge of Urban Waste Water) Regulations, 2003 (P.I. 772/2003)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"CYP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CYP"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation aims to protect the environment from wastewater discharge with provisions on collection, treatment and discharge of urban and industrial 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bodies.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1999-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Pollution Control Regulations, 1999"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2cba4645c77983c841d320d008e3a656/swa142028..pdf","prettySize":"149 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Pollution Prevention Act (No. 138 of 1970)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"JPN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["JPN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act aims to prevent water pollution and establishes standards for effluent.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1970-12-25","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-12-25","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Pollution 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It also emphasizes the need for environmental impact mitigation, compliance monitoring, and the establishment of a Water Polluters Register and Watershed Improvement Plan.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2019-10-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-10-09","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Pollution Rules 2019"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/46b81d379411046a902eaa1cbb833adf/tri209647..pdf","prettySize":"415 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Protection Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LIE","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LIE"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act protects the aquatic environment and ensures its sustainable use, manages water-bodies, coordinates international water management, and safeguards human, animal, and plant health, groundwater preservation, natural habitats, and the conservation of water.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2003-05-15","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-05-15","Languages":["German"],"Original_language_titles":["Gewässerschutzgesetz (GSchG)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/01b51954419535c8b9a117be7553dc31/lie130678..pdf","prettySize":"922 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Protection and Management Act 2003 ","Subtitle":"No. 13(I)/2004","Authoring_country":"CYP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["CYP"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law protects water resources through provisions that regulate the pollution of groundwater and surface water sources with discharges. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2004-02-20","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-01","Languages":["Greek"],"Original_language_titles":["Ο περί Προστασίας και Διαχείρισης των Υδάτων Νόμος του 2003 (N. 13(I)/2004)."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/ecaee7a2b78f17c919b54487710e2b7c/CYP_Water Protection and Management..pdf","prettySize":"2.31 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Quality Act (No. 1 of 2005) Chapter 334B","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GRD","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GRD"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law provides the Sanitary Authority to establish parameters for water quality standards, monitoring requirements, and making programs to improve environmental quality for the public health.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-01-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-01-07","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Quality Act (No. 1 of 2005) Chapter 334B"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/59e0397d8fd97dbfec248163ccf6f74f/grn180623..pdf","prettySize":"160 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Quality Standards","Subtitle":"40 CFR 131.1 - 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This law also defines offenses regarding polluting water.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2020-10-21","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-10-21","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Resources Act 2020"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/eb89be15d5406abad601cce8a26d4219/TON_Water Resources Act..pdf","prettySize":"580 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Resources Act B.E.2561 (2018)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"THA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["THA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law aims to ensure the efficient governing of water resources by addressing allocation, utilization, development, maintenance, management, conservation, effluent disposal and water rights.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2018-12-25","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-12-25","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Resources Act B.E.2561 (2018)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/27df32ba8b23f21c9603fba00ca0781f/tha201938..pdf","prettySize":"1.54 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Resources Act, 2013 (No. 2 of 2013)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MWI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MWI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act covers the management and conservation of water resources in Malawi and establishes regulations for the rights to use water.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2013-04-09","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-04-09","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Resources Act, 2013 (No. 2 of 2013)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/85b578a662995158fd0bf6dc990d2729/mlw167598..pdf","prettySize":"422 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Resources Board Act","Subtitle":"No. 29 of 1964","Authoring_country":"LKA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LKA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the Water Resources Board to advise on conservation and utilization of water resources, prevention of water pollution, irrigation, and analysis of reports.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1964-11-12","Date_entered_into_force":"1964-11-12","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Resources Board Act, No. 29 of 1964"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8ad596d41dbe8b6933bfaac1ca868e03/Sri Lanka_Water Resource Board_1994..pdf","prettySize":"308 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Resources Commission Act, 1996","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GHA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GHA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This legislation establishes the Water Resources Commission, which is tasked with the management of water resources in Ghana, formulating policies on water resources, creating conservation plans, and counsels entities on pollution. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-12-30","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-12-30","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Resources Commission Act, 1996"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/2d4adbf603220f45e42e82a06b7a008c/gha10691..pdf","prettySize":"258 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Resources Framework Law No. 07/2018","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"STP","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["STP"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Law establishes the framework for water resources management. 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It establishes water rights and the equitable and sustainable use of water resources.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2011-04-14","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-04-14","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Resources Management Act, 2011 (No. 21 of 2011)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c7cbc29ce744d8a65b36165b9c8e8b24/zam117433..pdf","prettySize":"429 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Resources Management Act, 2013 (No. 11 of 2013)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NAM","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NAM"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality monitoring","Water quality standards","Medical waste disposal","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act provides for the management, protection, development, use, and conservation of water resources, and specifically 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\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1959-10-16","Date_entered_into_force":"1959-10-16","Languages":["German"],"Original_language_titles":["Wasserrechtsgesetz 1959."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/7b6042a2ae2bed490cb06005fc86205b/aut89407..pdf","prettySize":"1.3 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Services (Drinking Water Standards for New Zealand) Regulations 2022","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"NZL","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["NZL"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards"],"Document_type":"Regulation","Description":"This regulation sets the drinking water standards for quality that suppliers must comply with.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2022-06-07","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-06-07","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Services (Drinking Water Standards for New Zealand) Regulations 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It also gives the Minister authority to appoint an authority to carry out activities related to waterworks for water supply.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1967-07-24","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-07-24","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Supply Act (Cap.32.32)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/07307db883838e653a75df747b7f79e4/tuv79912..pdf","prettySize":"178 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Supply Act (Chapter 121)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BRN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BRN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law includes provisions relating to supply, protection, and control of water in Brunei Darussalam. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1962-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1984-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water Supply Act (Chapter 121)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/8065e2930b1deeefbe36a1e7c37e7458/bru82950..pdf","prettySize":"122 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water Supply and Sewerage Authority Establishment Proclamation","Subtitle":"Proclamation no. 219/1981","Authoring_country":"ETH","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["ETH"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law provides for the establishment of sufficient water supply and appropriate sewerage under an authority that will set standards and monitor systems. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1981-11-07","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-11-07","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Proclamation No 219 of 1981 A Proclamation to Provide for the Establishment of Water Supply and Sewerage Authority"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/9ddc5d3633823ba2c239656e6248879d/ETH_Water and Sewerage..pdf","prettySize":"365 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water and Air Quality Law","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"VEN","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["VEN"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Water quality monitoring","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"The Law establishes standards for water quality based on classifications including activities capable of degrading natural water sources, reuse of wastewater, monitoring of quality, which supply water to human populations and irrigation systems in agricultural areas, etc.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-12-28","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-12-28","Languages":["Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Ley de Calidad de las Aguas y del Aire"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/24ed3addc74d4708a26a4d534b9ee984/ven151760..pdf","prettySize":"1.63 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water and Sewerage Act (Cap. 30:01)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"GUY","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["GUY"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality monitoring","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes the National Water Council to regulate the use and monitoring of water resources and manage sewage related matters.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2002-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water and Sewerage Act (Cap. 30:01)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/f2d3fa888bfa7b1fb284fdd44b75d528/guy43370..pdf","prettySize":"3.67 MB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water and Sewerage Act (Cap. 43:40)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"DMA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["DMA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law mandates that the private company, Water and Sewerage Company Limited (WASCO) will maintain the country's water and sewerage services. The company will be in charge of the protection of its resources, though the government maintains the ability to audit the company and set the rates and charges for services. The company must meet the quality service and water supply standards set by the national government. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1989-12-29","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-12-29","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water and Sewerage Act (Cap. 43:40)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/71b886f6ead1bed0bfa2225bfc357863/dmi3575..pdf","prettySize":"262 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water and Sewerage Act (Chapter 54:40)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"TTO","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["TTO"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This act provides for the development and control of water supply and sewerage facilities with regards to sanitation, proper use of resources, and the establishment of an Authority.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1965-09-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water and Sewerage Act (Chapter 54:40)"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/c6962d6ebb969266347501bc30ee58e1/tri122606..pdf","prettySize":"471 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water and Sewerage Act Chapter 9.03","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"LCA","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["LCA"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage","Pollutant disposal in water sources","Water quality standards","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes the Water Resources Management Agency and the National Water and Sewerage Commission, emphasizing the prevention and mitigation of the effects of erosion, drainage, and pollution. It includes provisions for water abstraction certification, the declaration of water and waste control areas, service licenses for water supply and sewerage, compliance with quality standards, consumer protection, tariffs, subsidies, and enforcement measures.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-01-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water and Sewerage Act Chapter 9.03"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/cdadb4e6c46ea0c366f2a10305054b07/stl176304..pdf","prettySize":"945 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Water and Sewerage Corporation Act (Cap. 196)","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"BHS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["BHS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Water quality standards","Sewerage","Effluent wastewater disposal "],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This law establishes a competent authority, the Water and Sewerage Corporation, tasked with oversight of water rights control, protection of water resources, usage and supply of water resources, and disposal of sewage. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1976-07-06","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-07-06","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Water and Sewerage Corporation Act (Cap. 196). 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The fourth Title, covers the parameters for the discharge of wastewaters into various other water bodies. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1985-07-31","Date_entered_into_force":"1985-07-31","Languages":["Catalan"],"Original_language_titles":["Llei de policia i protecció de les aigües."],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/b9526fd1be87dfecaaf0bde094780505/and202591..pdf","prettySize":"88.2 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Waters Act 1920","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MYS","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MYS"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Pollutant disposal in water sources","Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This regulation outlines the legal guidelines for water and sewerage services in Malaysia. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1920-01-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-12-28","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Waters Act 1920"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/e395e80e6d752ff488c8ae91f32bf028/mal2505..pdf","prettySize":"795 kB","ext":".pdf"}]},{"Name":"Waterworks Act","Subtitle":null,"Authoring_country":"MWI","Authoring_regional_organization":null,"All_applicable_countries":["MWI"],"Topics":["Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene"],"Subtopics":["Sewerage"],"Document_type":"Legislation","Description":"This Act establishes Water Boards and governs the administration, development, operation, and maintenance of waterworks and water-borne sewerage sanitation systems in Malawi.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1996-03-01","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-03-01","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Waterworks Act"],"Files":[{"publicURL":"https://ampeid.org/static/5fbb02620a3abf0ca31af4440ca3419a/mlwWaterworks Act..pdf","prettySize":"380 kB","ext":".pdf"}]}]}