[{"Name":"Access and benefit-sharing","Method":"## Access and benefit-sharing methods\n\nAccess and benefit-sharing (ABS) occupy a legislative space at the nexus of environmental legislation, biotechnology, intellectual property, and for our purposes specifically, epidemiology. As a result, the research team performed a literature and landscape review of these disparate fields to identify relevant legislation.\n\n### _Identification of relevant policies_\n\nFor each country, 5 search steps were conducted in sequence.\n\nFirstly, the ABS Clearing House (ABSCH) was used. This is an online platform administered by the Convention of Biological Diversity Secretariat where providers may share documents and legislation relevant to ABS. Each country’s profile was reviewed in turn, and the available legislation was downloaded.\n\nSecondly, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) LEX database was searched. The WIPOLEX is centrally administered by the WIPO and contains legislation relevant to intellectual property in each country. Each country was searched, and laws were filtered for a “Genetic Resources” tag. If the legislation was available, it was downloaded.\n\nThirdly, the Food and Agriculture Organization legal database (FAOLEX) was used to widen the scope of capture, as one of the world’s largest legal databases. The sections of “Environment” and “Wild Species and Ecosystem” were manually reviewed, and relevant legislation was extracted.\n\nWhere possible, the next step involved a manual search of the national government’s legal database. The website was either referenced in one of the previous databases or was obtained from a manual Google search. If a legal database was available and open-access, it was perused for legislation relevant to ABS and genetic resources. Any legislation found was downloaded.\n\nThe final step in the search was a manual search on the Google search engine, with the first results page being reviewed using the following search terms:\n\n- [Insert Country] “access benefit sharing”\n- [Insert Country] “digital sequence information”\n- [Insert Country] “genetic resource”\n\nIf the previous 5 steps failed to yield ABS-relevant legislation, the country was coded as “No ABS legislation available.”\n\nAny relevant legislation not in English or French was then translated into English using Google Translate.\n\n### **_Country status and inclusion criteria_**\n\nPolicies included in the Analysis and Mapping of Policies for Emerging Infectious Disease database must be legally binding. As a result, documents encompassing strategies, reports, and draft laws were not included. The only exception was the inclusion of support documents designed to clarify the interpretation of associated active laws.\n\n**Scope of legislation**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for the scope of their application. Many laws were drafted for different purposes, including biological conservation, biotechnology, and scientific research. Furthermore, some laws predated the widespread use of genetic technology. As a result, the wording of the law varied, and with it, its scope of application. Approaching laws from the perspective of pathogen-sharing, the research team found three broad interpretations of the scope described below.\n\nThe modern gold standard, as defined by the Nagoya Protocol, applied legislation to all genetic material and associated traditional knowledge. Another option was to establish the scope as genetic material alone, with no mention of traditional knowledge. A third option used a variety of specific scopes such as “flora and fauna”, “plants and animals”, or any other phrase which failed to capture micro-organisms such as bacteria and viruses. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit-sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation. This included legislation that covered traditional knowledge without genetic material and legislation that was deemed too broad, such as covering “all natural resources.” Once potentially relevant policies that were legally enforceable and within scope were identified, the criteria described below were utilized to assess their applicability for inclusion in the database. Legislation not relevant to any of the above subtopics was not uploaded into the database.\n\n**Digital sequence information**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for their interpretation of digital sequence information (DSI). Where laws made their inclusion or exclusion of genetic sequence explicit, these were coded accordingly. Where laws used unclear terminology that could be interpreted to include DSI, these were coded as such. Where supporting documents existed that clarify a country’s interpretation of its law, these were also uploaded and the country’s DSI status was adjusted. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit-sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation.\n\n**Access to resources**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for the restrictions they imposed on access the genetic resources. If they made explicit that access to domestic resources was unrestricted, meaning that any foreign party could acquire and utilize genetic resources domestically free from fees or permits, they were coded as such. If any fees, permits, consent-seeking procedure, or benefit-sharing mechanism were incurred for access, this was coded as restricted. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit-sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation.\n\n**Prior informed consent**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for references to any prior informed consent mechanism (PIC) applicable. PIC refers to a process whereby local government entities or local communities need to consent to the acquisition and/or utilization of the genetic resources priorly. In the Nagoya protocol, this must also be fully informed, meaning that they must be provided with the full information on volume, purpose, and time of access. Countries with unrestricted access were excluded from this, as this was de facto not applicable. Countries with restricted access were differentiated into whether they had an outlined prior consent requirement of any kind, or not. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation.\n\n**Contractual terms**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for references to any contract-setting process. Many countries require a formalized contract-setting process to access genetic resources, often with terms relating to the agreed-upon benefits to be shared. This can take various forms, including Mutually Agreed Terms, Material Transfer Agreements, ABS contracts, and more. Some countries furthermore provide model contracts, or strict guidance, to facilitate the process. Countries with unrestricted access were excluded from this, as this was de facto not applicable. Countries with access restrictions were divided according to contract requirements of any kind, or not. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit-sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation.\n\n**Benefit-sharing**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for references to benefit-sharing. Benefit-sharing refers to the process of sharing any incurred benefits from the accessed genetic resource. This can take a monetary form (such as royalties, access fees, and milestone payments), or a non-monetary form (such as scientific collaboration, capacity-building, or technology transfer). Countries with unrestricted access were excluded from this, as this was de facto not applicable. Countries with access restrictions were divided according to whether they had outlined benefit-sharing requirements, or not. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit-sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation.\n\n**Compliance**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for their establishing of compliance mechanisms. This was taken to mean any mechanism by which a country could ensure the legality of accessed resources was maintained, such as instituting enforcement agents or regular checkpoints. Here, countries without access restrictions were included, as many such countries still required compliance with foreign countries' legislation. Countries were coded as either having compliance mechanisms outlined or not. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit-sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation.\n\n**Legal sanctions**\nIncluded documents were analyzed for specific legal sanctions relating to non-compliance with ABS legislation. This was taken to mean laws specifically applicable to the unauthorized access, export, and/or utilization of genetic resources. Here too, countries without access restrictions were included, as many such countries still required compliance with foreign countries' legislation. This was divided according to type, such as fines and criminalization (including incarceration), access restrictions (confiscations, revocations, or bans), or both. Any countries lacking any sort of legislation applicable to the access and/or benefit-sharing of genetic resources were coded as having no legislation.\n","Subtopics":[{"Name":"Scope of legislation","Description":"The scope of access and benefit-sharing (ABS) legislation is subject to much variation and ambiguity across the world. Early legal documents were initially intended to address animal and plant materials, but scientific advances have extended the meaning to encompass anything containing units of biological heredity, including pathogens and microbes. Furthermore, growing recognition of the exploitation of indigenous populations has led some countries to acknowledge the value of \"traditional knowledge associated with genetic material.\" Here, we explore the extent to which global ABS legislation covers genetic resources (including or excluding microorganisms) and traditional knowledge.\n\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"No ABS legislation identified","Description":"Could not identify any legislation covering ABS of genetic resources.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Legislation relating to traditional knowledge does exist (Traditional Knowledge Act 2013), however not explicitly in conjunction with genetic resources."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"While there is a draft law in motion for the legislation of access and benefit-sharing (n° 56-17), it is not yet active and thus access and benefit-sharing is currently unregulation"},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There are plans for future ABS legislation cover biological resources and traditional knowledge, but no active legislation could currently be found."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"The provisions to institute regulation measures for ABS are only set to cover genetic resources in the current legislation. However the regulations have yet to be published, as such this is not enforceable."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"The EU regulation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material. However to date this has not yet been implemented in Italy."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"The EU regulation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material. However to date this has not yet been implemented in Lithuania."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"The EU regulation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material. However to date this has not yet been implemented in Lithuania."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"Legislation covers genetic resources (including microorganisms)","Description":"Genetic resources, defined as any plant, animal, or microbial material which contains functional units of heredity, are covered.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material only. Traditional knowledge is not covered in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material only. Traditional knowledge is not covered in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material only. Traditional knowledge is not covered in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material only. Traditional knowledge is not covered in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates natural resources as \"all living and non-living materials found in nature\", and keeps the wording consistent throughout the legislation."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material only. Traditional knowledge is not covered in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material only. Traditional knowledge is not covered in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material only. Traditional knowledge is not covered in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act establishes Eswatini's sovereignty over its genetic resources, although does not delve further on pathways to access."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act of 2004 proclaims sovereignty over domestic genetic resources, and establishes plans for future ABS regulations. However to date no such exist."}]},{"Name":"Legislation covers genetic resources (including microorganisms) and traditional knowledge","Description":"Covers any plant, animal, or microbial material which contains functional units of heredity, as well as any traditional knowledge held by indigenous or local communities which is relevant to its utilization.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material. The specifics of this vary depending on the state or territory or provenance."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to both genetic material and traditional knowledge associated with genetic material."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"The scope of the relevant legislation applies to genetic material from biological resources, including microorganisms. The inclusion of traditional knowledge associated with genetic material is implied within the terms \"intangible components\"."}]},{"Name":"Legislation does not cover microorganisms","Description":"ABS legislation does exist to some degree, but microorganisms are not included.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"The relevant legislation covers plants and animals (including protozoa, but no other microorganisms). Genetic material as it applies to other micro-organisms or pathogens is not mentioned in this legislation however."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Flora and Fauna is protected under the Environmental act, however no mention of micro-organisms"},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"The biological diversity of flora and fauna is explicitly protected, including macro- and microscopic resources. The wording leaves room for interpretation as to whether this covers bacteria and viruses."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation exists relevant to forests, traditional medicine, waters, soils, flora, and fauna. No legislation covering genetic resources as it might apply to micro-organisms exists, however."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Provisions for plants and seeds only"},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"The current ABS legislation does not cover genetic resources as it relates to microorganisms. The only legislation on access to genetic resources relates to fishing and aquaculture."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is legislation relevant to the protection of traditional knowledge, however legislation effectively covering genetic material is lacking."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is legislation restricting access to animals and plants. However this does not extend to microorganisms, or broader genetic resources. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Legislation specific to flora, fauna, and aquaculture exists, however nothing that would apply to microorganisms."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"The legislation uses the expressions \"all living species\" and \"all animal and plant species\" interchangeably, creating ambiguity as to the coverage of microorganisms."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"While the term \"genetic resources\" is defined as containing microorganisms, the letter of the law subsequently moves away from this term and instead refers exclusively to plant, animal, or aquaculture domains."}]}]},{"Name":"Digital sequence information (DSI)","Description":"Digital sequence information (DSI), sometimes referred to as genetic sequence data, refers to the sequence of DNA base pairs that constitute the genome of the biological sample. In some instances, countries have determined that DSI is outside the purview of ABS legislation and have explicitly excluded it, while other countries include DSI in ABS legislation. A small number of countries have not clarified their stance on DSI in legislation. The decision about whether to include or exclude DSI from ABS legislation is especially pertinent as worldwide technical capabilities to read and synthesize molecules from DSI develop and the need for physical samples decreases. This has potential impacts on health research, global equity, and intellectual property.\n\n\n\n\n\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and [Hampton et al](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9989138/), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"DSI is included","Description":"Digital Sequence Information is considered to fall under the remit of ABS legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"The provisions of the law refer to \"genetic heritage\", which is defined as \"genetic information from plants, animals, or microbial species\". This is deemed to cover Digital Sequence Information."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"An ABS contract is required for the collection and export of \"genetic information or any form of DNA/RNA sequences or sequence data in any format associated with a biological resource\""},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Access restrictions apply to genetic material as well as \"intangible components\", explicitly including genetic information and gene sequences."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Access is deemed to cover \"where applicable, intangible components\", which is later defined as \"information associated with or regarding genetic resources\". This could be deemed to cover Digital Sequence Information."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"The biodiversity act amendment of 2013 defines \"genetic resource\" as \"genetic material or any genetic potential, characteristics, or information of any species\", thus including DSI."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"ABS legislation in Uganda applies to \"genetic material, its derivatives and intangible components\", where intangible components is defined as \"any knowledge or information associated with biological or genetic resources\". "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"The Scope of this legislation covers genetic material and traditional knowledge, where traditional knowledge is defined as \"any experimental or observational data, information and other findings on the composition, life conditions and functions of the accessed genetic resources\""},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Argentina views \"genetic data\" as being included in the concept of \"genetic resource\". As a result, DSI is considered to be covered by existing ABS legislation."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Colombia considers that the concepts of DSI and \"genetic resources\" are homologuous, and as such any use of DSI is subject to the same procedures as genetic material."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Costa Rica views that DSI is considered as \"products of research\" on genetic material, and as such falls under the scope of ABS legislation. In Costa Rica this means that the use of DSI for basic research or non-commercial purposes is not restricted, but its use for commercial purposes is subject to benefit-sharing requirements."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Ethiopia considers DSI to fall under the scope of \"genetic resources\", and as such is subject to ABS legislation."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"India considers that accessing DSI amounts to \"utilization of genetic resources\", and as such fall under the scope of the Nagoya Protocol. While Indian legislation makes no explicit reference to DSI, it considers that the terms \"results of research\" (Biological Diversity Act 2002, section 2 & 4) encompass DSI."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Madagascar considers \"genetic resources\" to include the concept of DSI, as DSI is directly derived from genetic resources. As such, DSI is subject to ABS regulations under Madagascar law."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"The scope of this legislation is defined as any genetic resources and its derivatives, including the sequence of genetic information generated from it. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"The state of Cuba considers genetic resources to include \"genetic sequential information\""},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"\"Genetic Resources\" is explicitly defined as any genetic material including genetic information."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"The definition of \"genetic resources\" includes \"genetic information regardless of the manner in which the genetic\ninformation is stored\". As such DSI is covered by ABS legislation."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"\"Access\" includes among other things the \"utilisation\" of \"intangible components\", where \"intangible components\" is defined as \"any information associated with a genetic resource within the jurisdiction of Kenya\"."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"\"Biological resources\" are defined to include \"genetic resources, organisms, microorganisms(...)\" and \"any information relating to (it)\". This effectively indicates that DSI is considered a biological resource."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Peru defines genetic resources as \"any genetic material or information with real or potential value or utility\", thus covering DSI in its ABS regulations."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"DSI is not addressed","Description":"Could not identify any relevant mention of Digital Sequence Information in the legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"No clear positions could be found on whether DSI falls under the scope of ABS legislation in Mexico."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive or explicit mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"\"Access to genetic resources\" is defined as \"activity carried out on genetic resources with the objective of (...) using information of genetic origin\". This may encompass the activity of genomic sequencing, but does not explicitly cover the exchange of DSI. \"Genetic resources\" is also defined as \"information of genetic origin contained in samples\", not quite covering digital information."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."}]},{"Name":"DSI is explicitly excluded","Description":"Digital Sequence Information is considered NOT to fall under the remit of ABS legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Japan considers that \"genetic resources\" refers to tangible materials, and as such DSI is not covered by ABS legislation. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"The EU and its member states consider that DSI is not equivalent to \"genetic resources\", and thus should not be subject to the same processes and restrictions. However they also consider that DSI may be viewed as the result of utilization of genetic resources, and as such may be subject to and limited by prearranged mutually agreed terms."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Domestic legislation do not explicitly cover DSI and thus are not immediately subject to benefit-sharing mechanisms. However, DSI use may still be restricted by Mutually Agreed Terms."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"The term \"biological resources\" is defined as genetic material as well as digital sequence information. However, the Access & Benefit-Sharing section specifically avoids using the term \"Biological resources\", opting for the narrower term \"genetic material and related knowledge and technologies\"."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Australia views that there is a distinction between the concepts of \"genetic material\" and DSI at national-level legislation, and that DSI is not covered by their Commonwealth ABS legislation. Subnational legislation does exist and varies state by state."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Digital Sequence Information is explicitly not covered by Korean ABS legislation"},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"As there is currently no active ABS legislation in Canada, both genetic resources and DSI are currently unrestricted and unregulated within Canada. Canada has however expressed a general view that DSI should not be considered within the scope of ABS mechanisms."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"As there is currently no active ABS legislation in the USA, both genetic resources and DSI are currently unrestricted and unregulated within the USA. The USA has however expressed a general view that DSI should not be considered within the scope of ABS mechanisms."}]},{"Name":"DSI potentially included","Description":"ABS legislation phrasing could be interpreted to cover Digital Sequence Information, but the evidence is either ambiguous or conflicting.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"While there is no clear mention within legislation of this subject, Belarus has mentioned in a CBD report that \"commercialization of products arising from DSI can be considered a triggering event for benefit-sharing\"."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"According to the CBD notification, Iran considers that DSI should be unrestricted for non-commercial purposes, but that within the purview of commercial purposes, DSI should be treated as genetic resources under the Nagoya Protocol and be subject to benefit-sharing. This is not reflected in the legislation, however."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Genetic resources are defined as \"the biological material including (...) its various expressions and embodiments in knowledge\". This could be construed to include genetic sequence information."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"While most of the legislation applies only to genetic material and its derivatives, there is mention of its applicability in \"the use of digital information\" in case of transfer out of the country."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Thailand considers that the sharing of benefits incurred from the commercialization of \"information resulting from access of genetic resources\". This phrasing could be used to cover DSI."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There are substantive mentions of \"intangible components\" in the ABS regulations. However this term is never clearly defined, and is almost exclusively used in conjunction with \"indigenous peoples or peasant communities\", implying this refers to traditional knowledge."}]}]},{"Name":"Access to resources","Description":"Access to resources refers to the ABS legislation governing how third parties can obtain, study, and export genetic material within a sovereign state. Sovereign states are often considered to have default ownership of the resources within their land, including biological resources. Where ownership is established, states are free to dictate how, if at all, third parties access their genetic material. Unrestricted access means that a country's legislation does not require any procedures or payment for a third party to access its resources. In all other cases, access to resources is defined as restricted – including in cases where prior consent, contractual terms, and/or benefit-sharing are required.\n\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"Access is unrestricted","Description":"Access of genetic resources within this state is explicitly free and unrestricted.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Access to resources within this territory is explicitly unrestricted."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Access is unrestricted for both commercial and non-commercial purposes, but does warrant a notification to the competent national authority."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Montenegro establishes that while natural genetic resources can be freely used, it cannot be owned."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."}]},{"Name":"No ABS legislation identified","Description":"Could not identify any relevant legislation","Countries":[{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Specific legislation exists for specific areas such as national parks, however nothing could be found at a national level"},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"While there is a draft law in motion for the legislation of access and benefit-sharing (n° 56-17), it is not yet active and thus access and benefit-sharing is currently unregulation"},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation exists relevant to forests, traditional medicine, waters, soils, flora, and fauna. No legislation covering genetic resources as it might apply to micro-organisms exists, however."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Access restrictions are in place to protect flora and fauna - however there is no mention of micro-organisms."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"The Environmental Law of 2014 \"ensures the protection of genetic heritage (...) so as to prevent overexploitation or extinction\". However this is the only mention of genetic resources found in the active legislation, and as such was not deemed sufficient to constitute access restrictions."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"The regulations controlling for this topic are not yet in force."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."}]},{"Name":"Access is restricted","Description":"Access to genetic resources within this state is restricted and subject to formal authorization. Certain exceptions may exist for research, health emergencies, or non-commercial purposes.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory requires the sharing of benefits. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Access is restricted, but exceptions exist for efforts relating to bioconservation"},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted for commercial purposes, but may be provided for free for scientific or non-commercial purposes."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances including biodiversity and health research."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances such as imminent threat to health."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances such as health emergencies."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Access is granted differently for commercial or non-commercial purposes, with special circumstances allowed for research relating to conservation, food, and agriculture under multilateral agreements."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"In circumstances including emergencies that threaten or damage human, animal or plant health, the aoplication process can be expedited"},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted for commercial purposes, although one may conduct research freely on any species not explicitly protected by law."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Access to genetic resources within this territory is broadly restricted and subject to preliminary processes. However in Romania genetic resources for basic research utilization, or originating from microorganisms not included in collections, are exempt from ABS requirements."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes. The specifics of this vary depending on the state or territory or provenance."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act establishes Eswatini's sovereignty over its genetic resources, although does not delve further on pathways to access."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes. While this legislation centers this process around traditional Saami knowledge, it does not exclude its applicability on broader genetic resources within Finland."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Access to genetic resources in North Macedonia are restricted, insofar as the taking of genetic resources from the wild in a manner which \"endangers the survival of the habitats\" is prohibited."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act of 2004 proclaims sovereignty over domestic genetic resources, and establishes plans for future ABS regulations. However to date no such exist."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted and subject to preliminary processes."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Access to the resource within this territory is restricted, with exceptions made for certain circumstances."}]}]},{"Name":"Prior informed consent (PIC)","Description":"Among states that restrict access to genetic material, one mechanism is to require prior informed consent (PIC). PIC requires that parties engage in a transparent conversation about the material sought, the intended use, and the timeframe considered with the relevant national authority. When states require PIC, third parties must formally liaise with the owners of the genetic material prior to accessing it. \n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Access is restricted and PIC is required","Description":"Prior informed consent must be sought and documented from the relevant authority or the owner of the resource","Countries":[{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"The legislation describes an obligation to seek consent from the owner of the genetic material or the state of Albania."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"The legislation includes a consent-seeking process in order to access resources. While this legislation centers this process around traditional Saami knowledge, it does not exclude its applicability on broader genetic resources within Finland."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource. The specifics of this vary depending on the state or territory or provenance."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"The application process described includes provisions for seeking prior informed consent."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource"},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"The process of applying for an access permit involves a prior consent-seeking mechanism."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"The Regulations outline both an Access Permit procedure with the CNA, as well as a Community Consent procedure, both of which must be honoured."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Applying for an access permit is dependent on having obtained prior consent from the community responsible for the genetic resource sought."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Prior Consent is required upon application for an access permit."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"A permit must be sought prior to accessing a genetic resource. In the permit-granting process, it outlines that \"consideration must be given to the community giving access\". This could be considered akin to prior informed consent."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"The requirement for consent when accessing resources is implied by outlining a requirement for transparent communication with local communities."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"Access is restricted but PIC is not addressed","Description":"Prior Informed Consent is not required for access. Either this is explicitly stated in the legislation, or this does not feature in the ABS mechanism of the country.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"PIC must be reported if required from foreign originator countries, but none required for domesticaccess"},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"A consent-seeking process is not explicitly outlined in the legislation within Croatia, although the non-compliance with the consent processes of external donor countries is punishable under croatian law."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking mechanisms or processes found in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"A law covering this was drafted in 2013, however to date there is no evidence that this has been enacted. There are no other mentions of this in the active legislation. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There are restrictions to access in place, but no PIC is explicitly required in the legislation"},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act of 2004 proclaims sovereignty over domestic genetic resources, and establishes plans for future ABS regulations. However to date no such exist."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"While there is mention of involving indigenous communities in the benefit-sharing process, there is no explicitly outlined process of gaining consent. "}]},{"Name":"No ABS legislation identified","Description":"Could not identify any relevant legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"While there is a draft law in motion for the legislation of access and benefit-sharing (n° 56-17), it is not yet active and thus access and benefit-sharing is currently unregulation"},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation exists relevant to forests, traditional medicine, waters, soils, flora, and fauna. No legislation covering genetic resources as it might apply to micro-organisms exists, however."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"The regulations controlling for this topic are not yet in force."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."}]},{"Name":"Access is unrestricted","Description":"Access to genetic resources is unrestricted, meaning there are no pre-conditions such as prior informed consent.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is no prior consent-seeking process specified in this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking process to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There are no consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"A prior informed consent process is required prior to accessing the requested resource. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Prior consent from the competent national authority is required when setting up a gene bank, which is the process by which research on genetic resources can occur. There are no explicit pathways for commercial use of genetic resources."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There are no specified consent-seeking processes for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."}]}]},{"Name":"Contractual terms","Description":"Among states that restrict access to genetic material, one mechanism is to require contractual terms of access which must be negotiated with the relevant authorities. Contractual terms include any legislation that requires a written contract, including MATs (Mutually Agreed Terms), MTAs (Material Transfer Agreements), ABS contracts, and more. Contractual terms may make access to genetic resources conditional on certain benefits.\n\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Access is restricted and contract is required","Description":"A contract must be established to gain access. Instructions and model contracts may be provided.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession. Extensive model contracts are provided."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form, referred to as access permit contracts. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Referred to as \"Agreements\"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"The Environmental Law describes the minimum requirements to be contained in the \"access permit\", which constitute a written contractual agreement regarding access and benefit-sharing."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form, called \"Accord Type de Transfert de Materiel\". This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Known as an \"ABS Contract\" in Malawi, these are a requirement within the scope of the ABS legislation."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Several mentions of contractual agreements are made throughout this legislation, including a \"model agreement for the transfer of materials\", and an \"environmental permit\". There are no clear directions on how to draft such a contract, however."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession. No examples or models provided."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession. The specifics of this vary depending on the state or territory or provenance."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"As benefits are provided in the form of a one-off Access Payment, further contractual models beyond the access permit are not used."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"The competent Authority sets out to establish mutually agreed terms between the user and donor. While this legislation centers this process around traditional Saami knowledge, it does not exclude its applicability on broader genetic resources within Finland."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"The Regulations stipulated that Material Transfer Agreements are explicitly needed prior to transferring any materials out of Kenya."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"MATs are prescribed, and can be combined with an \"access and benefit sharing agreement\"."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"MATs are implied in that there is an obligation by the user to complete a form outlining the details of the resources accessed and the benefits shared."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"A certificate outlining the agreed terms of exchange is required prior to the export of genetic materials."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Known as a \"convention\" in Madagascar law, this outlines the need to formalize the access agreement onto paper including benefit-sharing if applicable."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form as a \"permit or license in accordance with the regulations\". This may be construed to constitute a contractual document."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. This may include the expected benefits to be shared, intellectual property rights, and duration of possession, however no model contracts or guidance has been provided."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"The terms of access must be consolidated in written contract form. Guidance on such contracts is provided."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"Access is restricted but contract requirements not addressed","Description":"Access is restricted, but contract-setting is not mentioned as a pre-condition. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"MAT can be negotiated - however there is no legal requirement for this"},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting mechanisms outlined in the legislation"},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There were no outlined contract-setting processes found in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There were no outlined contract-setting processes found in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There were no specified contract-setting requirements outlined in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There were no specified contract-setting requirement outlined in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There were no specified contract-setting requirement outlined in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"While there is a permit being issued for access, it does not seem to outline mutually agreed terms in a contract-like manner. Thus it is not considered a contract in its current form."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting mechanisms or processes in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting mechanisms or processes in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"The need for an agreement between user and originator is implied, however there are no obligations to formalise these in a contract"},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"While the acquisition of the appropriate permits is required, there are no outlined requirements for contracts such as mutually agreed terms or benefit-sharing agreements."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"A law covering this was drafted in 2013, however to date there is no evidence that this has been enacted. There are no other mentions of this in the active legislation. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act of 2004 proclaims sovereignty over domestic genetic resources, and establishes plans for future ABS regulations. However to date no such exist."}]},{"Name":"No ABS legislation identified","Description":"Could not identify any relevant legislation","Countries":[{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"While there is a draft law in motion for the legislation of access and benefit-sharing (n° 56-17), it is not yet active and thus access and benefit-sharing is currently unregulation"},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation exists relevant to forests, traditional medicine, waters, soils, flora, and fauna. No legislation covering genetic resources as it might apply to micro-organisms exists, however."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"The regulations controlling for this topic are not yet in force."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."}]},{"Name":"Access is unrestricted","Description":"Access to genetic resources is unrestricted, meaning there are no pre-conditions such as contract-setting","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is no specific contract-setting process in country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting process for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Insofar as access to genetic resources is unrestricted in Japan, there were no specified requirements in the available legislation. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"A contract with the competent national authority is required when setting up a gene bank, which is the process by which research on genetic resources can occur. There are no explicit pathways for commercial use of genetic resources."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There are no specified contract-setting requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."}]}]},{"Name":"Benefit-sharing","Description":"Among states that restrict access to genetic material, one mechanism is to require benefit-sharing. Benefit-sharing refers to the benefits that the party accessing the genetic material needs to provide to the originator of the material, in exchange for the access. This may come in the form of monetary benefits, such as fees, percentages of revenue, or investments. They may also include non-monetary benefits, such as the transfer of technology, exchange of expertise, and academic publications. The specific terms are negotiated between the accessing party and the originating party, but countries may dictate certain minimum requirements.\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Access is restricted and benefit-sharing is mandated","Description":"Benefit-Sharing is a condition to access, and instructions or examples may be offered.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources, however no further details are provided."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Benefit-sharing is required for commercial purposes, however for non-commercial purposes or for basic research, there are no benefit-sharing requirements."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits. The specifics of this vary depending on the state or territory or provenance."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Prescribed monetary benefits are upfront in the form of \"Access Money\". Other forms of monetary and non-monetary benefits are suggested in the Proclamation and are subject to negotiations."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"The Regulations establish a need for monetary or non-monetary benefits to be shared, and offers a list of examples. In addition, a fee is incurred upon application for an access permit."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the nature of those benefits.  (Article 61 of the Environmental Law)"},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Benefit-sharing is required for access with commercialization purposes. No benefit-sharing is required for scientific research. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Benefit-sharing is required, be it either monetary, non-monetary, or both. However no specific regime is prescribed."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"In cases of commercial utilization the competent national authority shall assess the case for potential benefits derived from its use. No further guidance is provided as to the nature of such benefits required, however."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Equitable sharing of benefits derived from the accessed genetic resources is required, however there is no information as to the desired nature of those benefits."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There are minimum requirements including non-monetary (co-authorship and involvement of guyanese nationals) and monetary (royalties and sharing of profits)"},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Benefit-sharing is mandated in cases where the accessed resource is commercialized. Benefits include royalties, technology transfer, and training."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"The sharing of benefits is required in order to access genetic resources. Suggestions or guidance as to the nature of those benefits are provided."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"Access is restricted but benefit-sharing is not mandated","Description":"Benefit-sharing is not a condition to access, although it may be encouraged or suggested.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There are no specific benefit-sharing requirements outlined in the ABS legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There were no specified benefit-sharing requirements found in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Benefits are suggested in order to access genetic resources, however there are no explicit requirements for this"},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Benefit-sharing is mentioned, though not explicitly required"},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"It is said that the use of biological diversity should \"take into account\" the sharing of benefits derived from the use of genetic resources. However no specific requirements are outlined."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Benefit-Sharing is suggested, however the wording is not legally binding."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"The access permit shall be granted in accordance to stakeholders claiming interest in the relevant genetic resource. However to date, the ministerial order enacting this is not yet published."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Benefit-sharing is outlined as a possible element, although not necessarily requirement of the mutually agreed terms for access to resources. While this legislation centers this process around traditional Saami knowledge, it does not exclude its applicability on broader genetic resources within Finland."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"While there are no strict benefit-sharing requirements outlined in the legislation, these may be included in the mutually agreed terms, in which case they must be honored."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"While there are no strict benefit-sharing requirements, provisions in this law are made so that the King may issue regulations to this effect at a later date."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"While there is no prescribed benefit-sharing requirements in this country, the legislation establishes that this may be negotiated under the mutually agreed terms, and be complied with. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements outlined in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There were no specified benefit-sharing requirements outlined in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There are restrictions to access but no benefit-sharing is explicitly mandated"},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act of 2004 proclaims sovereignty over domestic genetic resources, and establishes plans for future ABS regulations. However to date no such exist."}]},{"Name":"No ABS legislation identified","Description":"Could not identify any relevant legislation","Countries":[{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"While there is a draft law in motion for the legislation of access and benefit-sharing (n° 56-17), it is not yet active and thus access and benefit-sharing is currently unregulation"},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation exists relevant to forests, traditional medicine, waters, soils, flora, and fauna. No legislation covering genetic resources as it might apply to micro-organisms exists, however."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"The regulations controlling for this topic are not yet in force."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."}]},{"Name":"Access is unrestricted","Description":"Access to genetic resources is unrestricted, meaning there are no pre-conditions such as benefit-sharing.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Benefit-sharing requirements exist for access with commercial use."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There are no restrictions on access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"While the sharing of benefits derived from genetic resources in Japan is encouraged, there were no specified requirements in the available legislation. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There are no benefit-sharing requirements associated with access to genetic resources in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There are no specified benefit-sharing requirements for access to genetic resources from this country. However when importing resources from elsewhere, local legal processes must have been adhered to and documented appropriately."}]}]},{"Name":"Compliance","Description":"Access to genetic material without complying with ABS legislation is considered biopiracy, and as such states should monitor compliance of all parties with the law. This includes monitoring mechanisms, record-keeping, and conflict-resolution processes. Compliance mechanisms may be specified within the ABS legislation or encompassed by the wider criminal code. Here, only compliance mechanisms directly referenced in ABS legislation are included.\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Compliance mechanisms in place in ABS legislation","Description":"There are mechanisms in place to ensure compliance, such as enforcement agents, scheduled checks, and reporting obligations.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so. The specifics of this vary depending on the state or territory or provenance."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as auditing and the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the appointment of officers charged with ensuring compliance to the law, and outlines the powers and procedures they have at their disposal to do so."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act of 2004 outines compliance mechanisms."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as the installment of various checkpoints."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"The legislation outlines monitoring mechanisms such as regular checkpoints to ensure appropriate documentation is in place."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There are some measures of compliance in place, including an allocation of duties to monitor permits."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"No compliance mechanisms in place in ABS legislation","Description":"There are no specified compliance mechanisms in the available ABS legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There were no specified compliance mechanisms, defined as checks, monitors, or enforcement agents, outlined in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There were no specified compliance mechanisms, defined as checks, monitors, or enforcement agents, outlined in the legislation."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"}]},{"Name":"No ABS legislation identified","Description":"Could not identify any legislation relating to access and/or benefit-sharing.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation exists relevant to forests, traditional medicine, waters, soils, flora, and fauna. No legislation covering genetic resources as it might apply to micro-organisms exists, however."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"The regulations controlling for this topic are not yet in force."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"While there is a draft law in motion for the legislation of access and benefit-sharing (n° 56-17), it is not yet active and thus access and benefit-sharing is currently unregulation"},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."}]}]},{"Name":"Legal sanctions","Description":"Legal sanctions may be applied if there is a failure to comply with ABS legislation. These penalties may include a monetary fine, a ban from future access, and/or prosecution. Legal sanctions are sometimes specified within ABS legislation or may be encompassed by the wider criminal code. Here, only legal sanctions outlined in the ABS legislation are included.\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [the Nagoya Protocol](https://www.cbd.int/abs/default.shtml), [Halabi and Katz](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/viral-sovereignty-and-technology-transfer/D20BB0DD93018A518C3DC057204B13F5), and utilized data found in the national legislature websites for each country, as well as the [ABS Clearing House](https://absch.cbd.int/en/), [FAOLEX](https://www.fao.org/faolex/country-profiles/en/), and [WIPO](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/main/legislation).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Fines and criminalization","Description":"Sanctions incurred in cases of non-compliance include fees and prosecution","Countries":[{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. The specifics of this vary depending on the state or territory or provenance."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Fines and imprisonment is outlined for breaching the terms of access and benefit-sharing"},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"The Regulations specify imprisonment and monetary fines enforced in cases of non-compliance."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Breaching of the conditions of this law may be met with a sentence of imprisonment, a cash fine, or both"},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons including: inability to locate documents, inability to translate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"No penalties specified","Description":"There are no penalties specific to ABS breaches stated in the available legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There are no specific penalties found in the legislation which describe cases of non-compliance."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There are no specific penalties found in the legislation which describe cases of non-compliance."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There are no specific penalties found in the legislation which describe cases of non-compliance."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"}]},{"Name":"Access restrictions","Description":"Sanctions incurred in cases of non-compliance include restrictions on current and/or future access","Countries":[{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may be applied as penalties."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Non-compliance with ABS law will incur revocation of access, as well as a ban on future access."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may be applied as penalties."}]},{"Name":"Fines, criminalization, and access restrictions","Description":"Sanctions incurred in cases of non-compliance include both criminalization (fines or prosecution) and restrictions to access","Countries":[{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Breaching of the conditions of this law may be met with a sentence of imprisonment, a cash fine, or both, as well as confiscation of the sought genetic resource. (Art 54)"},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Fines incurred for \"endangering biodiversity\" might be relevant to breaching access and benefit-sharing mechanisms.  "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"The confiscation of genetic resources, as well as monetary fines and imprisonment are described."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Non-compliance is punished by confisction of the accessed genetic resource, cancellation of the access permit, imprisonment, and monetary fines. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Infringement of these rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"The Environmental Act of 2004 outines legal penalties."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Infringement of ABS rules is punishable with fines, imprisonment or other criminal law sanctions. Access restrictions such as confiscations of resources, termination of permits, or bans on future applications, may also be applied."}]},{"Name":"No ABS legislation identified","Description":"Could not identify any legislation relating to access and/or benefit-sharing.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Draft Laws published in 2017 but not yet passed"},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation exists relevant to forests, traditional medicine, waters, soils, flora, and fauna. No legislation covering genetic resources as it might apply to micro-organisms exists, however."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"While a mechanism for access and benefit-sharing has been proposed, there are currently no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"The current legislation outlines that penalties of imprisonment and monetary fines will be incurred in cases of breach of regulations, however the regulations mentioned have yet to be published."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"The Environment Protection and Management Law of 2004 outlines provisions to establish access and benefit-sharing mechanisms in Liberia. However to date these have not yet been established."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation exists covering the genetic resources as they pertain to animals, plants, and aquaculture. However none exists that would cover pathogens or microbes."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"While there is a draft law in motion for the legislation of access and benefit-sharing (n° 56-17), it is not yet active and thus access and benefit-sharing is currently unregulation"},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation exists which regulates traditional knowledge and the traditional usage of genetic resources. However no legislation could be found which regulates the access to genetic resources, as they may apply to pathogens."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation"},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There are no substantive mentions of this subject in the available legislation."}]}]}]},{"Name":"Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene","Method":"## Antimicrobial resistance and water, sanitation, and hygiene methods\n\nIn order to facilitate multi-faceted research on the nexus of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), a literature and landscape review was conducted by the research team to identify relevant topics for inclusion in the database. After preliminary policy categories were identified, a subject matter expert (SME) was consulted to verify the relevance of the areas of study. The selected topics explored the policies that may have both direct and indirect effects on the prevalence of AMR microbes in the environment. \n\n### _Identification of Relevant Policies_\n\nThe AMR LEX database (<https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en>), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX) was consulted to find relevant national legislation. Once identified from AMR LEX, policies were located and downloaded from an online repository of national legislation from the country’s domain, where possible. \n\nWhere the relevant legislation was not found on AMR LEX, a standardized series of queries was used to search the internet for appropriate policies. The list of query terms used for each subtopic was developed by conducting a review of the legislation surfaced by various queries for 10 countries to establish which search terms surfaced the most relevant policies. The standardized series of query terms utilized by the research team is listed below. In the case that all queries failed to produce relevant policies, the country was coded as having no relevant policies within that subtopic. \n- Water Quality Standards: 1) “Water Quality Standards Regulations [Insert Country]” 2) “Water Quality Laws [Insert Country]” 3) “[Insert Country] Water Quality Standards”\n- Water Quality Monitoring: 1) “Water Quality Monitoring Policy [Insert Country]” 2) “[Insert Country] Environmental Impact Assessment Laws” 3) “[Insert Country] Environmental Monitoring legislation”\n- Pollutant Disposal in Water Sources: 1) “Water Pollution Regulations [Insert Country]” 2) “Water Pollution Laws [Insert Country]’ 3) “Pollutant Disposal Laws [Insert Country]”\n- Sewerage: 1) “Sewerage Regulations [Insert Country]” 2) “Sewerage Laws [Insert Country]” 3) “[Insert Country] Sanitation Policy” \n- Effluent Wastewater Disposal: 1) “Effluent Wastewater regulations [Insert Country]” 2) “Wastewater disposal regulations [Insert Country]” 3) “[Insert Country] Discharge Standards”\n-  Medical Waste Disposal: 1) “Medical waste policy [Insert Country]’ 2) “Medical Waste Management regulations [Insert Country]” 3) “[Insert Country] hazardous waste laws”\n\nIn many cases, search terms surfaced peer-reviewed publications assessing WASH infrastructure and policy within a country. In these cases, the research team conducted a review of available publications to ascertain the existence of relevant national level policies in that country and identify their titles. Any potentially relevant policies were then searched for by title. When policy titles had been translated into English, Google Translate was used to allow the research team to search for the title in the original language. \n\nOnce a potentially-relevant policy had been identified, a thorough review of the policy language was conducted by the policy team. For policies written in languages other than English or Spanish, Google Translate was used when necessary for policy review. The policy was then assessed based on the Inclusion Criteria. \n\n### _Inclusion Criteria_\n\nPolicies included in the Analysis and Mapping of Policies for Emerging Infectious Disease database are required to be legally binding. Strategies, plans and other documents outlining future actions of the national government or suggesting criteria for the development of legally-binding policies were excluded from this research effort.\n\n**Water Quality Standards**\nWater quality policies included in this database were legally-binding policies that either directly set standards for water quality or mandated that a governmental body do so, including for drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. Any policy that addressed one or all of these categories of water was captured and included in the database. As the type of water quality regulated varied across countries and policies, the category of water covered in the document was noted in the document description. Countries that had published national plans to set water quality standards in the future, or use World Health Organization water quality standards but have not codified this practice, were coded as having no policy establishing water quality standards. Countries that were found to regulate water quality standards at the subnational level were coded as having water quality regulations, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. \n\n**Water Quality Monitoring**\nPolicies included in the subtopic for water quality monitoring mandate that a competent environmental authority within the government either has the power to conduct or regulate the monitoring of residues in water sources. Applicable policies fell into two categories. In one category, included policies stated that, at regular intervals, an entity responsible for ensuring the quality of water was overseeing the testing of water sources to monitor for contamination with pollutants, which could include antimicrobial substances. In the second category, policies included in the database are those that mandate that environmental impact assessments be conducted at sites that were potentially harmful to the environment, such as construction sites, industrial facilities, or agricultural areas. The category for policies in this subtopic was noted in the document description. Countries that were found to conduct monitoring at the subnational level were coded as having a mandate to conduct water quality monitoring, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. \n\n**Pollutant Disposal in Water Sources**\nPolicies included in this subtopic establish legally-binding regulations on point-source pollution. The subtopic was intentionally designed to be broad, allowing for any regulation on chemical discharges into freshwater to be captured. Regulations included in the database establish maximum residue limits, criminalize the unlawful discharge of chemicals in water sources or outline penalties for point-source polluters. Countries that were found to regulate pollutant disposal in water sources at the subnational level were coded as having pollutant disposal regulations, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. \n\n**Sewerage**\nPolicies included in this subtopic are legally-binding regulations on sewerage systems, all of which must have included requirements for sewerage infrastructure. While not used as a standard for inclusion, where available, policies that mandated that sewerage infrastructure be monitored by a competent governmental authority or established procedures for treatment and discharge of domestic sewage were also included. Plans to establish or expand sanitation infrastructure and guidelines for sanitation service provision that were not legally-enforceable were not included in this database. Countries that were found to regulate sewerage at the subnational level were coded as having sewerage regulations, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. \n\n**Effluent Wastewater Disposal**\nEffluent wastewater disposal policies included in this subtopic are legally-binding regulations on the treatment and disposal of wastewater into water sources. Included regulations were those establishing chemical standards and approving discharge locations for wastewater from domestic and industrial locations. Specific regulations on wastewater from agricultural facilities or regulating the use of wastewater in agricultural practices were not included, as they were deemed beyond the scope of the project by the research team. In cases where all categories of wastewater were regulated by a single national policy, that policy was captured and included in the database. Countries that were found to regulate effluent discharge at the subnational level were coded as having effluent discharge regulations, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. \n\n**Medical Waste Disposal**\nMedical waste disposal policies included in this subtopic establish legally-enforceable methods for the management and final disposal of medical and pharmaceutical waste from healthcare or manufacturing facilities. Often, these regulations exist within broader regulations on hazardous waste. In these instances, the research team conducted a rigorous review of the policy language. As countries utilize various terms to encompass medical waste management, hazardous waste policies were included if they contained provisions for the handling and disposal of infectious, hospital, healthcare, bio-medical or medical waste. Guidelines published to inform the development of healthcare waste disposal policies at individual healthcare facilities were not included, as these documents are not legally-enforceable at the national level. Countries that were found to regulate medical waste disposal at the subnational level were coded as having medical waste disposal regulations, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. \n","Subtopics":[{"Name":"Water quality standards","Description":"Water quality has wide ranging implications for human health, as the use and consumption of unsafe water often acts as a route of transmission for many pathogens, including those that express antimicrobial resistant traits. The FAO states that water quality can be safeguarded directly through specific water protection and quality legislation. Adopting water quality policies allow countries to enforce standards that ensure that water being used for consumption and recreation are safe for human use, and that surface and groundwater sources are suitable to support the ecosystem. Thus, knowledge of which countries have legally binding water quality standards is valuable for understanding the role of policy in the relationship between water, human health, and the development of antimicrobial resistant pathogens.\n","Source":"Development of this subtopic was informed by [Wolf _et al_](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)00458-0/fulltext?s=09)_.,_ the World Health Organization’s_ “_[Developing Drinking-Water Quality Regulations and Standards](https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272969/9789241513944-eng.pdf)_” _and_ _the UN-Water “[Water Quality Policy Brief](https://www.unwater.org/sites/default/files/app/uploads/2017/05/waterquality_policybrief.pdf)”. We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between March and July 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Water quality standards are regulated","Description":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality.  This happens at the provincial level, rather than the national level in Australia. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality.  In Switzerland, water quality regulation is overseen at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality.  In South Africa, this regulation on water quality standards is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality.  In the Federated States of Micronesia, this is regulated at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality.  In Bosnia and Herzegovina, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality.  However, under Law (UU) Number 22 of 1999 concerning Regional Government, power to regulate this sector is devolved to subnational governments. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. In India, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. In Somalia, this regulation on water quality standards is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "}]},{"Name":"Water quality standards are not regulated","Description":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"In Pakistan, water quality standards are left to subnational governments to regulate. However, not all subnational governments have policies for water quality regulations. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"While the Suriname National Adaption Plan 2019-2029 mentions the development of national water quality standards, currently there is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality. While there are legally enforceable sanitary measures for bottled water, there are no legally enforceable standards for surface and groundwaters in the country. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to control and set standards for water quality, including drinking-water quality, environmental water quality, and/or recreational water quality."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Water quality monitoring","Description":"Water contaminants include microorganisms, inorganic and organic chemicals and disinfection byproducts that may be associated with an increased risk of adverse health effects if ingested. Competent environmental authorities empowered to monitor contaminant residue concentrations and microbial contents in water sources may reduce risks of antimicrobial resistance development, as monitoring would allow authorities to identify and rapidly address water pollution with the antimicrobials that create selective pressures on microorganisms in the environment. Intergovernmental bodies, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and UN Water, endeavor to support member state governments in enacting policy for standardized water quality monitoring and reporting systems. The WHO provides health-based drinking-water quality targets with guideline concentration values for substances of concern. Likewise, UN Water provides a global monitoring and reporting dashboard to ensure reliable water quality data and support countries in meeting Sustainable Development Goal 6. Analyzing the global policy landscape that governs environmental monitoring provides insight into _if _and _how _water quality, and, by extension, the presence of conditions favorable to the development of antimicrobial resistance, is assessed and reported across the globe. \n","Source":"The [Methodology for Review of AMR-Relevant Legislation in the Food and Agriculture Sector](https://www.fao.org/3/cb1121en/cb1121en.pdf) and the UN-Water “[Water Quality Policy Brief](https://www.unwater.org/sites/default/files/app/uploads/2017/05/waterquality_policybrief.pdf)” were used to inform the development of this subtopic. We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between March and July 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Water contamination must be monitored","Description":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials.  This happens at the provincial level, rather than the national level in Australia. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. In Switzerland, water quality monitoring is overseen at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. In South Africa, this regulation on water quality monitoring is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials.  In the Federated States of Micronesia, this is regulated at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials.  In Bosnia and Herzegovina, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials.  However, under Law (UU) Number 22 of 1999 concerning Regional Government, power to regulate this sector is devolved to subnational governments. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. In India, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. In Somalia, this regulation on water quality standards is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "}]},{"Name":"Water contamination is not monitored","Description":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is no policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Pollutant disposal in water sources","Description":"Point-source pollution is contamination of a water body due to chemical discharges from a single source. Interventions to reduce point-source pollution, often resulting from industrial and agricultural activities, include limiting hazardous waste disposals and recycling waste receptacles. Policies addressing point-source pollution may act as foundational regulatory frameworks for decision-makers working to take action against AMR in their country. Thus,  identifying each countries’ policies on the disposal of pollutants in water sources will allow for an understanding of global preparedness to address AMR through legal action.\n","Source":"The \"[Methodology for Review of AMR-Relevant Legislation in the Food and Agriculture Sector](https://www.fao.org/3/cb1121en/cb1121en.pdf)\" was used to inform the development of this subtopic. We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between March and July 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Pollutant disposal in water sources is regulated","Description":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that grants a competent environmental agency within the governing body with a mandate to monitor residues in water sources to prevent contamination that could cover contamination with antimicrobials. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources.  This happens at the provincial level, rather than the national level in Australia. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. In Sudan, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources, however, in Somalia, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. In the Federated States of Micronesia, this is regulated at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources.  In Bosnia and Herzegovina, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"In Dominica, regulation of pollutant disposal takes place at the subnational level, often within individual villages. For example, see the by-law for St. Joseph Village Council. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "}]},{"Name":"Pollutant disposal in water sources is not regulated","Description":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of pollutants in freshwater sources. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Effluent wastewater disposal ","Description":"Wastewater has been identified as a significant environmental reservoir for antimicrobial resistant microorganisms (Nguyen et al., 2021). In some instances, wastewater effluent from pharmaceutical manufacturing sites have been found to contain high concentrations of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which, when released into the environment, create the selective pressures that drive the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in the aquatic environment (Larsson et al., 2007).  Identifying policies that regulate the disposal of wastewater from hospitals, medical centers, pharmaceutical production facilities or other establishments where antimicrobials are produced, stored or used is critical to understanding the likelihood of microorganisms in the surrounding environment developing antimicrobial resistance. However, in the majority of countries, wastewater and medical or pharmaceutical waste are regulated under different policies. Therefore, knowing which countries have policies in place to regulate the treatment and disposal of wastewater into water bodies will prove valuable for understanding the substances discharged into a country’s water sources. Likewise, this subtopic will inform broader research on policies regulating effluents from facilities that specifically handle, produce and use antimicrobial substances.\n","Source":"The development of this subtopic was informed by [Larson _et al_](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.008)_ _and [Nguyen _et al_](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146964)_. _During the policy identification process, we consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between March and July 2023.\n\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Effluent wastewater disposal is regulated","Description":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater.  However, in the US, wastewater is regulated at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater.  In Switzerland, this regulation is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater, however, in South Africa, this regulation is done at the subnational level. \n"},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater, however these regulations are issued at the subnational level in Qatar. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater, however, this regulation takes place at the subnational level in Nepal. \n"},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is legislation that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is legislation that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater, however, in Australia, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. \n"},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater, however, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. \n"},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater, however, in the Federated States of Micronesia, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. \n"},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater, however, in Luxembourg, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. \n"},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater"},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "}]},{"Name":"Effluent wastewater disposal is not regulated","Description":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n","Countries":[{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"In Pakistan, wastewater effluent is left to subnational governments to regulate. However, not all subnational governments have policies for wastewater effluent regulations. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. In Yemen, there are strategies for wastewater disposal produced by the government, but no policy that is legally enforceable was found. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. \n"},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that mandates a competent environmental agency within the governing body to regulate the disposal of effluent wastewater. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Sewerage","Description":"In 2019, a highly regarded paper established a link between untreated domestic sewage, which comes from household and community sources, and the transmission of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. The study took samples from 60 countries, representative of all WHO regions, and found that microbes with genomes containing AMR genes were found in nearly all samples, though relative abundance varied greatly across countries and continents. Moreover, they concluded that untreated domestic sewage that is improperly disposed of or leached from sewerage systems may act as a route of transmission for antimicrobial resistance (Hendriksen et al., 2019). Thus, adequate sanitation infrastructure and regulation may contribute to lowering the burden of AMR. Knowledge of the global policy environment for sewerage systems facilitates global assessments of the risks of AMR transmission through human sewage, but also provides examples of how countries have taken legislative action to mitigate this threat.\n","Source":"The development of this subtopic was informed by [Hendriksen _et al_](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08853-3)_. _During the policy identification process, we consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between March and July 2023.\n\n\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Sewerage is regulated","Description":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Uzbekistan, sanitation services are regulated at the provincial level. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Belgium, sanitation services are regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Bangladesh, sanitation services are regulated at the provincial level. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Austria, sanitation services are regulated at the provincial level. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Australia, sanitation services are regulated at the provincial level. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Argentina, sanitation services are regulated at the provincial level. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in the United States, sanitation services are regulated at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"While in Türkiye there is no singular policy regulating sewerage systems, sewage is regulated through a piecemeal framework of regulations on other topics.  "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Switzerland, sanitation services are regulated at the provincial level. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in South Africa, sanitation services are regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Somalia, sanitation services are regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste.  In Portugal, regulation for sewerage is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in The Netherlands, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Nepal, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Myanmar, this is regulated by subnational governments. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste.  In the Federated States of Micronesia, this is regulated at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Brazil, sanitation services are regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, sanitation services are regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Canada, sanitation services are regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste.  In Botswana, sanitation services are regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, in Luxembourg, this is done at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is policy  that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, under Law (UU) Number 22 of 1999 concerning Regional Government, power to regulate this sector is devolved to subnational governments. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste, however, under the National Sanitation Policy 2006, this power is delegated to subnational governments. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "}]},{"Name":"Sewerage is not regulated","Description":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste.  While some laws exist at the subnational level, sanitation laws do not universally exist in Benin. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. While some laws exist at the subnational level, sanitation laws do not universally exist in Sierra Leone. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"In Pakistan, sewerage standards are left to subnational governments to regulate. However, not all subnational governments have policies for sewerage regulations. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. While a WASH strategy was created in 2019 for adoption by governors of subnational jurisdictions, no policy was found to universally regulate sanitation services. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. While Decree No. 2017-258 of July 17, 2017 setting the conditions for the construction and operation of collective wastewater disposal and purification works states that local authorities must establish community sanitation facilities or systems for the collection, transport and treatment of wastewater, it does not include provisions mandating those localities to regulate or monitor those sewerage systems. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate sewerage systems for the consumption of human waste. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Medical waste disposal","Description":"Medical and pharmaceutical waste, which contains both solid and liquid waste from medical care facilities, as well as discarded medical countermeasures, can pose a risk to human and environmental health when improperly disposed of. Infectious solid waste, liquid wastewater from hospitals and unused antibiotics are of particular concern, as these forms of healthcare waste have been identified as drivers of AMR development when their disposal is unregulated. Thus, mapping medical waste management policies will inform the analysis of varied regulatory approaches that affect the relationship between medical waste disposal, the environment, and the development of antimicrobial resistance. More broadly, this subtopic will facilitate research on policies regulating the disposal of solid wastes and liquid discharges from facilities specifically handling, producing, and using antimicrobial substances. \n","Source":"The development of this subtopic was informed by [Musoke _et al_](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-021-01023-2)_. _During the policy identification process, we consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between March and July 2023.\n\n\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Medical waste disposal is regulated","Description":"There is policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in Japan, this regulation is done at the prefecture level. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in the United States, this regulation takes place at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in Canada, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in Australia, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. Within the country, subnational jurisdictions have also created their own policies for medical waste disposal. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. However, in Luxembourg, this regulation takes place at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in Mexico, this is regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities, however, according to the General Solid Wastes Act, this regulation takes place at the subnational level in Peru. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. There is an international agreement between San Marino and Italy to allow medical waste to be exported to Italian lands for processing and disposal. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. However, this is a subnational responsibility, per the Public Health Ordinance of 1960, but entities handling clinical waste must report to the Environmental Protection Agency under the Environmental Protection Agency Act of 2008. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities, however, according to the National Environmental (Municipal Solid Waste) Regulations No. 1 of 2009, this is regulated at the subnational level in Sri Lanka. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in the UAE, this regulation takes place at the emirate level. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in the Federated States of Micronesia, this is regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities, however, in Myanmar, this is regulated at the subnational level. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "}]},{"Name":"Medical waste disposal is not regulated","Description":"There is no policy that requires a competent agency within the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. While some municipalities have regulations, medical and pharmaceutical waste disposal is not well or uniformly regulated in Lesotho. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"While there is a strategic plan, there is no legally binding policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"While there was a National Medical Waste Plan drafted in 2022 it has not been passed into laws, thus, there is no legally binding policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"While the government of Bangladesh has published guidelines for hospital waste disposal, there is no legally binding policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"While the government of Burundi has published guidelines for hospital waste disposal, there is no legally binding policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"While there are policies that requires the subnational government in Pakistan to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities, these policies do not universally exist at the provincial level. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. Papua New Guinea utilizes the WHO medical waste disposal guidelines, but there is no legally binding national policy for handling this category of hazardous waste. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. While the Waste Management Act defines hazardous waste as any waste that could cause harm to human health, the legislation does not specifically regulate medical or pharmaceutical waste. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. In 2013, the Integrated Solid Waste/Resource Management Policy for Trinidad and Tobago was published, but this document was not legally binding, rather it contained a ten year plan for the creation of medical waste disposal regulations. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"The National Waste Management Strategy (2011-2014) stated that the Central Board of Health was responsible for the management of medical waste, yet the strategy was not legally enforceable. Thus, there is no policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical waste from healthcare facilities. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is policy that requires the government to regulate the disposal of medical and/or pharmaceutical waste from healthcare facilities. In Laos, there is policy that applies to waste from production facilities of veterinary medicines, but not to human healthcare entities. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]}]},{"Name":"Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture","Method":"## Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture methods\n\nThe research team collected data on policies directly relevant to antimicrobial resistance, such as policy on the prescription and sale of veterinary antimicrobials, as well as policy which indirectly addresses antimicrobial resistance through the management of animal health, such as regulating animal movement to prevent and control the spread of communicable diseases in animals. Data on relevant feed policies, in particular relating to the prophylactic use of antimicrobials and medicated feed were also collected.\n\n### _Identification of relevant policies_\n\nThe [AMR LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, was consulted to find relevant national legislation. This was then cross-checked with the country's own legislature online, where possible. Where the relevant legislation was not found on AMR LEX, the country's legislature website was consulted directly. For certain subtopics, the [WHO Global Database for Tracking Antimicrobial Resistance Country Self-Assessment Survey (TrACSS)](https://amrcountryprogress.org/#/table-view) was also cross-referenced where available. These were accessed between January and May 2023.\n\nPolicies included in the Analysis and Mapping of Policies for Emerging Infectious Disease database are required to be legally binding. Strategies, plans and other documents outlining future actions of the national government or suggesting criteria for the development of legally-binding policies were excluded from this research effort. Policies enacted at the national-level were collated within the database. Countries in which categories of policies are found universally at the subnational level were coded as having the associated policy, but the documents themselves were not collected within the document repository. Instead, the status justification was used to note that the policy existed at the subnational level. \n\nWhen no policy could be surfaced through identification methods, the status for that category of policy was marked as the country not having an applicable policy. \n\n### _Inclusion criteria_\n\nOnce potentially relevant policies were identified, the following criteria were utilized to assess their applicability for inclusion in the database:\n\n**Competent veterinary authority**\nPolicies included under this subtopic identify and empower a veterinary authority to oversee and regulate the practice of veterinary practitioners within their jurisdiction. Policies that did not identify a veterinary authority or grant the veterinary authority the power to regulate veterinarians or that planned future strategies to empower a regulatory body overseeing veterinary practitioners were not included. \n\n**Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products**\nPolicies under this topic outline legally-enforceable standards for the qualifications of personnel prescribing veterinary medications. Included policies may address the academic and/or professional qualifications required for legal prescription of veterinary drugs, which may include antimicrobials. Guidelines for personnel prescribing veterinary medicines that were not legally enforceable or did not require that the personnel have acquired a standardized level of qualification were excluded from the database. \n\n**Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products**\nPolicies in this category create a legal framework for transactions involving veterinary medical products. Included policies must create a legally-enforceable mechanism for regulating the sale and prescription of veterinary drugs. These policies must not merely outline qualifications for those individuals approved to prescribe drugs, but must create a standardized framework for the conditions that warrant their prescription and sale. The majority of policies in this category outlined a list of ‘prescription only medicines’ (POMs), which included antimicrobials for veterinary use.\n\n**Prophylactic use of antimicrobials**\nPolicies under this topic must create a regulatory framework for the use of antimicrobial substances in animal agriculture. Policies that either banned or restricted the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in terrestrial and aquatic farmed animals were included in this database. Policies underwent a rigorous language review to be categorized as applying only to terrestrial animals, only to aquatic animals, to all farmed animals, or having no regulation on the use of antimicrobials in farming. Policies that outlined best practices for the use of AGPs, yet were not legally-enforceable, were excluded. \n\n**Medicated feed**\nPolicies in this category regulate the use of medicated feed in farmed animals within a jurisdiction. Included legally-enforceable frameworks must ban or limit the use of medicated feed in agricultural facilities.\n","Subtopics":[{"Name":"Competent veterinary authority","Description":"A key aspect of veterinary legislation's contribution to global health security involves the identification of competent veterinary authority. As delineated by the WOAH Terrestrial Code and the Codex Code of Practice to Minimize and Contain Antimicrobial Resistance, this authority holds the regulatory power to oversee the endorsement, production, distribution, and application of veterinary medical products to ensure they are aligned with established standards, minimizing risks to public health, animal welfare, and the environment. With the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) posing a significant global health concern, a competent veterinary authority can help to implement measures that curb inappropriate use of antibiotics and other antimicrobials which can contribute to the development and spread of drug-resistant pathogens. This includes the authority to restrict specific activities, such as veterinary product prescription and sales, exclusively to authorized professionals like veterinarians. Knowing which countries have legislation in place identifying and empowering a competent veterinary authority allows for the monitoring and assessment of regulatory frameworks to understand the level of preparedness and capacity of different nations to address AMR emergence and other potential disease outbreaks.\n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between January and May 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Competent veterinary authority is not identified","Description":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."}]},{"Name":"Competent veterinary authority is identified","Description":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation.\n\nNote: The competent veterinary authority is defined at a state level in Australia."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation.\n\nNote: Separate legislation exists for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. There also exists separate legislation for certain diseases, such as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and avian influenza. For more information see https://www.legislation.gov.uk/."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation.The competent veterinary authority is defined at a provincial level in Canada."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is legislation that identifies the competent veterinary authority and gives it the mandate to implement the relevant legislation."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on qualifications for prescribing antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation regulating the prescription and sale of antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs)."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on medicated feed."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."}]}]},{"Name":"Qualifications for prescribing veterinary medical products","Description":"Effective management of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) includes responsible antimicrobial usage and prescription. To ensure that qualified professionals are equipped to address AMR effectively, legislation can define the academic and professional qualifications required for veterinary practice and prescription of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. By outlining and mapping which countries have required such qualifications, stakeholders such as researchers, veterinarians, and public health authorities can gain a clearer understanding of the global standards that guide antimicrobial use. This facilitates informed decision-making, collaboration, and implementation of measures to promote prudent antimicrobial practices.\n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between January and May 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Qualifications are required to prescribe veterinary medical products including antimicrobials","Description":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials.\n\nNote: Legislation on prescription of antimicrobials for veterinary use exists at the state level in Australia. The AVPMA notes that state and territory governments regulate the use of veterinary antibiotic products after retail sale. State and territory legislation are currently being amended with the intent that similar laws will apply across Australia. See https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-pubs-cdi-2003-cdi27suppl-htm-cdi27supc.htm "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials.\n\nNote: Legislation on qualifications required for prescribing veterinary medical products exists on a provincial level. For example, see The Veterinarians Act (Ontario) at https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90v03. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials.\n\nNote: Legislation on qualifications required for prescribing veterinary medical products exists on a State level. For example, see the law on Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry in Washington State Legislature at https://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=18.92. "},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Legislation defines a qualification or a number of qualifications required to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."}]},{"Name":"Qualifications are not required to prescribe veterinary medical products including antimicrobials","Description":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is no legislation specifying the necessary qualifications to be able to legally prescribe veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on qualifications for prescribing antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation regulating the prescription and sale of antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs)."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on medicated feed."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."}]}]},{"Name":"Prescription and sale of veterinary medical products","Description":"Balanced and responsible use of antimicrobial agents is a key factor in minimizing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Policy plays a significant role in this context, with one strategy involving the regulation of over-the-counter sales of antimicrobials for veterinary use. This helps prevent the unnecessary or improper administration of antimicrobials, which can contribute to the development of AMR. Analyzing the global landscape of legislation that governs the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials, proves valuable for comprehending varied regulatory approaches and highlighting the significance of these policies in addressing AMR.\n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between January and May 2023. The [Global Database for Tracking Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Country Self-Assessment Survey (TrACSS)](https://amrcountryprogress.org/#/table-view) was also cross-referenced where available. These sites were accessed between January and May 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Prescription and sale of antimicrobials is regulated","Description":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use.\n\nNote: Legislation on prescription of antimicrobials for veterinary use exists at the state level in Australia. The AVPMA notes that state and territory governments regulate the use of veterinary antibiotic products after retail sale. State and territory legislation are currently being amended with the intent that similar laws will apply across Australia. See https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-pubs-cdi-2003-cdi27suppl-htm-cdi27supc.htm "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use.\n\nNote: Legislation on the prescription of veterinary medical products exists on a provincial level. For example, see Veterinary Drugs Act (British Columbia) at https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/18002."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."}]},{"Name":"Prescription and sale of antimicrobials is not regulated","Description":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Legislation regulates the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials. This could include some, or all, antimicrobials for veterinary use."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"No legislation on the prescription and sale of veterinary medical products, including antimicrobials."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on qualifications for prescribing antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation regulating the prescription and sale of antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs)."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on medicated feed."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."}]}]},{"Name":"Prophylactic use of antimicrobials","Description":"Antimicrobial  substances (AMs) inhibit or eliminate bacteria and are often administered in agricultural practices prophylactically at doses below therapeutic levels. These are utilized in intensive terrestrial and aquatic farming to increase yield. However, excessive usage of AMs can lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations. Hence, curbing their use is essential to curtail the further proliferation and development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Legislation can address this concern by either banning or restricting the utilization of antibiotics for non-therapeutic purposes, notably growth promotion. While the specifics of banned AM combinations may vary across countries, identifying which countries have integrated any regulations on AMs for farmed animals is useful in the absence of comprehensive risk assessments. This identification offers valuable insights into jurisdictions that have placed priority on addressing this matter through legislative means.\n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between January and May 2023. The [Global Database for Tracking Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Country Self-Assessment Survey (TrACSS)](https://amrcountryprogress.org/#/table-view) was also cross-referenced where available. These sites were accessed between January and May 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Prophylactic use of antimicrobials is banned or restricted in terrestrial animals only","Description":"There is legislation restricting or banning the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) for livestock in the absence of risk analysis.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is legislation that restricts the prophylactic application of antimicrobials to promote growth and disease prevention in terrestrial environments but the legislation does not specifically mention aquaculture environments."}]},{"Name":"Prophylactic use of antimicrobials is not banned or restricted in terrestrial or aquatic animals","Description":"There is no legislation restricting or banning the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) for livestock.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming.  "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation restricting or banning the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There is no legally-enforceable policy restricting or banning the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in either terrestrial or aquatic animal farming."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on qualifications for prescribing antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation regulating the prescription and sale of antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs)."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on medicated feed."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."}]},{"Name":"Prophylactic use of antimicrobials is banned or restricted in both terrestrial and aquatic animals","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. This happens at the state level in India, and an example from Sikkim is provided. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There are legally-enforceable policies that either restrict or ban the prophylactic use of antimicrobials to promote growth or prevent disease in the farming of both terrestrial and aquatic animals. "}]}]},{"Name":"Medicated feed","Description":"In the context of animal husbandry, animal feed often incorporates additives and components with antimicrobial properties.  One specific category, known as medicated feed, includes veterinary medical products and serves purposes ranging from disease treatment and prevention to growth promotion in animals. Various antimicrobials can be incorporated as feed additives, but their presence can contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Consequently, some countries have established legislation which seeks to limit or prohibit the utilization of medicated feed given the risks of AMR. Discerning which countries have enacted regulatory frameworks to oversee the application of medicated feed provides a lens into the multifaceted strategies employed at a national level, but also facilitates a comprehensive assessment of AMR risks inherent in the realms of livestock production and agricultural practices.\n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country as well as the [AMR-LEX database](https://amr-lex.fao.org/main/profile/en), powered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO LEX). These sites were accessed between January and May 2023. The [Global Database for Tracking Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Country Self-Assessment Survey (TrACSS)](https://amrcountryprogress.org/#/table-view) was also cross-referenced where available. These sites were accessed between January and May 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Use of medicated feed is regulated","Description":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."}]},{"Name":"Use of medicated feed is not regulated","Description":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is no legislation which regulates the use of medicated feed for livestock."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not yet collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on qualifications for prescribing antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation regulating the prescription and sale of antimicrobials for animal use."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs)."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation on medicated feed."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"We were unable to translate this country's animal health legislation in order to determine whether it has legislation establishing the competent veterinary authority in this country."}]}]}]},{"Name":"Childhood vaccination","Method":"## Childhood vaccination methods\n\nThe research team conducted a literature and landscape review to identify policies directly relevant to childhood vaccination. After preliminary policy categories were identified, a subject matter expert (SME) was consulted to verify the relevance of the areas of study. Previous analyses of vaccination policies have focused on mandates within individual countries or geographical regions. This project represents the most comprehensive mapping of legally enforceable childhood and emergency immunization policy to date. \n\n\\*Note: The childhood vaccination and general vaccination topics were led by the same member of the research team and were conducted simultaneously, as there is significant overlap in the topics. Thus, the methodology is largely the same for both topics, except for the inclusion criteria used for subtopic categories. \n\n### _Country selection_\n\nThe research team analyzed routine childhood and emergency vaccination policies for 192 of the United Nations (UN) Member States, as well as the Holy See (Vatican City) and Taiwan. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (ROK) was excluded due to a lack of publicly available policy information. \n\n### _Definitions_\n\nOnly legally binding policies were included in the study. To capture the diversity of ways in which countries codify their rules and regulations, in this work, policy was used as a broad term to describe a legally binding document produced by a competent governing authority to control the conduct of individuals and entities within their jurisdiction. For this work, we categorized legally binding policies as those that included specific enforcement mechanisms in the document or associated with a penal code that could be used to require parties within the jurisdiction to comply with the document's contents. Strategies, plans, and other documents outlining future actions of the national government or suggesting criteria for the development of legally binding policies were excluded from this research effort. Similarly, documents codifying country participation in the World Health Organization’s Expanded Programme on Immunizations (EPI) or other similar vaccination campaigns offering vaccinations to the population are not legally binding for citizens and were therefore excluded from this database.\n\nVaccination mandates vary significantly across nations and regions. However, this work necessitated a standardized definition for systematic application across all contexts included in this analysis. We therefore defined mandatory vaccination policy as a legally enforceable rule by which individuals are mandated to be vaccinated or to have their dependents vaccinated against one or more diseases.\n\nA condition for inclusion in this research was that the policy had to be valid and capable of being enforced. Separately, we assessed enforcement mechanisms as specific language included in policies. Thus, legally enforceable policy and the existence of an enforcement mechanism are not synonymous, as provisions within a policy can lack a clear scheme for enforcement. \n\nRoutine childhood vaccination is the immunization of individuals legally categorized as children on a prescribed interval for a set of conditions, per internationally agreed best practices. Emergency vaccination, on the other hand, is used in this work to describe vaccinations that are prescribed as the result of an acute threat facing a population (e.g. war, natural disaster, disease outbreak), and may not limited to a particular demographic group within a population. \n\nPolicies created to mandate vaccination against COVID-19 have been previously described and were outside the scope of this work. These policies do not appear in our database. We do, however, include policies that address general emergency vaccination powers, many of which were utilized for COVID-19 vaccinations. \n\n### _Identification of relevant policies_\n\nA standardized series of queries was used to search for appropriate policies. The standardized query terms used for each topic were developed through a literature review and then evaluated by reviewing the legislation surfaced by various queries for a 10-country pilot study to establish which search terms returned the most relevant policies. Throughout policy identification, all searches were first conducted in English. For countries where English is not utilized to conduct governmental affairs, Google Translate was used to translate the queries into the language used by the targeted country’s government. If all queries failed to produce relevant policies, the country was coded as having no relevant policies identified within that subtopic. In each case, a literature review was conducted to verify that no vaccination mandates are currently enforceable within that country. \n\nOnce a potentially relevant, legally binding policy had been identified, a thorough review of the policy language was conducted by the research team. For policies written in languages other than those spoken by the research team, Google Translate was used for policy review and a fluent speaker was contacted to confirm translation, where applicable. The policy was then assessed based on the inclusion criteria. \n\n### _Country status and inclusion criteria_\n\nAny country found to mandate childhood or emergency vaccinations universally at the subnational level, such as the USA, was coded as having that category of regulation, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. The regulation of a policy category in a country at the subnational level was verified by identifying national-level policy devolving power over the specified sector to a subnational governing body. Countries in which some provinces have enforceable vaccination mandates, while others do not, were coded as having no relevant policy. This was the case for Canada, which only had vaccine mandates for Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba provinces. This also applied to Pakistan, which only had identifiable vaccination requirements in Sindh province. \n\nAdditionally, in many cases, the legally enforceable policy mandated that the relevant authority, often the Ministry of Health, set a calendar of diseases for which vaccinations must be routinely administered to children. In these cases, the research team surfaced the most recent version of this immunization calendar on the target country’s domain and used that calendar in conjunction with the policy authorizing its creation for inclusion criteria assessment. \n\nInclusion criteria were used to perform a standardized, yet flexible review of the contents of policies across the diversity of socio-political contexts present in UN Member States. The inclusion criteria were used to assess which subcategories were contained within each policy. The inclusion criteria framework used in this study is described below.\n\n**Measles**\nPolicies included in this database were those legally binding policies that mandated that children residing in the country be vaccinated against measles with a measles-containing vaccine. To meet the criteria, this policy must have either directly stated that children were required to be vaccinated against measles or empowered a competent authority to set a mandatory vaccination calendar that included vaccination against measles. Countries that were found to universally mandate vaccination at the subnational level were coded as having mandatory vaccination against measles and the status justification was used to note which level of government the applicable policy could be located. \n\n**Polio**\nPolicies included in this database are those legally binding policies that mandate that children residing in the country be vaccinated against polio. To meet the criteria, this policy must have either directly stated that children were required to be vaccinated against polio or empowered a competent authority to set a mandatory vaccination calendar that included a vaccination against polio. Countries that were found to universally mandate vaccination at the subnational level were coded as having mandatory vaccination against polio and the status justification was used to note which level of government the applicable policy could be located. \n\n**Diptheria**\nPolicies included in this database are those legally binding policies that mandate that children residing in the country be vaccinated against diphtheria. To meet the criteria, this policy must have either directly stated that children were required to be vaccinated against diphtheria or empowered a competent authority to set a mandatory vaccination calendar that included a vaccination against diphtheria. Countries that were found to universally mandate vaccination at the subnational level were coded as having mandatory vaccination against diphtheria and the status justification was used to note which level of government the applicable policy could be located. \n\n**Tuberculosis**\nPolicies included in this database are those legally binding policies that mandate that children residing in the country be vaccinated against tuberculosis. To meet the criteria, this policy must have either directly stated that children were required to be vaccinated against tuberculosis or empowered a competent authority to set a mandatory vaccination calendar that included a vaccination against tuberculosis. Countries that were found to universally mandate vaccination at the subnational level were coded as having mandatory vaccination against tuberculosis and the status justification was used to note which level of government the applicable policy could be located. \n\n**Varicella**\nPolicies included in this database are those legally binding policies that mandate that children residing in the country be vaccinated against varicella. To meet the criteria, this policy must have either directly stated that children were required to be vaccinated against varicella or empowered a competent authority to set a mandatory vaccination calendar that included vaccination against varicella. Countries that were found to universally mandate vaccination at the subnational level were coded as having mandatory vaccination against varicella and the status justification was used to note which level of government the applicable policy could be located. \n","Subtopics":[{"Name":"Measles vaccination","Description":"Measles, a viral disease transmitted via respiratory droplets, is one of the most contagious pathogens known, with an estimated basic reproduction number of 13. The virus can remain active and infectious for up to two hours in the air and on fomites. Measles is estimated to kill over 100,000 people per year, mostly in low- and middle-income countries with weak healthcare infrastructure. Disease morbidity is highly concentrated in children under the age of five. While there is no specific treatment for measles, prevention with vaccination is critical to reducing morbidity and mortality related to the disease. \n\nMeasles-containing vaccines (MCV), often administered in the MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) vaccination are highly effective in preventing measles disease. An estimated 95% of a given population must be fully vaccinated with two doses of MCV to ensure herd immunity, yet in 2022, just 74% of the world’s youth population had completed the immunization regimen. In 2022, less than 80% of children in the African and Eastern Mediterranean WHO regions, as well as the Region of the Americas, received two doses of  MCV. Moreover, no WHO region achieved the 95% threshold of MCV coverage necessary for herd immunity. \n\nTo encourage childhood vaccination, some countries make certain routine vaccinations mandatory for citizens and residents. Here, we track the diseases that have a legal mandate for children to be routinely vaccinated against measles. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. Information on measles came from the [WHO Measles Fact Sheet](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles) and the [WHO Measles Vaccination Coverage dashboard](https://immunizationdata.who.int/pages/coverage/mcv.html?GROUP=WHO_REGIONS&ANTIGEN=MCV2&YEAR=&CODE=).\n\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Measles vaccination is required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. No vaccines in this country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge.  "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge.  "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in all 50 states in this country."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "}]},{"Name":"Measles vaccination is not required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. In some, but not all provinces, Measles vaccines are mandated. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country except that for Rotavirus are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Mandated vaccinations are decided at the subnational level in this country. There is some evidence that some vaccines are required in some regions of Pakistan, but there are not universal childhood vaccine requirements. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, most vaccines offered in the country are required to be reimbursed by compulsory health insurance. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccinations are required to be free in the country. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free so long as children receive them in alignment with the vaccination calendar. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. While childhood vaccination is legally mandated, there is no available source for specific required vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Measles is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Polio vaccination","Description":"Poliovirus is transmitted via either the fecal-oral route or via respiratory droplets. The virus causes flu-like symptoms in about 25% of cases, meningitis in 1-5% of cases, and can lead to paralysis in 0.5% of cases. The case-fatality rate for individuals with polio-related paralysis is 5-10%. \n\nThere are two available vaccinations against poliovirus: Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). As suggested by the name, IPV utilizes an inactivated (killed) virus to prime the immune system to rapidly react to, and clear, subsequent poliovirus infections. IPV must be administered via intradermal injection and tends to be readily available in high-income countries. By contrast, OPV utilizes an attenuated (weakened) virus to stimulate an immune response in the recipient. The OPV can be widely and conveniently distributed, as it requires oral administration rather than injection. For this reason, OPV tends to be used in low- and middle-income countries without significant healthcare infrastructure. While OPV is extraordinarily safe for the recipient, due to the attenuated virus in the formulation, the vaccinated individual may be able to shed the virus during defecation. If contracted by an un- or under-vaccinated individual, this may lead to the outbreak of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). Therefore, the administration of OPV requires adequate vaccination coverage to prevent cVDPV. Widespread vaccination against poliovirus has been critical to preventing community transmission of the disease. Due to high rates of preventative vaccination, wild-type poliovirus (WPV) remains endemic in only Afghanistan and Pakistan. \n\nTo maintain polio vaccination rates and prevent disease outbreaks, many countries mandate the administration of poliovirus vaccinations for children. Here, we track which countries have such requirements for citizens and residents. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. Information on polio came from the [US CDC](https://www.cdc.gov/polio/what-is-polio/index.htm#:~:text=Polio%2C%20or%20poliomyelitis%2C%20is%20a,move%20parts%20of%20the%20body) and the [Children's Hospital of Philadelphia](https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/polio-vaccine#:~:text=The%20inactivated%20polio%20vaccine%20).\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Poliovirus vaccination is required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country except that for Rotavirus are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in all 50 states in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Poliovirus is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."}]},{"Name":"Poliovirus vaccination is not required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. In some, but not all provinces, Polio vaccines are mandated. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Mandated vaccinations are decided at the subnational level in this country. There is some evidence that some vaccines are required in some regions of Pakistan, but there are not universal childhood vaccine requirements. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, most vaccines offered in the country are required to be reimbursed by compulsory health insurance. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccinations are required to be free in the country. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free so long as children receive them in alignment with the vaccination calendar. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. While childhood vaccination is legally mandated, there is no available source for specific required vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Polio is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Diphtheria vaccination","Description":"Diphtheria is a disease caused by the production of diphtheria exotoxin by the _Corynebacterium_ _diphtheriae _bacteria. These bacteria are primarily spread by respiratory droplets and must be treated with a combination of antitoxin and antibiotics. The disease can lead to death in 5-10% of infected individuals over the age of five with access to these medications. Despite access to treatment, in children under five years of age, diphtheria can cause death in up to 20% of cases. For individuals without adequate access to antitoxins, the case fatality rate can reach up to 40%. However, the completed vaccination regimen given for diphtheria has an efficacy of 97% in preventing disease. Here, we track the countries that mandate the routine vaccination of children against diphtheria. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. Information on diphtheria came from the [US CDC](https://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/about/causes-transmission.html) and the article \"[Duration of Immunity and Effectiveness of Diphtheria-Tetanus–Acellular Pertussis Vaccines in Children](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6547082/)\" by Domenech de Cellès, Rohani, and King.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Diphtheria vaccination is required ","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. No vaccines in this country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in all 50 states in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "}]},{"Name":"Diphtheria vaccination is not required ","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. In some, but not all provinces, Diphtheria vaccines are mandated. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country except that for Rotavirus are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Mandated vaccinations are decided at the subnational level in this country. There is some evidence that some vaccines are required in some regions of Pakistan, but there are not universal childhood vaccine requirements. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, most vaccines offered in the country are required to be reimbursed by compulsory health insurance. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccinations are required to be free in the country. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free so long as children receive them in alignment with the vaccination calendar. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. While childhood vaccination is legally mandated, there is no available source for specific required vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free and schools may require this vaccine for entry. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Diphtheria is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Tuberculosis vaccination","Description":"An estimated 1.8 billion people worldwide are infected with _Mycobacterium tuberculosis, _the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB). This respiratory pathogen is estimated to kill over 1 million people each year, with over 80% of cases and deaths occurring in individuals residing in low- and middle-income countries. Treatment of active TB requires access and adherence to a 4-6 month antibiotic regimen. Incomplete or incorrect TB treatment has greatly contributed to the development of Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB), which threatens to exacerbate morbidity and mortality as a result of TB infection. \n\nThe bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is administered to prevent TB infection. Despite the availability of the BCG vaccine, there is conflicting evidence on the preventive capabilities of the vaccine against pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB. Likewise, available evidence suggests that the efficacy and durability of BCG may vary significantly based on multiple factors, including time of vaccination and method of vaccination administration. However, when administered intradermally at birth, BCG generally prevents significant morbidity and mortality from TB for at least the first five years of life. To protect young children from disease and death as a result of TB, some countries require vaccination against the disease during the postnatal period. Here, we track the countries that mandate TB vaccination for children residing domestically. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. Information on tuberculosis came from the [WHO Tuberculosis Fact Sheet](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis#:~:text=Worldwide%2C%20TB%20is%20the%20second,all%20countries%20and%20age%20groups). We also consulted \"[History of the BCG Vaccine](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3749764/)\" by Luca and Mihaescu, and \"[Infant BCG vaccination and risk of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis throughout the life course: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10406427/)\" by Martinez et al. \n\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Tuberculosis vaccination is required ","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country except seasonal influenza are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "}]},{"Name":"Tuberculosis vaccination is not required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country except that for Rotavirus are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. \n"},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Mandated vaccinations are decided at the subnational level in this country. There is some evidence that some vaccines are required in some regions of Pakistan, but there are not universal childhood vaccine requirements. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, most vaccines offered in the country are required to be reimbursed by compulsory health insurance. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccinations are required to be free in the country. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free so long as children receive them in alignment with the vaccination calendar. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. While childhood vaccination is legally mandated, there is no available source for specific required vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in any of the 50 states in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Tuberculosis is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination","Description":"Varicella, commonly known as chickenpox, is a disease caused by contraction of the varicella-zoster virus. Respiratory secretions, including droplets and aerosols, facilitate the transmission of the virus from person to person. Emerging evidence also suggests that contact with varicella skin lesions may drive transmission. While varicella tends to be a relatively mild disease in children, it can cause severe complications and death in neonates and immunocompromised populations. Moreover, children with a history of chickenpox infection may develop shingles, a disease caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which may cause more serious morbidity and mortality in elderly populations. \n\nVaricella can be prevented with a varicella-containing vaccine. Often this immunization is given in a singular formulation, though may also be included in the Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella vaccine (MMRV). Varicella has traditionally been conceived of as a less consequential disease relative to those with higher case-fatality rates. Thus, the demand for vaccinations against the disease has tended to be lower. However, protecting vulnerable members of the community, such as immunocompromised children, requires achieving herd immunity through vaccination. Here, we track the countries that mandate routine vaccination against varicella for children. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. Information on chickenpox (varicella) came from the [WHO Varicella page](https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/varicella#:~:text=Varicella%20(chickenpox)%20is%20an%20acute,humans%20are%20the%20only%20reservoir) and \"[Varicella zoster virus infection](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5381807/)\" by Gershon et al. \n\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination is required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in all 50 states in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is mandated and legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "}]},{"Name":"Chickenpox (varicella) vaccination is not required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. In some, but not all provinces, Varicella vaccines are mandated. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All vaccines offered in the country except that for Rotavirus are required to be free."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all mandatory vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country except seasonal influenza  are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Mandated vaccinations are decided at the subnational level in this country. There is some evidence that some vaccines are required in some regions of Pakistan, but there are not universal childhood vaccine requirements. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, most vaccines offered in the country are required to be reimbursed by compulsory health insurance. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all mandatory vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccinations are required to be free in the country. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free so long as children receive them in alignment with the vaccination calendar. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. While childhood vaccination is legally mandated, there is no available source for specific required vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only mandatory vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All mandatory vaccinations offered in the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country.  "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Only vaccines mandated by the country are legally required to be offered free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. All individuals that desire the vaccine must pay for it. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. Vaccines are not required by law to be provided to individuals free of charge. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Vaccination against Varicella is not mandated or legally enforceable in this country. However, all vaccines offered in the country are required to be free. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":null,"Countries":null}]}]},{"Name":"General vaccination policies","Method":"## General vaccination policies methods\n\nThe research team conducted a literature and landscape review to identify general and emergency vaccination policies. After preliminary policy categories were identified, a subject matter expert (SME) was consulted to verify the relevance of the areas of study. Previous analyses of vaccination policies have focused on mandates within individual countries or geographical regions. This project represents the most comprehensive mapping of legally enforceable general and emergency immunization policy to date.\n\n\\*Note: The childhood vaccination and general vaccination topics were led by the same member of the research team and were conducted simultaneously, as there is significant overlap in the topics. Thus, the methodology is largely the same for both topics, except for the inclusion criteria used for subtopic categories.\n\n### _Country selection_\n\nThe research team analyzed routine childhood and emergency vaccination policies for 192 of the United Nations (UN) Member States, as well as the Holy See (Vatican City) and Taiwan. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (ROK) was excluded due to a lack of publicly available policy information.\n\n### _Definitions_\n\nOnly legally binding policies were included in the study. To capture the diversity of ways in which countries codify their rules and regulations, in this work, policy was used as a broad term to describe a legally binding document produced by a competent governing authority to control the conduct of individuals and entities within their jurisdiction. For this work, we categorized legally binding policies as those that included specific enforcement mechanisms in the document or associated with a penal code that could be used to require parties within the jurisdiction to comply with the document's contents. Strategies, plans, and other documents outlining future actions of the national government or suggesting criteria for the development of legally binding policies were excluded from this research effort. Similarly, documents codifying country participation in the World Health Organization’s Expanded Programme on Immunizations (EPI) or other similar vaccination campaigns offering vaccinations to the population are not legally binding for citizens and were therefore excluded from this database.\n\nVaccination mandates vary significantly across nations and regions. However, this work necessitated a standardized definition for systematic application across all contexts included in this analysis. We therefore defined mandatory vaccination policy as a legally enforceable rule by which individuals are mandated to be vaccinated or to have their dependents vaccinated against one or more diseases.\n\nA condition for inclusion in this research was that the policy had to be valid and capable of being enforced. Separately, we assessed enforcement mechanisms as specific language included in policies. Thus, legally enforceable policy and the existence of an enforcement mechanism are not synonymous, as provisions within a policy can lack a clear scheme for enforcement.\n\nRoutine childhood vaccination is the immunization of individuals legally categorized as children on a prescribed interval for a set of conditions, per internationally agreed best practices. Emergency vaccination, on the other hand, is used in this work to describe vaccinations that are prescribed as the result of an acute threat facing a population (e.g. war, natural disaster, disease outbreak), and may not limited to a particular demographic group within a population.\n\nPolicies created to mandate vaccination against COVID-19 have been previously described and were outside the scope of this work. These policies do not appear in our database. We do, however, include policies that address general emergency vaccination powers, many of which were utilized for COVID-19 vaccinations.\n\n### _Identification of relevant policies_\n\nA standardized series of queries was used to search for appropriate policies. The standardized query terms used for each topic were developed through a literature review and then evaluated by reviewing the legislation surfaced by various queries for a 10-country pilot study to establish which search terms returned the most relevant policies. Throughout policy identification, all searches were first conducted in English. For countries where English is not utilized to conduct governmental affairs, Google Translate was used to translate the queries into the language used by the targeted country’s government. If all queries failed to produce relevant policies, the country was coded as having no relevant policies identified within that subtopic. In each case, a literature review was conducted to verify that no vaccination mandates are currently enforceable within that country.\n\nOnce a potentially relevant, legally binding policy had been identified, a thorough review of the policy language was conducted by the research team. For policies written in languages other than those spoken by the research team, Google Translate was used for policy review and a fluent speaker was contacted to confirm translation, where applicable. The policy was then assessed based on the inclusion criteria.\n\n### _Country status and inclusion criteria_\n\nAny country found to mandate childhood or emergency vaccinations universally at the subnational level, such as the USA, was coded as having that category of regulation, and the status justification was utilized to note the level of government where the policy could be located. The regulation of a policy category in a country at the subnational level was verified by identifying national-level policy devolving power over the specified sector to a subnational governing body. Countries in which some provinces have enforceable vaccination mandates, while others do not, were coded as having no relevant policy. This was the case for Canada, which only had vaccine mandates for Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba provinces. This also applied to Pakistan, which only had identifiable vaccination requirements in Sindh province.\n\nInclusion criteria were used to perform a standardized, yet flexible review of the contents of policies across the diversity of socio-political contexts present in UN Member States. The inclusion criteria were used to assess which subcategories were contained within each policy. The inclusion criteria framework used in this study is described below.\n\n**Childhood vaccination requirement**\nDocuments included in this subtopic were those legally binding policies that required parents or guardians of all children residing within the country of interest to be vaccinated against at least one disease. Policies that remained valid and required only vaccination against Smallpox for children are included in this database. Policies that meet the criteria for this category fall into two categories. Either, the policies directly mandated which diseases children were required to be vaccinated against, or the policy mandated that a competent authority set a calendar of mandatory vaccinations. Plans for mass vaccination campaigns or implementing legislation for the World Health Organization’s Expanded Programme on Immunizations (EPI) that did not mandate vaccination were excluded from this database. Countries that were found to universally mandate vaccination at the subnational level were coded as having a childhood vaccination requirement and the status justification was used to note which level of government the applicable policy could be located. \n\n**Enforcement of childhood vaccination**\nPolicies included in this subtopic defined the mechanisms employed to enforce routine childhood vaccination mandates. These documents contained specific language indicating the sanctions or penalties that would be applied to individuals who failed to comply with mandatory vaccinations. To capture the diverse ways in which countries attempted to increase the fulfillment of childhood vaccination mandates, the research team defined an enforcement mechanism as a consequence specifically designed to punish noncompliance with vaccine mandates.\n\n**Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement**\nThis subtopic included policies that created a legal mandate for individuals to be exempt from routine vaccination mandates. These exemptions may fall into two categories, namely medical and non-medical exemptions. Medical exemptions were defined as those that were granted to an individual who was determined by a healthcare professional to be ineligible for a vaccination due to a physical health condition. By contrast, a non-medical exemption was any exemption granted due to religious, philosophical, or ideological principles that precluded an individual from receiving a vaccination. It is widely understood that medical exemptions are recognized in every country in the world; however, these exemptions are not always codified in the legally enforceable policy. Only those legally enforceable policies that included provisions for exemptions from routine vaccination were included. \n\n**Emergency vaccination**\nPolicies included in this subtopic were those that grant a competent authority the power to implement compulsory vaccination upon some or all of the individuals living under their jurisdiction during an emergency. While some policies broadly granted governments the right to take any action that is reasonable and necessary in the event of an emergency, only those policies that explicitly stated that governments have the right to implement compulsory vaccination were included in the database.\n\n**Enforcement of emergency vaccination**\nThis subtopic included only policies that define the mechanisms employed to enforce compulsory emergency vaccinations. These documents contained specific language indicating the sanctions or penalties that would be applied to individuals who failed to comply with mandatory vaccination requirements. To capture the diverse ways in which countries attempted to increase compulsory vaccination acceptance, the research team defined an enforcement mechanism as a consequence specifically designed to punish noncompliance with emergency vaccine mandates \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","Subtopics":[{"Name":"Childhood vaccination requirement","Description":"Routine childhood vaccination is a critical component of global health security. However, over the past decade, regional variations in vaccine uptake trends have highlighted remaining challenges to ensuring adequate global vaccination coverage. Enforceable vaccine policy presents one approach to increasing vaccine coverage. In many countries, vaccine mandates have been an effective tool for reducing outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Due to their efficacy, vaccinations have been a significant area of focus over the past decade, yet the majority of studies on vaccine coverage have focused on the factors contributing to negative vaccination attitudes or anecdotal evidence on interventions that have increased vaccine uptake. While these areas of research are valuable, the global regulatory environment foundational to contextualizing rates of childhood vaccine uptake remains relatively unexplored. \n\nHere, we map and analyze the legally enforceable policies that require the vaccination of a child with at least one vaccination. We captured all policies related to the topic that currently exist within a country. Plans for country acceptance and implementation of the World Health Organization’s Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) were not included, as these were not found to be legally binding in any nation. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. The development of this subtopic was informed by [Eagan _et al_](https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2023.2237374), [Rezza](https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2019.1705021), and [Garnier _et al_](https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa088 https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/essential-programme-on-immunization). \n","Statuses":[{"Name":"No childhood vaccination requirement","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. Some provinces have subnational vaccination requirements, but these mandates are not uniformly in place across the entire country. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There was a law passed in 2005 (Law 3300) which mandated that children under the age of two be vaccinated. However, to enter into force, the law required a regulation stating the mandated vaccines and enforcement mechanisms be completed. This regulation was not identified through our methodology. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. While Article 24 of the Public Health Act, 2012 allows for childhood vaccinations to be made mandatory, it must be done through a separate regulation, which was not identified. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. According to Decree Law 6-2022, no one is required to receive vaccinations, though individual schools may be allowed to require vaccination for pupils. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. There is evidence that some states may have mandated vaccination, yet there is no national legislation requiring such immunizations. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. Until 2020, there was a law requiring vaccination against Smallpox, though this the provisions in this law requiring such immunization was repealed in 2021. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. In 2019, an outbreak of Measles led to an Emergency Order for all children to be vaccinated against Measles, yet no policy has codified this as an ongoing, routine practice. "}]},{"Name":"Childhood vaccination is required","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. In the United States, there are universal childhood vaccination laws at the state level. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. According to Decree Law 6-2022, no one is required to receive vaccinations, though individual schools may be allowed to require vaccination for pupils. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is no legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is a legally enforceable mandate requiring that children receive at least one vaccination in this country. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Enforcement of childhood vaccination requirement","Description":"Enforcement of routine childhood vaccination requirements is a critical component of upholding adequate vaccination coverage. For this work, we iterated upon a conceptual framework for assessing mandatory vaccination policies and their enforcement mechanisms proposed by Attwell and Navin (2019). To our knowledge, this work represents the first use of such a taxonomy for rigorously evaluating multiple components of vaccine policies at a global scale. Utilize the status justification to learn about the specific penalty employed by each country. \n\nThe categories utilized are defined as follows: \n- _2 or more enforcement mechanisms: Two or more of the penalty categories defined below were identified in the policy. To explore which categories are used, consult the status justification of each country for further information. _\n- _Financial levers: Financial levers are fiscal incentives, such as tax breaks or family stipends available only to individuals who meet specific qualifications. Financial levers included in this category were those fiscal incentives that required a parent or guardian to present documentation of age-appropriate vaccination of all dependents in order to meet qualification criteria. _\n- _Social exclusion: Any mechanism of enforcement by which an individual could be excluded from participation in routine societal functions due to their vaccination status. While this is commonly thought of as exclusion from schools and nurseries, this category also included restrictions on the processing of paperwork (Driver’s licenses, nuptial certificates) and travel. _\n- _Criminalization: Any enforcement mechanism that would be initiated by a judicial system, such as fines, incarceration, and loss of parental rights. _\n- _No enforcement mechanisms specified: Policies that themselves could be validly enforced, but that did not include identifiable enforcement mechanisms for childhood vaccination mandate provisions were assigned to this category. _\n\n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. The development of this subtopic was informed by [Attwell & Navin](https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12417). \n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Legal sanctions","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Parents in Poland can incur a fine for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine may not exceed the amount of PLN 10,000. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Singapore. At a first offense, parents will incur a fine of 500 Singapore Dollars, while a second offense leads to a fine of 1,000 Singapore Dollars. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"In Chile, unvaccinated individuals can be fined between 5.159 and 51,592,000 Chilean pesos. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"In Belgium, failing to vaccinate a child with the Poliovirus vaccine is punishable with a fine of 26-100 francs and imprisonment of 8 days to one month. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"In Bulgaria, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined between BGN 50-100. Parents that repeatedly fail to comply with requirements will be fined between BGN 100-200. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"In Bosnia and Herzegovina, individuals that fail to immunize themselves or their children with mandatory vaccines can be fined between 100 and 2,000 KM. However, businesses or schools can also be fined for failing to ensure that employees or pupils are adequately healthy, which may include knowledge of their vaccination status. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Parents of minors in Croatia that do not fulfill the requirements for mandatory vaccination will be fined HRK 2,000. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Guardians face a misdemeanor and a fine between 30,000 - 150,000 Serbian dinars for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Serbia. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Guardians face a fine between 5,000-10,000 Romanian Leu for failing to vaccinate their child after being offered educational counseling on mandated vaccines in Romania. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Parents in North Macedonia can incur a fine for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine must be between 30,000 and 50,000 Macedonian Denar. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Parents in Libya can incur a fine and jail time for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine must not exceed 50 dinar and jail time may not exceed one month. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"In Albania, unvaccinated individuals may be fined between 300 and 3000 Lek. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Slovakia. The fine for failing to receive a mandatory vaccination is 331 Euro. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"In Botswana, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined up to 5000 Pula. Parents may also be jailed for up to 12 months. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"In Belize, parents that fail to have their children vaccinated will face a fine of up to BZ$ 25. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Parents in Dominica who fail to vaccinate their child will be fined 50 East Caribbean Dollars per month of failure to present their child for vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"In Peru, individuals that fail to be vaccinated may receive a warning for noncompliance, but may also be assessed a fine. The amount of the fine is undefined in the General Law of Health, but will be determined on a case-by-case basis. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination mandates are enforceable through a jail sentence of up to one year and/or a \"Level 8\" fine, equivalent to USD $500. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"In Tanzania, individuals that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined 100,000 Shillings and sentenced to 3 months in prison. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"In Ukraine, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be prosecuted according to the Penal Code, though the specific penalty is undefined. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"In Tajikistan, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be prosecuted according to the Penal Code, though the specific penalty is undefined. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Parents in Grenada will be fined EC$ 50 for failing to vaccinate their child against Smallpox. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination is enforceable by a prison sentence of 6 months - 3 years and/or a fine of 2 million to 10 million Riels. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"According to the Law on Child Protection, any parent that conducts an action that leads to illness of their child will face a jail sentence of up to 5 years and/or a fine of up to 100 million Rupiah. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination mandates are enforceable through an unspecified criminal conviction. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"In Uganda, parents of unvaccinated children over one year of age can face a fine of up to 1,000,000 shillings and/or up to 3 months. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"In Uganda, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will face a fine of 200 currency points, equal to 4,000,000 shillings, and/or jail time of up to six months. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to comply with mandatory vaccination during a public health threat, and therefore, plausibly imperil general public health, will face a jail sentence of 2 years and an undefined fine. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"In Nicaragua, an individual that refuses an emergency vaccination and plausibly causes reparable damage to society or another person, the individual  will be fined between 500 and 30,000 córdobas. However, if the refusal of the vaccination results in irreparable damage to society or the death of another person, the unvaccinated individual may be fined between 30,001 and 50,000 córdobas.  "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"In Nicaragua, an individual that refuses a routine vaccination may be fined between 500 and 5,000 córdobas. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"In Bolivia, individuals that fail to comply with vaccinations, when declared mandatory, may be prosecuted under the Penal Code, though the exact repercussion is not clear. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be assessed a \"minor penalty\", equal to 1-5 days' work salary. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"In Ghana, individuals that fail to receive a mandatory vaccination will be fined a 50 penalty points (equal to 600 Ghanian cedi) and/or imprisoned for up to three months. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination is enforceable by a prison sentence of up to 3 months and/or a fine of up to 3,000 francs. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Individuals in Liberia that refuse a mandatory emergency vaccination will be fined no more than 200 Liberian Dollars and/or a jail sentence of up to 30 days. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"In Togo, according to the Code of Public Health parents of unvaccinated children are subject to the punishment of family abandonment as outlined in the Penal Code, Article 83. This penalty is 1-3 years imprisonment, unless the child dies, at which point the sentence can increase to 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"In Togo, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be subject to a fine of 1-5 million CFA francs and imprisonment of 1-6 months. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"In Malawi, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine of 100 Malawian Pounds and 12 months imprisonment. However, the Malawian Pound was replaced by the Kwacha in 1971, so the current value of the fine is unclear. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be assessed a fine of up to 500 USD and a jail sentence of up to one year. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Any individual who fails to comply with a mandatory vaccination will be fined up to 500 Pesos. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be prosecuted under the Criminal Law, though the penalty is not defined. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Individuals that refuse emergency vaccination can be assessed a fine between 30-500 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Individuals in Laos that refuse emergency vaccinations may be criminalized, though the exact mechanisms are not defined. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"In Thailand, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be subject to a fine of up to 20,000 Baht. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"In Sri Lanka, parents that fail to vaccinate their children against Smallpox can be fined up to 10 rupees. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Individuals who refuse vaccination in the face of a health emergency will be criminalized, though the exact penalty is not clear. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"In Bahrain, failing to vaccinate a child with vaccinations included in the schedule is punishable with a fine of 250-1000 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"In Bahrain, individuals that fail to comply with vaccinations, when declared mandatory, are subject to an imprisonment of at least 3 months and a fine of up to 1,000 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"In Qatar, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination can be fined up to 2,000 Riyal and imprisoned for up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Parents of unvaccinated children in Qatar can be fined up to 2,000 Riyal and imprisoned for up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Parents of unvaccinated children in Oman can be fined between 100-500 Rial Omani and imprisoned between 6 months and 3 years. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"In Oman, individuals that fail to comply with mandatory emergency vaccinations are subject to a fine between 500-5,000 Rial Omani and/or imprisonment between 1 month and 1 year."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations can be fined up to 750 penalty units. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"In South Korea, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination can be fined up to 2 million won. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"In Turkmenistan, individuals that refuse mandatory emergency vaccinations may be prosecuted under the law, though the exact penalty is unclear. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"In Bangladesh, individuals that fail to comply with vaccinations, when declared mandatory, are subject to an imprisonment of at least 3 months and a fine of up to 50,000 Taka. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to comply with mandatory vaccination during an epidemic threat will be fined up to 1,000 kyats. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be criminalized. Exact penalties vary by employer (public versus private) and/or charges against an individual. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Parents that fail to vaccinate their children can be fined between 20 and 200 pounds. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination mandates are enforceable through a fine ranging between 20-100 Piastres. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"In Malta, parents of children without mandatory vaccinations may be fined between 232.94 and 4,658.75 Euro and/or may face a prison sentence of 6 months to two years. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"In Malta, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine between 232.94 and 4,658.75 Euro and/or may face a prison sentence of 6 months to two years. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"In Iran, individuals that fail to comply with emergency vaccination will be faced with a fine of between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Rials, and/or a prison sentence of up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"In Montenegro, parents of children without mandatory vaccinations may be fined between 100 and 2,000 Euro. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"In Montenegro, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine between 500 and 2,000 Euro. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"In Mali, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine of 5,000-30,000 Francs and/or a jail sentence of 5-15 days. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"In Jordan, parents who fail to vaccinate their children may face an imprisonment of 2 months to 1 year and/or a fine of 500 to 1,000 dinar. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"In Jordan, individuals that refuse emergency vaccinations may face an imprisonment of 2 months to 1 year and/or a fine of 500 to 1,000 dinar. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"In the Bahamas, parents that fail to vaccinate their children are fined $4.00. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Individuals in Lesotho that refuse a mandatory emergency vaccination will be fined no more than 200 Rands and/or a jail sentence of up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be assessed a fine of up to K50,000.00 and/or incarcerated for up to 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"In Taiwan, individuals that fail to receive mandatory emergency vaccinations will be fined between NT$60,000 - NT$300,000. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"In Malaysia, individuals that refuse mandatory vaccination may be sentenced to imprisonment for up to two years and/or assessed a fine, though the amount of the fine is undefined in the law. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Individuals that refuse emergency vaccination will be assessed a fine of $5000 and/or imprisoned for up to 12 months. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"In St. Kitts, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined up to 8,000 East Caribbean Dollars. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Saudi Arabia. Failure to vaccinate children is categorized as parental neglect and abuse, which may result in the removal of children from their care and/or further prosecution. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations can be fined between 50,000 and 300,000 Riyals and/or be imprisoned between 1 week - 1 year. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"In the UAE, parents of unvaccinated children will be fined between 5,000 and 20,000 dirhams. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Parents in Kuwait can incur a fine and jail time for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine must not exceed 1,000 dinar and jail time may not exceed six months. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Individuals in Kuwait that refuse emergency vaccinations may be criminalized, incurring a fine between 50 and 200 dinar and incarceration for up to three months. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"In Sierra Leone, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined 5,000 Leones. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"In Benin, parents that fail to have their children vaccinated will face a fine between 25,000 and 250,000 CFA francs and/or a jail sentence between 1 month and 2 years. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"In Brunei, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined up to 10,000 Brunei dollars and incarcerated for up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"In Brunei, individuals that fail to receive mandatory emergency vaccines will be fined up to 10,000 Brunei dollars and incarcerated for up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"In Burkina Faso, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined between 5,000 and 30,000 CFA francs and may be imprisoned between 5 and 15 days. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"In Burkina Faso, individuals that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined between 5,000 and 30,000 CFA francs and may be imprisoned between 5 and 15 days. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"In Guinea, individuals that fail to comply with emergency vaccination will be faced with a fine of between 50,000 and 1,000,000 Guinean francs, and/or a prison sentence between 6 months and 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"In Guinea, parents that fail to comply with childhood vaccination will be faced with a fine of between 50,000 and 1,000,000 Guinean francs, and/or a prison sentence between 6 months and 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"The law states that individuals that refuse emergency vaccinations will be subject to criminal penalties, though these penalties are undefined. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Parents of minors in Comoros that do not fulfill the requirements for mandatory vaccination may be fined between FC 25,000 and 100,000 and face a jail sentence of 15-30 days. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Individuals in Comoros that do not fulfill the requirements for mandatory emergency vaccination may be fined between FC 25,000 and 100,000 and face a jail sentence of 15-30 days. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Parents in the Dominican Republic who fail to vaccinate their child will be fined based upon their current salary. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Guardians face a fine of $4.80 Eastern Caribbean Dollars for failing to vaccinate their child. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"In Samoa, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined an undefined amount. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in San Marino. Parents may be charged with a fine between 1,000,000 - 1,500,000 Lire. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations can be fined 100,000 VT and serve up to 12 months in jail. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Individuals that refuse emergency vaccination can be assessed a fine of 2000 Lek. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"In Belize, individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccination against Smallpox may be fined $25 and face incarceration for up to 3 months. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"In Bosnia and Herzegovina, individuals that fail to immunize themselves or their children with mandatory emergency vaccines can be fined between 100 and 2,000 KM."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Anyone who fails to receive a mandatory emergency vaccination my receive a fine up to 100,000 Pula and/or jailed for up to 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Failure to comply with emergency vaccinations can lead to a fine between BGN 300-1,000. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"In Chile, unvaccinated individuals can be fined between 5.159 and 51,592,000 Chilean pesos. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"In Croatia, individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations may be assessed a fine between HRK 30,000.00 and HRK 80,000.00. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"In Czechia, an individual that defies requirements for emergency vaccination will be assessed a fine of CZK 3,000,000. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations against Smallpox will be assessed a fine of 50 Eastern Caribbean Dollars. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination will be fined 200 emalangeni. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Any attempt to forego emergency vaccination or otherwise interfere will result in a fine of $40."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccinations can be mandated by governmental decree in the face of a disease epidemic and can be enforceable through an undefined fine and jail time of up to 3 months"},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Failure to receive an emergency vaccination is punishable by a jail sentence between 1-12 months. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination will be fined 5 pounds (currency no longer used in Israel) or 1 month of jail time. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"In Jamaica, individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination will be fined up to $500. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination can be fined, yet the fine is not defined in the policy. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":" The fine for failure to receive an emergency vaccination must be between 30,000 and 50,000 Macedonian Denar. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"In Peru, individuals that fail to be vaccinated may receive a warning for noncompliance, but may also be assessed a fine. The amount of the fine is undefined in the General Law of Health, but will be determined on a case-by-case basis. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Individuals face a misdemeanor and a fine between 30,000 - 150,000 Serbian dinars for failing to receive emergency vaccinations with mandated vaccines in Serbia. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Anyone that fails to receive an emergency vaccination can be fined up to $10,000 and jailed for up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"A fine of up to 5,000 Euro may be imposed on an individual that fails to receive a mandatory emergency vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Mandatory emergency vaccination is enforceable by a fine ranging from 4,000-100,000 Euros. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"In Tonga, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be subject to a fine of $1000 and/or a term of imprisonment that may not exceed 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive a mandatory emergency vaccination will receive an administrative infraction. "}]},{"Name":"Social exclusion","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Schools in Honduras require confirmation of vaccination for student enrollment, however, schools may not bar students from attending school if they are not vaccinated. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"In France, unvaccinated students cannot be enrolled in preschools, nurseries or grade schools. Parents are given three months from the beginning of the school year to initiate vaccination, but if the child remains unvaccinated, they will be barred from school entry."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children without a medical exemption waiver can be excluded from schools in Ukraine."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children without a medical exemption waiver can be excluded from schools in Tajikistan."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"In Antigua and Barbuda, children without the mandatory vaccinations cannot be admitted to public schools. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"In Russia, those that are not vaccinated may be temporarily restricted from visiting communal settings and entering schools, workplaces or nurseries during a disease outbreak. Additionally, unvaccinated individuals may be barred from holding certain jobs or traveling to certain countries. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"In Tanzania, children that do not have mandatory vaccinations may not be enrolled in schools until they have received all necessary vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"In Colombia, children without the mandatory vaccinations cannot be admitted to public schools. However, these children may not be denied education and instead their information will be sent to the local health authority to ameliorate the issue. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"In Costa Rica, pupils must present valid, up-to-date vaccination information for school registration. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"In Iraq, children must have vaccinations to enter schools or nurseries, though they will be provided upon entry if the pupil is not already vaccinated. Additionally, some occupations require vaccination as a precondition for employment. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Schools in El Salvador require confirmation of vaccination for student enrollment, however, schools may not bar students from attending school if they are not vaccinated. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"In Paraguay, children that are un or undervaccinated will not be allowed to attend congregate settings of children (e.g. nursery, school) and will be referred to the local healthy authority to receive the vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Children in Liberia may not attend school without the necessary vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"In Malawi, children without the smallpox vaccine are legally required to be barred from school enrollment. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"In Palau, unvaccinated children may not be admitted to school unless their parents have formally requested the vaccine(s) be administered within the next 30 days"},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"In Uruguay, children that do not have mandatory vaccinations or a medical exemption listed on their Child Health Card may not be enrolled in schools or participate in sports/extracurriculars."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Vaccination is a prerequisite for admission to educational institutions. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"In Turkmenistan, children that have not completed their mandatory vaccination schedule for their age may not be admitted to childcare or school settings. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"In Kyrgyzstan, those that are not vaccinated may be temporarily restricted from visiting communal settings and entering schools, workplaces or nurseries during a disease outbreak. Additionally, unvaccinated individuals may be barred from holding certain jobs. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"In Panama, children that are un or undervaccinated will not be allowed to attend congregate settings of children (e.g. nursery, school) and will be referred to the local healthy authority to receive the vaccinations. Parents may also face criminalization. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"In the United States, across all 50 states, mandatory childhood vaccinations are enforced through social exclusion from some schools. The types of schools/congregate childhood settings from which unvaccinated children may be excluded, and degree of exclusion varies by state. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to comply with state emergency vaccination mandates may be excluded from normal societal interactions, such as employment restrictions and school exclusion. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"In Taiwan, children without the mandatory vaccinations cannot be admitted to elementary schools."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"In Barbados, children without required vaccinations and without a rationale for an exemption will be prohibited from enrolling in school until those vaccinations are administered. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Schools in Guyana require confirmation of vaccination for student enrollment. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"In St. Kitts, children that are unvaccinated will not be allowed to attend congregate settings of children (e.g. nursery, school). "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children in Andorra may not register for schools or nurseries. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"In the Federated States of Micronesia, unvaccinated children may not be admitted to school."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be socially excluded from public life during an epidemic. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"In Monaco, unvaccinated children may not be admitted to school."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"In Trinidad and Tobago, children that have not completed their mandatory vaccination schedule for their age may not be admitted to childcare or school settings. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive mandatory emergency vaccinations may be excluded from various aspects of society, including employment and education. "}]},{"Name":"Financial levers","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"In Australia, parents that fail to immunize their children will receive a reduction in government family tax subsidies, as required routine immunizations are a precondition for this tax benefit. Additionally, some, but not all Australian states have implemented social exclusion from childcare institutions and schools for pupils that are not appropriately vaccinated. "}]},{"Name":"No enforcement mechanisms","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"While there are mandatory childhood vaccinations for schoolchildren, no enforcement mechanism for this requirement was identified in Latvian law. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. Article 275 states that the relevant authority can make requirements for compulsory vaccination for schoolchildren, though such a regulation could not be identified. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. Article 275 states that the relevant authority can make requirements for compulsory vaccination for schoolchildren, though such a regulation could not be identified. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":null},{"Name":"2 or more enforcement mechanisms","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"In Italy, both Criminalization (Fine between 100-500 Euros) and Social Exclusion (School Exclusion) are used as enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"In Germany, unvaccinated children can be barred from nursery schools or other communal childcare settings. School-aged children can be fined up to 2,500 Euros is they do not provide confirmation of having received vaccines. On occasion, school-aged children can be barred from in-person attendance. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"In Argentina, unvaccinated individuals may experience social exclusion from schools, and lack of vaccinations can affect processing of IDs, passports, residence paperwork, prenuptial certificates and driver's licenses. Additionally, financial levers are used, as certification of vaccination is required for the processing of family allowances. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children without a medical exemption waiver can be excluded from schools in Slovenia. Additionally, parents of unvaccinated children can be fined anywhere from 400 to 4,000 Euros.  "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children in Czechia must be excluded from the education system and parents of these children can be fined for failure to comply with mandatory vaccines. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Hungarian legislation allows for a variety of enforcement measures. Parents may be fined up to 500,000 Hungarian Forints, children may face social exclusion, such as lack of access to schools, and the law may be interpreted to allow for forcible vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"In Moldova, children can be precluded from entering schools or other communal settings with other children without completing their mandatory vaccinations. Additionally, the law allows for the guardian of an unvaccinated child to be held liable in the case that their status causes the occurrence of communicable diseases. These parents would be required to compensate the expenses of medical, sanitary and public health institutions for the provision of services to those sick with the communicable disease. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"In Jamaica, both Criminalization (Fine of up to $500 or jail sentence up to 30 days) and Social Exclusion (School Exclusion) are used as enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Children that do not have the required documentation of vaccination will be barred from school (Social Exclusion) and their guardians will face a fine of $750 (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"In Venezuela, children that do not have mandatory vaccinations may not be enrolled in schools or employed. Additionally, the law allows for criminalization, as outlined in the Penal Code and reserves the right to commit forcible vaccination, as necessary. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"The law allows for criminalization, as outlined in the Penal Code (Jail sentence) and reserves the right to commit forcible vaccination, as necessary. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"In Brazil, parents that fail to vaccinate their children may not be able to receive the annual family allowance (financial levers), may face a fine (Criminalization) and may be referred to the Guardianship Council for child neglect (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"In Mexico, the government reserves the right to forcibly vaccinate individuals and can prosecute parents for failing to vaccinate their children, though the exact penalty is unclear (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"In Algeria, students can be excluded from schools without documentation of appropriate mandatory vaccinations and a fine can be assessed to parents of an amount between 30-500 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Children in Laos may not attend school without the necessary vaccinations. Parents may also be criminalized for not complying with mandatory vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"In Zambia, according to the law, children without the Smallpox vaccination may not be admitted to schools (social exclusion) and their parents may be fined up to 750 penalty units. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"In South Korea, citizens that refuse childhood vaccination can be fined up to 2 million won (criminalization) and may not attend school (social exclusion). "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"In Iran, children will face social exclusion from schools and nurseries, and parents may be faced with a fine of between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Rials, and/or a prison sentence of up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"In Lesotho, students that do not have the Smallpox vaccination may not be admitted to schools and their parents may be fined up to 200 Rands and/or receive a jail sentence up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Children in the Maldives are required to show proof of immunization from required diseases upon school enrollment. Additionally, individuals that do not vaccinate their children can incur a fine of up to 3,000 Maldivian Rufiya. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"In the Maldives, individuals that fail to comply with emergency vaccination may incur a fine up to Maldivian Rufiya and may, under court order, be forcibly vaccinated. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"In Argentina, failure to receive an emergency vaccination can result in a criminalization, which varies regionally, and/or forcible vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Individuals may be fined up to 500,000 Hungarian Forints for failing to receive an emergency vaccination, and the law may be interpreted to allow for forcible vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"In Mexico, the government reserves the right to forcibly vaccinate individuals and can prosecute individuals for failing to receive an emergency vaccination, though the exact penalty is unclear (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Individuals that have failed to receive emergency vaccinations may be barred from communal settings. Additionally, the law allows for unvaccinated individuals to be held liable in the case that their status causes the occurrence of communicable diseases. These individuals would be required to compensate the expenses of medical, sanitary and public health institutions for the provision of services to those sick with the communicable disease. "}]},{"Name":"No childhood vaccination requirement","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "}]}]},{"Name":"Exemption from childhood vaccination requirement","Description":"The availability of vaccine requirement exemptions may provide opportunities for individuals to circumvent mandatory vaccination. Readily available exemptions allow unvaccinated individuals to remain non-compliant with mandates without the risk of penalization. These exemptions may fall into two categories, namely Medical Exemptions (ME) and Non-Medical Exemptions (NME). ME are those that are granted to an individual who is determined by a healthcare professional to be ineligible for a vaccination due to a physical health condition. By contrast, a NME is any exemption granted due to religious, philosophical, or ideological principles that preclude an individual from receiving a vaccination. It is widely understood that ME are recognized in every country in the world; however, these exemptions are not always codified in the legally enforceable policy. Here, we track which countries specifically state in legally enforceable policy the permissibility of either category of exemption. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their childhood vaccination policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. The development of this subtopic was informed by [Attwell & Navin](https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12417), [Bednarczyk _et al_](https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2019.1562344)_, _and [Navin & Largent](https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phw047). \n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Medical exemptions","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical exemptions are the only accepted type of exemption from childhood vaccination requirements. These exemptions are received after examination by a medical professional that results in determination of a medical contraindication to the vaccine. "}]},{"Name":"No exemptions specified","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Legislation does not specify vaccination exemptions."}]},{"Name":"No childhood vaccination requirement","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "}]},{"Name":"Medical and non-medical exemptions","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. Latvian law specifically states that citizens, and those under the guardianship of Latvian citizens, may refuse vaccination for any reason."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and religious exemptions are permissible in lieu of vaccination for school enrollment. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. Russian law specifically states that citizens, and those under the guardianship of Russian citizens, may refuse vaccination for any reason. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. Mongolian law specifically states that citizens, and those under the guardianship of Mongolian citizens, may refuse vaccination for any reason. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. Kazakh law specifically states that citizens, and those under the guardianship of Kazakhstan citizens, may refuse vaccination for any reason. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. The law specifically states that citizens may refuse vaccination for any reason. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. The law specifically states that citizens may refuse vaccination for any reason, though they will receive counseling for their decision. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. In 43 of 50 states, students may be exempted from mandatory vaccinations if they present evidence of non-medical (religious or philosophical) motivations to refuse vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Legislation specifies that medical and non-medical exemptions are allowed in this country. However, the law states that parents of unvaccinated children must purchase additional insurance to cover the cost of potential spread of disease due to their unvaccinated child. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Emergency vaccination authority","Description":"Emergency powers, which temporarily enhance the powers of a government executive, allow decision-makers to nimbly and rapidly respond to unexpected threatening events. Public health measures, including vaccination, are often included in legislation on emergency powers or are directly referred to in vaccine legislation. However, this area of study is nebulous. While some countries directly state that the government may make some vaccinations compulsory during emergency situations, others simply state that the government has the power to take all necessary actions in the event of an emergency. For this research, we necessarily bound the definition of emergency vaccination provisions to only those pieces of legislation that explicitly state that compulsory vaccination may take place during a state of emergency. While we acknowledge that other states with broad mandates to utilize emergency powers may be able to take executive actions during emergencies, collecting and interpreting these laws was beyond the scope of this project. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their emergency powers policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. The development of this subtopic was informed by [Gostin](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14569656/). \n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Emergency power to vaccinate","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. The government does have this power, but a separate decree must be issued to require compulsory vaccination during an epidemic event. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. This vaccination may only be for Smallpox. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, this emergency power can only be used for Smallpox. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. This is referred to as \"temporary vaccination [translation]\". "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. Any individual that does not comply with the order will be fined up to FJD 40. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. Those that fail to comply with this requirement may be jailed for a period between 1-12 months. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. This is enforceable by a prison sentence of 6 months - 3 years and/or a fine of 2 million to 10 million Riels. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. This is enforceable by a prison sentence of 6 months - 3 years and/or a fine of 2 million to 10 million Riels. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"While the government does reserve the right to order vaccinations in the event of an emergency, citizens have the right to refuse any of these ordered vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. This vaccination may only be for Smallpox. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. Those that fail to comply with this requirement may be jailed for a period between 1-12 months. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. In the United States, requirement for emergency vaccination falls under the Police Powers of each state. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. Those that fail to comply with this requirement may be jailed for a period between 1-12 months. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"In Switzerland, the legislation from the national empowers cantons (subnational) to declare and enforce mandatory vaccination in the case of a health emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There is an enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "}]},{"Name":"No emergency power to vaccinate","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have legislation or a constitutional right to mandate vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"While the government does reserve the right to order vaccinations in the event of an emergency, citizens have the right to refuse any of these ordered vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have legislation or a constitutional right to mandate vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"While the government does reserve the right to order vaccinations in the event of an emergency, citizens have the right to refuse any of these ordered vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have used legislative powers to mandate vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"While the government does reserve the right to order vaccinations in the event of an emergency, citizens have the right to refuse any of these ordered vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have legislation or a constitutional right to mandate vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. At the time of data collection, the \"Bill for an Act to Provide for an Effective National Framework for the Control of Outbreaks of Infectious Diseases and Other Events Endangering Public Health and Requiring Public Health Emergency Measures and For Other Related Matters” had been passed by the Nigerian Senate, but had not been signed into law. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"While the government does reserve the right to order vaccinations in the event of an emergency, citizens have the right to refuse any of these ordered vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have used legislative powers to mandate vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have legislation or a constitutional right to mandate vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have legislation or a constitutional right to mandate vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have legislation or a constitutional right to mandate vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. However, some provinces may have used legislative powers to mandate vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is no enforceable policy requiring that individuals receive a vaccination mandated by a government entity in the event of an emergency. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":null}]},{"Name":"Enforcement of emergency vaccination","Description":"Enforcement of emergency vaccination requirements is critical to mounting an adequate response to a public health emergency. For this work, we once again iterated upon a conceptual framework for assessing mandatory vaccination policies and their enforcement mechanisms proposed by Attwell and Navin (2019). Efforts to map the policies created to enforce vaccination mandates against COVID-19 are ongoing. However, to our knowledge, this work represents the first effort to rigorously evaluate foundational emergency vaccination policies at a global scale. Utilize the status justification to learn about the specific penalty employed by each country during an emergency situation. \n\nThe categorizations utilized in this ontology are defined as follows: \n- _2 or more enforcement mechanisms: Two or more of the penalty categories defined below were identified in the policy. To explore which categories are used, consult the status justification of each country for further information. _\n- _Social exclusion: Any mechanism of enforcement by which an individual could be excluded from participation in routine societal functions due to their vaccination status. While this is commonly thought of as exclusion from schools and nurseries, this category also included restrictions on employment and individual movements due to vaccination status. _\n- _Criminalization: Any enforcement mechanism that would be initiated by a judicial system, such as fines and incarceration. _\n- _No enforcement mechanisms specified: Policies that themselves could be validly enforced, but that did not include identifiable enforcement mechanisms for emergency vaccination mandates were assigned to this category. _\n\n\nA select number of countries specifically permit forcible vaccination in policy. Forcible vaccination was defined as vaccinations performed by an enforcement entity with a mandate to immunize members of the public regardless of objections. No country solely utilizes forcible vaccination. All countries that use this enforcement mechanism are coded as _2 or more enforcement mechanisms. _Refer to the status justification to identify which countries have policies permitting this practice. \n","Source":"We consulted the national legislature websites for each country to find their emergency powers policies. These sites were accessed between October 2023 and February 2024. The development of this subtopic was informed by [Attwell & Navin](https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12417) and [Cameron-Blake _et al_](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01615-8)_. _\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"2 or more enforcement mechanisms","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"In Italy, both Criminalization (Fine between 100-500 Euros) and Social Exclusion (School Exclusion) are used as enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"In Germany, unvaccinated children can be barred from nursery schools or other communal childcare settings. School-aged children can be fined up to 2,500 Euros is they do not provide confirmation of having received vaccines. On occasion, school-aged children can be barred from in-person attendance. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"In Argentina, unvaccinated individuals may experience social exclusion from schools, and lack of vaccinations can affect processing of IDs, passports, residence paperwork, prenuptial certificates and driver's licenses. Additionally, financial levers are used, as certification of vaccination is required for the processing of family allowances. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children without a medical exemption waiver can be excluded from schools in Slovenia. Additionally, parents of unvaccinated children can be fined anywhere from 400 to 4,000 Euros.  "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children in Czechia must be excluded from the education system and parents of these children can be fined for failure to comply with mandatory vaccines. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Hungarian legislation allows for a variety of enforcement measures. Parents may be fined up to 500,000 Hungarian Forints, children may face social exclusion, such as lack of access to schools, and the law may be interpreted to allow for forcible vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"In Moldova, children can be precluded from entering schools or other communal settings with other children without completing their mandatory vaccinations. Additionally, the law allows for the guardian of an unvaccinated child to be held liable in the case that their status causes the occurrence of communicable diseases. These parents would be required to compensate the expenses of medical, sanitary and public health institutions for the provision of services to those sick with the communicable disease. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"In Jamaica, both Criminalization (Fine of up to $500 or jail sentence up to 30 days) and Social Exclusion (School Exclusion) are used as enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Children that do not have the required documentation of vaccination will be barred from school (Social Exclusion) and their guardians will face a fine of $750 (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"In Venezuela, children that do not have mandatory vaccinations may not be enrolled in schools or employed. Additionally, the law allows for criminalization, as outlined in the Penal Code and reserves the right to commit forcible vaccination, as necessary. "},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"The law allows for criminalization, as outlined in the Penal Code (Jail sentence) and reserves the right to commit forcible vaccination, as necessary. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"In Brazil, parents that fail to vaccinate their children may not be able to receive the annual family allowance (financial levers), may face a fine (Criminalization) and may be referred to the Guardianship Council for child neglect (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"In Mexico, the government reserves the right to forcibly vaccinate individuals and can prosecute parents for failing to vaccinate their children, though the exact penalty is unclear (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"In Algeria, students can be excluded from schools without documentation of appropriate mandatory vaccinations and a fine can be assessed to parents of an amount between 30-500 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Children in Laos may not attend school without the necessary vaccinations. Parents may also be criminalized for not complying with mandatory vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"In Zambia, according to the law, children without the Smallpox vaccination may not be admitted to schools (social exclusion) and their parents may be fined up to 750 penalty units. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"In South Korea, citizens that refuse childhood vaccination can be fined up to 2 million won (criminalization) and may not attend school (social exclusion). "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"In Iran, children will face social exclusion from schools and nurseries, and parents may be faced with a fine of between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Rials, and/or a prison sentence of up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"In Lesotho, students that do not have the Smallpox vaccination may not be admitted to schools and their parents may be fined up to 200 Rands and/or receive a jail sentence up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Children in the Maldives are required to show proof of immunization from required diseases upon school enrollment. Additionally, individuals that do not vaccinate their children can incur a fine of up to 3,000 Maldivian Rufiya. "},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"In the Maldives, individuals that fail to comply with emergency vaccination may incur a fine up to Maldivian Rufiya and may, under court order, be forcibly vaccinated. "},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"In Argentina, failure to receive an emergency vaccination can result in a criminalization, which varies regionally, and/or forcible vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Individuals may be fined up to 500,000 Hungarian Forints for failing to receive an emergency vaccination, and the law may be interpreted to allow for forcible vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"In Mexico, the government reserves the right to forcibly vaccinate individuals and can prosecute individuals for failing to receive an emergency vaccination, though the exact penalty is unclear (Criminalization). "},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Individuals that have failed to receive emergency vaccinations may be barred from communal settings. Additionally, the law allows for unvaccinated individuals to be held liable in the case that their status causes the occurrence of communicable diseases. These individuals would be required to compensate the expenses of medical, sanitary and public health institutions for the provision of services to those sick with the communicable disease. "}]},{"Name":"Legal sanctions","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Parents in Poland can incur a fine for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine may not exceed the amount of PLN 10,000. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Singapore. At a first offense, parents will incur a fine of 500 Singapore Dollars, while a second offense leads to a fine of 1,000 Singapore Dollars. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"In Chile, unvaccinated individuals can be fined between 5.159 and 51,592,000 Chilean pesos. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"In Belgium, failing to vaccinate a child with the Poliovirus vaccine is punishable with a fine of 26-100 francs and imprisonment of 8 days to one month. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"In Bulgaria, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined between BGN 50-100. Parents that repeatedly fail to comply with requirements will be fined between BGN 100-200. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"In Bosnia and Herzegovina, individuals that fail to immunize themselves or their children with mandatory vaccines can be fined between 100 and 2,000 KM. However, businesses or schools can also be fined for failing to ensure that employees or pupils are adequately healthy, which may include knowledge of their vaccination status. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Parents of minors in Croatia that do not fulfill the requirements for mandatory vaccination will be fined HRK 2,000. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Guardians face a misdemeanor and a fine between 30,000 - 150,000 Serbian dinars for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Serbia. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Guardians face a fine between 5,000-10,000 Romanian Leu for failing to vaccinate their child after being offered educational counseling on mandated vaccines in Romania. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Parents in North Macedonia can incur a fine for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine must be between 30,000 and 50,000 Macedonian Denar. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Parents in Libya can incur a fine and jail time for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine must not exceed 50 dinar and jail time may not exceed one month. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"In Albania, unvaccinated individuals may be fined between 300 and 3000 Lek. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Slovakia. The fine for failing to receive a mandatory vaccination is 331 Euro. "},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"In Botswana, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined up to 5000 Pula. Parents may also be jailed for up to 12 months. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"In Belize, parents that fail to have their children vaccinated will face a fine of up to BZ$ 25. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Parents in Dominica who fail to vaccinate their child will be fined 50 East Caribbean Dollars per month of failure to present their child for vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"In Peru, individuals that fail to be vaccinated may receive a warning for noncompliance, but may also be assessed a fine. The amount of the fine is undefined in the General Law of Health, but will be determined on a case-by-case basis. "},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination mandates are enforceable through a jail sentence of up to one year and/or a \"Level 8\" fine, equivalent to USD $500. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"In Tanzania, individuals that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined 100,000 Shillings and sentenced to 3 months in prison. "},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"In Ukraine, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be prosecuted according to the Penal Code, though the specific penalty is undefined. "},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"In Tajikistan, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be prosecuted according to the Penal Code, though the specific penalty is undefined. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Parents in Grenada will be fined EC$ 50 for failing to vaccinate their child against Smallpox. "},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination is enforceable by a prison sentence of 6 months - 3 years and/or a fine of 2 million to 10 million Riels. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"According to the Law on Child Protection, any parent that conducts an action that leads to illness of their child will face a jail sentence of up to 5 years and/or a fine of up to 100 million Rupiah. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination mandates are enforceable through an unspecified criminal conviction. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"In Uganda, parents of unvaccinated children over one year of age can face a fine of up to 1,000,000 shillings and/or up to 3 months. "},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"In Uganda, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will face a fine of 200 currency points, equal to 4,000,000 shillings, and/or jail time of up to six months. "},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to comply with mandatory vaccination during a public health threat, and therefore, plausibly imperil general public health, will face a jail sentence of 2 years and an undefined fine. "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"In Nicaragua, an individual that refuses an emergency vaccination and plausibly causes reparable damage to society or another person, the individual  will be fined between 500 and 30,000 córdobas. However, if the refusal of the vaccination results in irreparable damage to society or the death of another person, the unvaccinated individual may be fined between 30,001 and 50,000 córdobas.  "},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"In Nicaragua, an individual that refuses a routine vaccination may be fined between 500 and 5,000 córdobas. "},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"In Bolivia, individuals that fail to comply with vaccinations, when declared mandatory, may be prosecuted under the Penal Code, though the exact repercussion is not clear. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be assessed a \"minor penalty\", equal to 1-5 days' work salary. "},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"In Ghana, individuals that fail to receive a mandatory vaccination will be fined a 50 penalty points (equal to 600 Ghanian cedi) and/or imprisoned for up to three months. "},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination is enforceable by a prison sentence of up to 3 months and/or a fine of up to 3,000 francs. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Individuals in Liberia that refuse a mandatory emergency vaccination will be fined no more than 200 Liberian Dollars and/or a jail sentence of up to 30 days. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"In Togo, according to the Code of Public Health parents of unvaccinated children are subject to the punishment of family abandonment as outlined in the Penal Code, Article 83. This penalty is 1-3 years imprisonment, unless the child dies, at which point the sentence can increase to 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"In Togo, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be subject to a fine of 1-5 million CFA francs and imprisonment of 1-6 months. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"In Malawi, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine of 100 Malawian Pounds and 12 months imprisonment. However, the Malawian Pound was replaced by the Kwacha in 1971, so the current value of the fine is unclear. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be assessed a fine of up to 500 USD and a jail sentence of up to one year. "},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Any individual who fails to comply with a mandatory vaccination will be fined up to 500 Pesos. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be prosecuted under the Criminal Law, though the penalty is not defined. "},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Individuals that refuse emergency vaccination can be assessed a fine between 30-500 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Individuals in Laos that refuse emergency vaccinations may be criminalized, though the exact mechanisms are not defined. "},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"In Thailand, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be subject to a fine of up to 20,000 Baht. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"In Sri Lanka, parents that fail to vaccinate their children against Smallpox can be fined up to 10 rupees. "},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Individuals who refuse vaccination in the face of a health emergency will be criminalized, though the exact penalty is not clear. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"In Bahrain, failing to vaccinate a child with vaccinations included in the schedule is punishable with a fine of 250-1000 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"In Bahrain, individuals that fail to comply with vaccinations, when declared mandatory, are subject to an imprisonment of at least 3 months and a fine of up to 1,000 dinars. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"In Qatar, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination can be fined up to 2,000 Riyal and imprisoned for up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Parents of unvaccinated children in Qatar can be fined up to 2,000 Riyal and imprisoned for up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Parents of unvaccinated children in Oman can be fined between 100-500 Rial Omani and imprisoned between 6 months and 3 years. "},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"In Oman, individuals that fail to comply with mandatory emergency vaccinations are subject to a fine between 500-5,000 Rial Omani and/or imprisonment between 1 month and 1 year."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations can be fined up to 750 penalty units. "},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"In South Korea, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination can be fined up to 2 million won. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"In Turkmenistan, individuals that refuse mandatory emergency vaccinations may be prosecuted under the law, though the exact penalty is unclear. "},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"In Bangladesh, individuals that fail to comply with vaccinations, when declared mandatory, are subject to an imprisonment of at least 3 months and a fine of up to 50,000 Taka. "},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to comply with mandatory vaccination during an epidemic threat will be fined up to 1,000 kyats. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be criminalized. Exact penalties vary by employer (public versus private) and/or charges against an individual. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Parents that fail to vaccinate their children can be fined between 20 and 200 pounds. "},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccination mandates are enforceable through a fine ranging between 20-100 Piastres. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"In Malta, parents of children without mandatory vaccinations may be fined between 232.94 and 4,658.75 Euro and/or may face a prison sentence of 6 months to two years. "},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"In Malta, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine between 232.94 and 4,658.75 Euro and/or may face a prison sentence of 6 months to two years. "},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"In Iran, individuals that fail to comply with emergency vaccination will be faced with a fine of between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Rials, and/or a prison sentence of up to one month. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"In Montenegro, parents of children without mandatory vaccinations may be fined between 100 and 2,000 Euro. "},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"In Montenegro, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine between 500 and 2,000 Euro. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"In Mali, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination are to receive a fine of 5,000-30,000 Francs and/or a jail sentence of 5-15 days. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"In Jordan, parents who fail to vaccinate their children may face an imprisonment of 2 months to 1 year and/or a fine of 500 to 1,000 dinar. "},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"In Jordan, individuals that refuse emergency vaccinations may face an imprisonment of 2 months to 1 year and/or a fine of 500 to 1,000 dinar. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"In the Bahamas, parents that fail to vaccinate their children are fined $4.00. "},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Individuals in Lesotho that refuse a mandatory emergency vaccination will be fined no more than 200 Rands and/or a jail sentence of up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be assessed a fine of up to K50,000.00 and/or incarcerated for up to 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"In Taiwan, individuals that fail to receive mandatory emergency vaccinations will be fined between NT$60,000 - NT$300,000. "},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"In Malaysia, individuals that refuse mandatory vaccination may be sentenced to imprisonment for up to two years and/or assessed a fine, though the amount of the fine is undefined in the law. "},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Individuals that refuse emergency vaccination will be assessed a fine of $5000 and/or imprisoned for up to 12 months. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"In St. Kitts, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined up to 8,000 East Caribbean Dollars. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in Saudi Arabia. Failure to vaccinate children is categorized as parental neglect and abuse, which may result in the removal of children from their care and/or further prosecution. "},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations can be fined between 50,000 and 300,000 Riyals and/or be imprisoned between 1 week - 1 year. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"In the UAE, parents of unvaccinated children will be fined between 5,000 and 20,000 dirhams. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Parents in Kuwait can incur a fine and jail time for failing to vaccinate their child. The fine must not exceed 1,000 dinar and jail time may not exceed six months. "},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Individuals in Kuwait that refuse emergency vaccinations may be criminalized, incurring a fine between 50 and 200 dinar and incarceration for up to three months. "},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"In Sierra Leone, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined 5,000 Leones. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"In Benin, parents that fail to have their children vaccinated will face a fine between 25,000 and 250,000 CFA francs and/or a jail sentence between 1 month and 2 years. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"In Brunei, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined up to 10,000 Brunei dollars and incarcerated for up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"In Brunei, individuals that fail to receive mandatory emergency vaccines will be fined up to 10,000 Brunei dollars and incarcerated for up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"In Burkina Faso, parents that fail to vaccinate their children will be fined between 5,000 and 30,000 CFA francs and may be imprisoned between 5 and 15 days. "},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"In Burkina Faso, individuals that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined between 5,000 and 30,000 CFA francs and may be imprisoned between 5 and 15 days. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"In Guinea, individuals that fail to comply with emergency vaccination will be faced with a fine of between 50,000 and 1,000,000 Guinean francs, and/or a prison sentence between 6 months and 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"In Guinea, parents that fail to comply with childhood vaccination will be faced with a fine of between 50,000 and 1,000,000 Guinean francs, and/or a prison sentence between 6 months and 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"The law states that individuals that refuse emergency vaccinations will be subject to criminal penalties, though these penalties are undefined. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Parents of minors in Comoros that do not fulfill the requirements for mandatory vaccination may be fined between FC 25,000 and 100,000 and face a jail sentence of 15-30 days. "},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Individuals in Comoros that do not fulfill the requirements for mandatory emergency vaccination may be fined between FC 25,000 and 100,000 and face a jail sentence of 15-30 days. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Parents in the Dominican Republic who fail to vaccinate their child will be fined based upon their current salary. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Guardians face a fine of $4.80 Eastern Caribbean Dollars for failing to vaccinate their child. "},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"In Samoa, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination will be fined an undefined amount. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Parents can face a criminal offense for failing to vaccinate their child with mandated vaccines in San Marino. Parents may be charged with a fine between 1,000,000 - 1,500,000 Lire. "},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations can be fined 100,000 VT and serve up to 12 months in jail. "},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Individuals that refuse emergency vaccination can be assessed a fine of 2000 Lek. "},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"In Belize, individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccination against Smallpox may be fined $25 and face incarceration for up to 3 months. "},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"In Bosnia and Herzegovina, individuals that fail to immunize themselves or their children with mandatory emergency vaccines can be fined between 100 and 2,000 KM."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Anyone who fails to receive a mandatory emergency vaccination my receive a fine up to 100,000 Pula and/or jailed for up to 5 years. "},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Failure to comply with emergency vaccinations can lead to a fine between BGN 300-1,000. "},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"In Chile, unvaccinated individuals can be fined between 5.159 and 51,592,000 Chilean pesos. "},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"In Croatia, individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations may be assessed a fine between HRK 30,000.00 and HRK 80,000.00. "},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"In Czechia, an individual that defies requirements for emergency vaccination will be assessed a fine of CZK 3,000,000. "},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive emergency vaccinations against Smallpox will be assessed a fine of 50 Eastern Caribbean Dollars. "},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination will be fined 200 emalangeni. "},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Any attempt to forego emergency vaccination or otherwise interfere will result in a fine of $40."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Emergency vaccinations can be mandated by governmental decree in the face of a disease epidemic and can be enforceable through an undefined fine and jail time of up to 3 months"},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Failure to receive an emergency vaccination is punishable by a jail sentence between 1-12 months. "},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination will be fined 5 pounds (currency no longer used in Israel) or 1 month of jail time. "},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"In Jamaica, individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination will be fined up to $500. "},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive an emergency vaccination can be fined, yet the fine is not defined in the policy. "},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":" The fine for failure to receive an emergency vaccination must be between 30,000 and 50,000 Macedonian Denar. "},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"In Peru, individuals that fail to be vaccinated may receive a warning for noncompliance, but may also be assessed a fine. The amount of the fine is undefined in the General Law of Health, but will be determined on a case-by-case basis. "},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Individuals face a misdemeanor and a fine between 30,000 - 150,000 Serbian dinars for failing to receive emergency vaccinations with mandated vaccines in Serbia. "},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Anyone that fails to receive an emergency vaccination can be fined up to $10,000 and jailed for up to 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"A fine of up to 5,000 Euro may be imposed on an individual that fails to receive a mandatory emergency vaccination. "},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Mandatory emergency vaccination is enforceable by a fine ranging from 4,000-100,000 Euros. "},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"In Tonga, citizens that refuse emergency vaccination may be subject to a fine of $1000 and/or a term of imprisonment that may not exceed 6 months. "},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive a mandatory emergency vaccination will receive an administrative infraction. "}]},{"Name":"Social exclusion","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Schools in Honduras require confirmation of vaccination for student enrollment, however, schools may not bar students from attending school if they are not vaccinated. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"In France, unvaccinated students cannot be enrolled in preschools, nurseries or grade schools. Parents are given three months from the beginning of the school year to initiate vaccination, but if the child remains unvaccinated, they will be barred from school entry."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children without a medical exemption waiver can be excluded from schools in Ukraine."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children without a medical exemption waiver can be excluded from schools in Tajikistan."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"In Antigua and Barbuda, children without the mandatory vaccinations cannot be admitted to public schools. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"In Russia, those that are not vaccinated may be temporarily restricted from visiting communal settings and entering schools, workplaces or nurseries during a disease outbreak. Additionally, unvaccinated individuals may be barred from holding certain jobs or traveling to certain countries. "},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"In Tanzania, children that do not have mandatory vaccinations may not be enrolled in schools until they have received all necessary vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"In Colombia, children without the mandatory vaccinations cannot be admitted to public schools. However, these children may not be denied education and instead their information will be sent to the local health authority to ameliorate the issue. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"In Costa Rica, pupils must present valid, up-to-date vaccination information for school registration. "},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"In Iraq, children must have vaccinations to enter schools or nurseries, though they will be provided upon entry if the pupil is not already vaccinated. Additionally, some occupations require vaccination as a precondition for employment. "},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Schools in El Salvador require confirmation of vaccination for student enrollment, however, schools may not bar students from attending school if they are not vaccinated. "},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"In Paraguay, children that are un or undervaccinated will not be allowed to attend congregate settings of children (e.g. nursery, school) and will be referred to the local healthy authority to receive the vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Children in Liberia may not attend school without the necessary vaccinations. "},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"In Malawi, children without the smallpox vaccine are legally required to be barred from school enrollment. "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"In Palau, unvaccinated children may not be admitted to school unless their parents have formally requested the vaccine(s) be administered within the next 30 days"},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"In Uruguay, children that do not have mandatory vaccinations or a medical exemption listed on their Child Health Card may not be enrolled in schools or participate in sports/extracurriculars."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Vaccination is a prerequisite for admission to educational institutions. "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"In Turkmenistan, children that have not completed their mandatory vaccination schedule for their age may not be admitted to childcare or school settings. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"In Kyrgyzstan, those that are not vaccinated may be temporarily restricted from visiting communal settings and entering schools, workplaces or nurseries during a disease outbreak. Additionally, unvaccinated individuals may be barred from holding certain jobs. "},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"In Panama, children that are un or undervaccinated will not be allowed to attend congregate settings of children (e.g. nursery, school) and will be referred to the local healthy authority to receive the vaccinations. Parents may also face criminalization. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"In the United States, across all 50 states, mandatory childhood vaccinations are enforced through social exclusion from some schools. The types of schools/congregate childhood settings from which unvaccinated children may be excluded, and degree of exclusion varies by state. "},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to comply with state emergency vaccination mandates may be excluded from normal societal interactions, such as employment restrictions and school exclusion. "},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"In Taiwan, children without the mandatory vaccinations cannot be admitted to elementary schools."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"In Barbados, children without required vaccinations and without a rationale for an exemption will be prohibited from enrolling in school until those vaccinations are administered. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Schools in Guyana require confirmation of vaccination for student enrollment. "},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"In St. Kitts, children that are unvaccinated will not be allowed to attend congregate settings of children (e.g. nursery, school). "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Unvaccinated children in Andorra may not register for schools or nurseries. "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"In the Federated States of Micronesia, unvaccinated children may not be admitted to school."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Individuals that do not receive mandatory vaccines may be socially excluded from public life during an epidemic. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"In Monaco, unvaccinated children may not be admitted to school."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Routine childhood vaccinations are not mandated in this country. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"In Trinidad and Tobago, children that have not completed their mandatory vaccination schedule for their age may not be admitted to childcare or school settings. "},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Individuals that fail to receive mandatory emergency vaccinations may be excluded from various aspects of society, including employment and education. "}]},{"Name":"No enforcement mechanisms","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated but there are no legal enforcement mechanisms. "},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated during an epidemic, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"While there are mandatory childhood vaccinations for schoolchildren, no enforcement mechanism for this requirement was identified in Latvian law. "},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. Article 275 states that the relevant authority can make requirements for compulsory vaccination for schoolchildren, though such a regulation could not be identified. "},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for children to be vaccinated, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. Article 275 states that the relevant authority can make requirements for compulsory vaccination for schoolchildren, though such a regulation could not be identified. "},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for individuals to be vaccinated in the face of appropriate epidemiological conditions, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"While there is a legal requirement for citizens and residents to be vaccinated during a health emergency, no enforcement mechanisms were identified in the legislation. "}]},{"Name":"No emergency power to vaccinate","Description":null,"Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NIU","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"No enforcement mechanism exists at the national level, but subnational enforcement may take place within a canton. "},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"CUW","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"There is no required emergency vaccination, thus no enforcement mechanism exists. "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Data not collected for various reasons like inability to translate, inability to locate documents, etc.","Countries":null}]}]},{"Name":"Trade and intellectual property","Method":"## Trade and intellectual property methods\n\nIn order to build a more complete picture of the patent legislation and compulsory licensing landscape, we collected data not only on patent legislation, but also on a country's WTO Member status, whether they are classified as an LDC by the UN, and their import and export status under TRIPS Article 31bis.\n\n### _Sources_\n\nSources included the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) LEX database, an online database of IP laws and regulations from around the world. For countries whose patent legislation was not available on the WIPO LEX website, the websites of their national patent offices were consulted. In situations where the patent legislation was not available in English, it was translated using Google Translate. The WTO website was consulted for a list of WTO Members and Observers. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) website was consulted to determine which countries are designated by the United Nations as the least developed countries.\n\n### _Country status and policy inclusion criteria_\n\nCountries were assigned a status for each of the following five categories. WTO member status, LDC exemption status, and import/export status under TRIPS, country status could be pulled directly from WTO documentation. For compulsory licensing provision and pharmaceutical export provision, we identified the relevant country patent legislation in order to assign a status. For these two topics the inclusion criteria is described below. \n\n**World Trade Organization member status**\nWTO member status was determined by looking at the latest edition of the [Status of WTO Legal Instruments](https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wto_legal_instruments_e.htm) publication, published in 2021.\n\n**Least developed country (LDC) exemption under TRIPS**\nLDC status was determined by consulting the [list of least developed countries](https://www.un.org/ohrlls/content/list-ldcs) published by the UN on their website. There are currently 46 countries designated as LDCs by the UN. LDCs are automatically eligible importing Members under TRIPS Article 31bis.\n\n**Import and/or export status under Article 31bis**\nFootnote 3 of the Annex to the TRIPS Agreement lists a number of countries that, for the purpose of Article 31bis, will not use the system as an importer. Other countries have stated that they will only use the system as importers in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency. Eligible importing Members are all LDCs (automatically), and those who have made notification to the TRIPS Council of their intent to use the system as an importing Member. Countries that are not LDCs and have not stated their intention either way were coded as 'Import/Export status not defined'.\n\n**Compulsory licensing provision** \nWe analyzed patent legislation for provisions on compulsory licensing. We searched patent legislation documents for key words relating to compulsory licensing, i.e. 'compulsory license', 'non-voluntary license', and 'use without authorization'.\n\n**Pharmaceutical export provision**\nWe analyzed patent legislation for provisions on compulsory licenses specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products under the system defined in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement. We searched for key words relating to this provision, i.e. 'pharmaceutical', 'medicine', 'drug', 'Doha', and 'August 30, 2003'.\n\n","Subtopics":[{"Name":"World Trade Organization (WTO) member status","Description":"The World Trade Organization (WTO), with 164 members and 25 observer governments, helps address emerging infectious diseases by facilitating international cooperation, ensuring fair trade rules, and promoting access to essential medical supplies and technology. The WTO’s membership structure comprises original member states, including parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the European Communities, who largely acquired their status upon the WTO’s entry into force on 1 January 1995. All other members have joined the organization as a result of negotiation, and membership consists of a balance of rights and obligations. Aside from membership, some governments and international organizations are observers to the WTO which grants them the opportunity to participate in and contribute to WTO activities, but without voting rights. The decision to grant observer status or extend an offer of accession is made through consensus among members. Because the terms are unique to each applicant dependent upon the country's stage of economic development and current trade regime, understanding a country’s status in the WTO supports users in identifying the country’s rights, obligations, and access to trade-related benefits. \n","Source":"The World Trade Organization (WTO) publishes a [list of WTO members and observers](https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm) which was accessed in January 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"WTO Member","Description":"Country is a member state of the World Trade Organization.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)."}]},{"Name":"WTO Observer","Description":"Country is an observer state of the World Trade Organization. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Country has Observer status in the World Trade Organization (WTO)."}]},{"Name":"Neither WTO Member nor Observer","Description":"Country is neither a member or observer state of the World Trade Organization. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "},{"ISO3":"XXK","Status_justification":"Country is neither a Member nor Observer of the World Trade Organization (WTO). "}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Encountered issues during data collection like translation barriers or inability to locate the documents. Or unable to find out whether a country has patent law.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."}]}]},{"Name":"Least developed country (LDC) exemption under TRIPS","Description":"The World Trade Organization (WTO) recognizes certain countries as least developed countries (LDCs) based on their designation by the United Nations. The exemptions and transition periods granted for LDCs, specifically under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), influence global health by ensuring intellectual property rights do not hinder a country's ability to address public health challenges. Currently, LDCs benefit from exemption under TRIPS until at least 1 July 2034, with pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligation exemptions ending on 1 January 2033. These exemptions have been extended several times using the WTO’s waiver authority. By providing flexibility in meeting TRIPS obligations, LDCs have more time to develop their healthcare infrastructure, enhance pharmaceutical production capacities, and improve access to treatments.  \n","Source":"The United Nations publishes a [list of least developed countries](https://www.un.org/ohrlls/content/list-ldcs), which was accessed in January 2023.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Meets LDC exemption","Description":"Country is designated as a least-developed country (LDC) by the United Nations.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, and meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."}]},{"Name":"Does not meet LDC exemption","Description":"Country is not designated as a least-developed country (LDC) by the United Nations.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."},{"ISO3":"XXK","Status_justification":"Country is not defined as a least developed country (LDC) by the United Nations and therefore it is not exempt from meeting most substantive TRIPS obligations generally until July 1, 2034, or meeting pharmaceutical patent and clinical trial data protection obligations until January 1, 2033."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Encountered issues during data collection like translation barriers or inability to locate the documents. Or unable to find out whether a country has patent law.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."}]}]},{"Name":"Import/export status under Article 31bis of TRIPS","Description":"The import/export provisions outlined in Article 31bis of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) establish a system that allows eligible importing and exporting Members to grant compulsory licenses for patented pharmaceutical products, providing a framework to balance intellectual property rights and access to essential medicines. An \"eligible importing Member\" encompasses both least developed country (LDC) Members and any other Members that have notified  the Council for TRIPS of their intention to utilize Article 31bis and the Annex (“system”) as importers. As importers, countries can obtain compulsory licenses for patented pharmaceutical products, while exporters have the authority to grant these licenses to others for production or importation. Members have the flexibility to declare their usage of the system either comprehensively or in a limited manner, such as during national emergencies, extreme urgency, or for public non-commercial purposes. Understanding a country’s import/export status under the TRIPS Agreement can help determine how countries are able to leverage the system according to their needs and navigate global health challenges. \n","Source":"The TRIPS Agreement and notifications to the TRIPS council were accessed to determine the import/export status of countries under Article 31bis. These were accessed between September and November 2022.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Exporter only","Description":"Some WTO Members will not use the system set out in TRIPS Article 31bis and Annex as importing Members, as defined in footnote 3 of the Annex.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Country has announced that it will not use the system set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as an importing Member."}]},{"Name":"Eligible importing member","Description":" “Eligible importing Member” means any least-developed country Member, and any other Member that has made a notification to the Council for TRIPS of its intention to use the system set out in Article 31bis and this Annex (“system”) as an importer.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"Antigua and Barbuda submitted notification to TRIPS Council on 12 May 2021, notifying intent to use the System set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement, and the Annex and the Appendix to it, as an importing Member."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Bolivia submitted notification to TRIPS Council on 17 Feb 2021, notifying intent to use the System set out in Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement, and the Annex and the Appendix to it, as an importing Member"},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"Country is defined as an LDC by the UN, therefore it is an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement."}]},{"Name":"Importer only in cases of extreme urgency","Description":"Some WTO Members have stated that, if they use the system set out in TRIPS Article 31bis and Annex, it would be in no more than situations of national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Country has stated that it will use the system under TRIPS Article 31bis as an importer only in situations of national emergency or extreme urgency."}]},{"Name":"Import/export status not defined","Description":"Country has not stated that it will use the system set out in TRIPS Article 31bis and Annex for exporting only, or importing only in cases of extreme urgency, and is not an LDC or has notified TRIPS council of intention to use system. Includes any country who is not a Member of the WTO.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."},{"ISO3":"XXK","Status_justification":"Country is not an eligible importing member under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement as it is not defined as an LDC by the UN, and has not made notification to use the system under Article 31bis, nor has it announced that it will only use as an exporter, or as an importer only in case of extreme urgency."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Encountered issues during data collection like translation barriers or inability to locate the documents. Or unable to find out whether a country has patent law.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."}]}]},{"Name":"Compulsory licensing provision","Description":"Compulsory licensing, a mechanism outlined in Article 31 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), enables governments to bypass patent holders’ rights in certain situations, including public health emergencies. This provision, also known as non-voluntary licensing, allows governments to grant patent licenses to a party without the consent of the patent holder. By authorizing the use of compulsory licenses, governments can expand the availability of essential medicines, vaccines, or other pharmaceutical products. Certain conditions must be met for issuing compulsory licenses, such as ensuring that licenses primarily serve the domestic market (Article 31(f)), and offering adequate remuneration to the patent holder (Article 31(h)). The licenses are temporary and typically issued on a case-by-case basis, depending on the health needs of the population.To implement this provision, many countries have incorporated compulsory licensing provisions into their domestic patent laws.\n","Source":"We consulted the websites of each country's national patent office and the [World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) LEX database](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/index.html). These sites were accessed between September and November 2022.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Has compulsory license provision","Description":"Country has provisions for the granting of compulsory licenses within their patent law. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Andean Community. Decision 486 contains provisions on compulsory licensing. Country also has exception regarding compulsory licensing in its own patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Andean Community. Decision 486 contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"The Cook Islands has no independent intellectual property system. Instead, New Zealand patents automatically extend to cover this country. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within New Zealand's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Andean Community. Decision 486 contains provisions on compulsory licensing. Country also has exception regarding compulsory licensing in its own patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Kiribati does not have its own patent law: the only patent legislation that exists in this country is the Registration of UK Patent Act. Patent and trademark protection exists only for patents and trademarks that have already been registered in the UK. UK patent law contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Liechtenstein has neither its own patent law nor a patent office. Instead, patents for inventions are also governed by the Swiss Institute for Intellectual Property (IGE) due to the bilateral patent protection act of 1978. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within Swiss  patent law."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Andean Community. Decision 486 contains provisions on compulsory licensing. Country also has exception regarding compulsory licensing in its own patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Solomon Islands does not have its own patent law: the only patent legislation that exists in this country is the Registration of UK Patent Act. Patent and trademark protection exists only for patents and trademarks that have already been registered in the UK. UK patent law contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within OAPI patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Tuvalu does not have its own patent law: the only patent legislation that exists in this country is the Registration of UK Patent Act. Patent and trademark protection exists only for patents and trademarks that have already been registered in the UK. UK patent law contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"Compulsory licensing can be exercised in at least two different ways under the U.S. government’s power: Section 1498 applies to all patents; the Bayh-Dole Act applies to patents that emerge from government funding."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."},{"ISO3":"XXK","Status_justification":"There are provisions on compulsory licensing within this country's patent legislation."}]},{"Name":"No compulsory license provision","Description":"Country does not have provisions for the granting of compulsory licenses within their patent law. ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licensing."}]},{"Name":"No patent law","Description":"Country does not have patent law.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Encountered issues during data collection like translation barriers or inability to locate the documents. Or unable to find out whether a country has patent law.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."}]}]},{"Name":"Pharmaceutical export provision","Description":"Article 31bis of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) introduces a provision regarding the export of pharmaceutical products through compulsory licensing. It states that the obligations of an exporting Member under Article 31(f) do not apply when granting  a compulsory license specifically for the purpose of producing pharmaceutical products and exporting them to eligible importing Members, as outlined in paragraph 2 of the Annex of this Agreement.This provision allows countries to meet the urgent public health needs of importing Members that lack sufficient pharmaceutical manufacturing capacities of their own. In response, many countries have incorporated explicit provisions into their domestic patent legislation, enabling the export of pharmaceuticals to destinations facing production challenges. Understanding which countries have provisions for pharmaceutical exports and nuances in implementation allow for the assessment of potential sources of pharmaceutical supplies during public health emergencies, promotion of equitable access to essential medicines, and identification of potential partnerships for technology transfer and knowledge-sharing.\n","Source":"We consulted the websites of each country's national patent office and the [World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) LEX database](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/index.html). These sites were accessed between September and November 2022.\n","Statuses":[{"Name":"Has pharmaceutical export provision","Description":"Country has a separate pharmaceutical export provision within the compulsory licensing legislation that implements TRIPS Article 31bis (i.e. implementation of paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and public health).","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ALB","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ATG","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AUS","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BEL","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"BWA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BRA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BGR","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"BDI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"KHM","Status_justification":"See Law on Compulsory Licensing for Public Health."},{"ISO3":"CAN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TWN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"COK","Status_justification":"The Cook Islands has no independent intellectual property system. Instead, New Zealand patents automatically extend to cover this country. New Zealand's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"HRV","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"CUB","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CYP","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"CZE","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"DNK","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ECU","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"EST","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"FRA","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"GRC","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"HUN","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"ISL","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"IND","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"IDN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"IRL","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"ITA","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"KIR","Status_justification":"Country does not have its own patent law: the only patent legislation that exists in this country is the Registration of UK Patent Act. Patent and trademark protection exists only for patents and trademarks that have already been registered in the UK.  UK patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LVA","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"LIE","Status_justification":"Liechtenstein has neither its own patent law nor a patent office. Instead, patents for inventions are also governed by the Swiss Institute for Intellectual Property (IGE) due to the bilateral patent protection act of 1978. Swiss patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"LUX","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"MLT","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"MDA","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MAR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"NAM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"NLD","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"NZL","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"NOR","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"OMN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PAK","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PHL","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"POL","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"PRT","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"ROU","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"WSM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SRB","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SGP","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SVK","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"SVN","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"SLB","Status_justification":"Country does not have its own patent law: the only patent legislation that exists in this country is the Registration of UK Patent Act. Patent and trademark protection exists only for patents and trademarks that have already been registered in the UK. UK patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ESP","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"SWE","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the European Union. EU Regulation 816/2006 contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the purpose of manufacturing and exporting pharmaceutical products to countries lacking production capacities in the pharmaceutical sector."},{"ISO3":"CHE","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TUR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TUV","Status_justification":"Country does not have its own patent law: the only patent legislation that exists in this country is the Registration of UK Patent Act. Patent and trademark protection exists only for patents and trademarks that have already been registered in the UK. UK patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"UGA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GBR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"VNM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"XXK","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."}]},{"Name":"No pharmaceutical export provision","Description":"Country does not have an explicit, separate pharmaceutical export provision within the compulsory licensing legislation that implements TRIPS Article 31bis (i.e. implementation of paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and public health). ","Countries":[{"ISO3":"DZA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AND","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AGO","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ARG","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BHS","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BHR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BTN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BOL","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Andean Community. Decision 486 does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BIH","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CAF","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TCD","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CHL","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MAC","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"COL","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Andean Community. Decision 486 does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"COM","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"CIV","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"COD","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"DMA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"DOM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"EGY","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SLV","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GMB","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GEO","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GRD","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GTM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GIN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GNB","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"GUY","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"HTI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"HND","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"IRN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"JAM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"JPN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"KEN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"KWT","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LAO","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LSO","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LBR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LBY","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MDG","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MWI","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MYS","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MLI","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MRT","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MUS","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MEX","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MCO","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MNG","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"MMR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"NPL","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"NER","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PRK","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PAN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PER","Status_justification":"Country is a member of the Andean Community. Decision 486 does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"QAT","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"COG","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"KNA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LCA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"VCT","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SMR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"STP","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SAU","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SEN","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SYC","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SLE","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SDN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"SYR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"THA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TGO","Status_justification":"Country is a Member of the OAPI. The Bangui Agreement governs intellectual property in all 17 member states of the OAPI. OAPI patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TON","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TTO","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TUN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"UKR","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ARE","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"USA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"URY","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"UZB","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"VUT","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"VEN","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"NGA","Status_justification":"This country's patent legislation does not contain any provisions on compulsory licenses exclusively for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."}]},{"Name":"No patent law","Description":"Country does not have patent law.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"ERI","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MDV","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"MHL","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"NRU","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"PLW","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SOM","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SSD","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"SUR","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"TLS","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."},{"ISO3":"VAT","Status_justification":"Country does not have patent law."}]},{"Name":"Data not collected","Description":"Encountered issues during data collection like translation barriers or inability to locate the documents. Or unable to find out whether a country has patent law.","Countries":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"AFG","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing."},{"ISO3":"JOR","Status_justification":"Country has patent legislation, however due to difficulties in translation we have been unable to determine whether their patent legislation contains provisions on compulsory licensing specifically for the import or export of pharmaceutical products."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."},{"ISO3":"PSE","Status_justification":"We were unable to find the text of the patent legislation of Palestine."}]}]}]}]