[{"Name":"Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)","Short_name":"TRIPS Agreement","Description":"The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is one of three core treaties managed by the World Trade Organization (WTO). TRIPS obligates countries to establish and enforce a minimum level of protection for intellectual property (IP) rights. It also provides a framework for dispute mediation and implementation of national IP regulations in developing countries. The Doha Declaration, adopted by the WTO in 2001, reaffirmed that the TRIPS agreement should be interpreted and implemented in a manner that promoted equitable access to medicines for the protection of public health. TRIPS has played a key role in debates over intellectual property related to pharmaceutical technologies.\n\nWTO Members’ national IP regimes must meet the minimum standards set by the TRIPS Agreement. Domestic patent legislation is available by country on the <a href=\"/topics/trade-and-intellectual-property/\">trade and intellectual property</a> page.\n","Treaty_footnotes":"All World Trade Organization (WTO) member states are automatically party to TRIPS and were given a grace period of one year to comply with the treaty after it entered into force on 1 January 1995. The date that each country ratified the Marrakesh Agreement (and thus joined the WTO) is available on the <a href=\"/treaties/world-trade-organization/\">World Trade Organization</a> page.\n\nOn 5 December 2005, WTO members approved amendments to the TRIPS agreement to formalize and make permanent the provisions on patents and public health. The table below shows WTO member status and whether or not members have accepted the amendment to TRIPS, which opened for acceptance on 1 December 2007. WTO members have until 31 December 2023 to accept the amendment. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-12-06","Languages":["English","French","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights","Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce","Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio"],"Related_treaties":["Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)"],"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2009-01-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and 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and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2013-09-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2014-05-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2010-07-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2016-03-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United 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America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2005-12-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2014-07-31","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2017-01-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2009-08-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) ","Short_name":"Biological Weapons Convention","Description":"The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), formally known as \"The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction” was designed to supplement the <a href=\"/treaties/geneva-protocol/\">Geneva Protocol</a> of 1925 which banned the usage, but not possession, of biological and chemical weapons. The BWC explicitly states that parties may not, “develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain” any biological agents that have no peaceful purposes, or technologies that could be used to disseminate biological weapons. Parties are also required to destroy any existing biological weapons technologies. \n","Treaty_footnotes":"The BWC has 185 states parties (as of March 2023). Parties were given the option to submit to any of the following three depositories: United States, United Kingdom or the Soviet Union (now the Russian Federation). If states deposited their instruments of ratification/accession to more than one depositary, the earliest date was used. For more detail, view the treaty’s status from the United Nation's Office for Disarmament Affairs.\n\nDownload the data in this table to view any reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs). RUDs submitted exclusively to the Russian Federation are not publicly available at this time.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1972-04-10","Languages":["English","Arabic","Chinese (Simplified)","French","Russian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Biological Weapons Convention","اتفاقية الأسلحة البيولوجية","生物武器公约","La Convention sur les Armes Biologiques","Конвенция о биологическом оружии","Convención de Armas Biológicas"],"Related_treaties":null,"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"PNG","Name":"Papua New Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-10-27","Date_ratified":"1980-10-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1975-03-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-06-03","Date_ratified":"1992-06-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-09-28","Date_ratified":"2001-09-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-03-02","Date_ratified":"2015-03-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-07-26","Date_ratified":"2016-07-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-01-29","Date_ratified":"2003-01-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VCT","Name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-05-13","Date_ratified":"1999-05-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HUN","Name":"Hungary","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-12-27","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LKA","Name":"Sri Lanka","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-11-18","Date_ratified":"1976-11-18","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MCO","Name":"Monaco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-04-30","Date_ratified":"1999-04-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-04-05","Date_ratified":"1993-04-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SUR","Name":"Suriname","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-01-06","Date_ratified":"1993-01-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-02-23","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HTI","Name":"Haiti","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"STP","Name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-08-24","Date_ratified":"1979-08-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Name":"Iraq","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-06-19","Date_ratified":"1991-06-19","Date_signed":"1972-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HND","Name":"Honduras","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-03-14","Date_ratified":"1979-03-14","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAN","Name":"Panama","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1974-03-20","Date_signed":"1972-05-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1984-11-15","Date_ratified":"1984-11-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"WSM","Name":"Samoa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-09-21","Date_ratified":"2017-09-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-04-17","Date_ratified":"1991-04-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIU","Name":"Niue","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-06-14","Date_ratified":"2018-06-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-05-30","Date_ratified":"1975-05-30","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-03-01","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-06-19","Date_ratified":"2008-06-19","Date_signed":"1972-09-28","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1984-09-27","Date_ratified":"1984-09-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-01-16","Date_ratified":"1989-01-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-01-15","Date_ratified":"2008-01-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NER","Name":"Niger","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-06-23","Date_signed":"1972-04-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-11-27","Date_ratified":"1979-11-27","Date_signed":"1972-08-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1972-07-03","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-03-26","Date_ratified":"1992-03-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLB","Name":"Solomon Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-06-17","Date_ratified":"1981-06-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-03-23","Date_ratified":"2016-03-23","Date_signed":"1972-05-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-05-12","Date_ratified":"1992-05-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-09-04","Date_signed":"1973-02-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KIR","Name":"Kiribati","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVK","Name":"Slovakia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-01-01","Date_ratified":"1993-01-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MUS","Name":"Mauritius","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-08-07","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1990-11-05","Date_ratified":"1990-11-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1985-03-11","Date_ratified":"1985-03-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLT","Name":"Malta","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-04-07","Date_ratified":"1975-04-07","Date_signed":"1972-09-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SEN","Name":"Senegal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1975-03-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-10-20","Date_ratified":"1977-10-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-26","Date_ratified":"1996-01-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1975-03-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-12-04","Date_ratified":"2008-12-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei 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Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-06-20","Date_ratified":"1980-06-20","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KEN","Name":"Kenya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-01-07","Date_ratified":"1976-01-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MRT","Name":"Mauritania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-01-28","Date_ratified":"2015-01-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBR","Name":"Liberia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-11-04","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea Bissau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-08-20","Date_ratified":"1976-08-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NRU","Name":"Nauru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-03-05","Date_ratified":"2013-03-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NOR","Name":"Norway","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-08-01","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-11-03","Date_ratified":"1975-11-03","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYR","Name":"Syrian Arab Republic","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1972-04-14","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-12-31","Date_ratified":"1991-12-31","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-03-20","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-19","Date_ratified":"2007-07-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDV","Name":"Maldives","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-08-02","Date_ratified":"1993-08-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-08-01","Date_ratified":"2016-08-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IND","Name":"India","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1974-07-15","Date_signed":"1973-01-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRY","Name":"Paraguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-06-09","Date_ratified":"1976-06-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-09-06","Date_ratified":"2016-09-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Name":"Mozambique","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-03-29","Date_ratified":"2011-03-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWE","Name":"Sweden","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-02-05","Date_ratified":"1976-02-05","Date_signed":"1975-02-27","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-02-27","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan ","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-02-15","Date_ratified":"2023-02-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-04-28","Date_ratified":"1976-04-28","Date_signed":"1972-04-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LTU","Name":"Lithuania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-02-10","Date_ratified":"1998-02-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-08-14","Date_ratified":"2019-08-14","Date_signed":"1972-08-16","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-05-07","Date_ratified":"1997-05-07","Date_signed":"1972-06-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRK","Name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1987-03-13","Date_ratified":"1987-03-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MHL","Name":"Marshall Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-11-15","Date_ratified":"2012-11-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNG","Name":"Mongolia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-09-05","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NPL","Name":"Nepal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-11-04","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-11","Date_ratified":"1996-01-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"OMN","Name":"Oman","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-03-31","Date_ratified":"1992-03-31","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LIE","Name":"Liechtenstein","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-05-30","Date_ratified":"1991-05-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SRB","Name":"Serbia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-04-27","Date_ratified":"1992-04-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1978-06-08","Date_ratified":"1978-06-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NAM","Name":"Namibia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-02-25","Date_ratified":"2022-02-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRI","Name":"Puerto Rico","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"POL","Name":"Poland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-01-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-06-06","Date_ratified":"1975-06-06","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-09-16","Date_ratified":"1975-09-16","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-03-09","Date_ratified":"1983-03-09","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-10-22","Date_ratified":"1986-10-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRN","Name":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-08-22","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1975-03-12","Date_signed":"1972-06-14","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-11-06","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-03-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KNA","Name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-04-02","Date_ratified":"1991-04-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SAU","Name":"Saudi 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(Federated States of)","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COG","Name":"Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1978-10-23","Date_ratified":"1978-10-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-04-06","Date_ratified":"1981-04-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LUX","Name":"Luxembourg","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-03-23","Date_ratified":"1976-03-23","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-01-07","Date_ratified":"2002-01-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNE","Name":"Montenegro","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-06-03","Date_ratified":"2006-06-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-05-22","Date_ratified":"1996-05-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVN","Name":"Slovenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-04-19","Date_ratified":"1992-04-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-05-05","Date_ratified":"2003-05-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PHL","Name":"Philippines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-05-19","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MKD","Name":"North Macedonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-12-26","Date_ratified":"1996-12-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIC","Name":"Nicaragua","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-08-07","Date_ratified":"1975-08-07","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISL","Name":"Iceland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-02-15","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PER","Name":"Peru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1985-06-05","Date_ratified":"1985-06-05","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1978-10-18","Date_ratified":"1978-10-18","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-08-10","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Considering the obligations resulting from its status as a permanently neutral state, the Republic of Austria declares a reservation to the effect that its co-operation within the framework of this Convention cannot exceed the limits determined by the status of permanent neutrality and membership with the United Nations.  This reservation refers in particular to Article VII of this Convention as well as to any similar provision replacing or supplementing this Article."},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-05-26","Date_ratified":"1975-05-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-06-07","Date_ratified":"1994-06-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAR","Name":"Morocco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-04-21","Date_ratified":"2002-04-21","Date_signed":"1972-05-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDG","Name":"Madagascar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-03-07","Date_ratified":"2008-03-07","Date_signed":"1972-10-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1987-06-25","Date_ratified":"1987-06-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-10-20","Date_ratified":"1986-10-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NLD","Name":"Netherlands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-06-22","Date_ratified":"1981-06-22","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PLW","Name":"Palau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-02-20","Date_ratified":"2003-02-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-10-05","Date_ratified":"1977-10-05","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SMR","Name":"San Marino","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1975-03-11","Date_signed":"1972-09-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-01-18","Date_ratified":"2013-01-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-08-15","Date_ratified":"1994-08-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-02-16","Date_signed":"1973-02-16","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ROU","Name":"Romania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-07-25","Date_ratified":"1979-07-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-09","Date_ratified":"2016-11-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NGA","Name":"Nigeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-07-03","Date_signed":"1972-07-03","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-10-27","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-04-28","Date_ratified":"1993-04-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-09-25","Date_ratified":"2018-09-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1982-06-08","Date_ratified":"1982-06-08","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SDN","Name":"Sudan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-10-17","Date_ratified":"2003-10-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-10-28","Date_ratified":"1988-10-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBN","Name":"Lebanon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-04-26","Date_ratified":"1975-04-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLE","Name":"Sierra Leone","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-06-19","Date_ratified":"1976-06-19","Date_signed":"1972-11-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IDN","Name":"Indonesia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-02-04","Date_ratified":"1992-02-04","Date_signed":"1972-06-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-10-19","Date_ratified":"1983-10-19","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LSO","Name":"Lesotho","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-09-06","Date_ratified":"1977-09-06","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SGP","Name":"Singapore","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-12-02","Date_ratified":"1975-12-02","Date_signed":"1972-06-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-11-10","Date_ratified":"1976-11-10","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-08-02","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLI","Name":"Mali","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-11-25","Date_ratified":"2002-11-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RWA","Name":"Rwanda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-05-20","Date_ratified":"1975-05-20","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NZL","Name":"New Zealand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-12-13","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-09-18","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PSE","Name":"State of Palestine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-09","Date_ratified":"2018-01-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-04-22","Date_ratified":"1980-04-22","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHE","Name":"Switzerland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-05-04","Date_ratified":"1976-05-04","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ITA","Name":"Italy","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-05-30","Date_ratified":"1975-05-30","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRT","Name":"Portugal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-05-15","Date_ratified":"1975-05-15","Date_signed":"1972-06-29","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-04-07","Date_ratified":"1983-04-07","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-06-27","Date_ratified":"2005-06-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RUS","Name":"Russian Federation","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1975-03-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-06-01","Date_ratified":"1979-06-01","Date_signed":"1972-04-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-12-10","Date_ratified":"1975-12-10","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-05-18","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-02-05","Date_ratified":"1992-02-05","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-05-28","Date_ratified":"1975-05-28","Date_signed":"1973-01-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-09-19","Date_signed":"1972-05-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JAM","Name":"Jamaica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-08-13","Date_ratified":"1975-08-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-10-18","Date_ratified":"2011-10-18","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-06-18","Date_ratified":"1991-06-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-10-30","Date_ratified":"1975-10-30","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-04-25","Date_ratified":"1975-04-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1972-07-18","Date_signed":"1972-04-14","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-10-15","Date_ratified":"2004-10-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAK","Name":"Pakistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1974-09-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-08-16","Date_ratified":"2007-08-16","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-04-15","Date_ratified":"1979-04-15","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ESP","Name":"Spain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-06-10","Date_ratified":"1979-06-10","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-11-26","Date_ratified":"1986-11-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MWI","Name":"Malawi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-04-02","Date_ratified":"2013-04-02","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDA","Name":"Republic of Moldova","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-01-28","Date_ratified":"2005-01-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GUY","Name":"Guyana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-03-26","Date_ratified":"2013-03-26","Date_signed":"1973-01-03","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1974-02-04","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1973-12-17","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYC","Name":"Seychelles","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-10-11","Date_ratified":"1979-10-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1974-10-25","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBY","Name":"Libya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1982-01-19","Date_ratified":"1982-01-19","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1975-03-26","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-06-21","Date_ratified":"1993-06-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MYS","Name":"Malaysia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-09-06","Date_ratified":"1991-09-06","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MEX","Name":"Mexico","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-03-26","Date_ratified":"1974-04-08","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MMR","Name":"Myanmar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-12-01","Date_ratified":"2014-12-01","Date_signed":"1972-04-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NCL","Name":"New Caledonia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LCA","Name":"Saint Lucia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-11-26","Date_ratified":"1986-11-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Short_name":"Cartagena Protocol","Description":"The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity governs the transnational movement of living modified organisms (LMOs), often referred to colloquially as genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The treaty allows countries to manage and restrict the introduction of LMOs into their ecosystems through [Advanced Informed Agreements](https://bch.cbd.int/help/topics/en/The_Advance_Informed_Agreement_procedure.html). Article 20 established a [Biosafety Clearing-House](https://bch.cbd.int/en/kb/tags/about/What-are-the-various-categories-of-records-in-the-BCH-/619c553f4f1f30000140eeba), which documents national records related to biosafety laws, risk assessments, and other content; reference records from biosafety organizations, laboratories, and other non-governmental parties, and documents from the CBD Secretariat. \n","Treaty_footnotes":"Countries automatically become a party to the Cartagena Protocol 90 days after depositing their instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.\nDownload the data in this table to view any reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs).\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2000-01-29","Languages":["English","Arabic","Chinese (Simplified)","French","Russian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety","بروتوكول قرطاجنة للسلامة البيولوجية","卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书","Protocole de Cartagena sur la Prévention des Risques Biotechnologiques","Картахенский протокол по биобезопасности","Protocolo de Cartagena sobre Seguridad de la Biotecnología"],"Related_treaties":["Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing"],"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-05-21","Date_ratified":"2013-02-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-05-09","Date_ratified":"2005-02-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-11-03","Date_ratified":"2004-08-05","Date_signed":"2000-05-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-05-28","Date_ratified":"2009-02-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-12-09","Date_ratified":"2003-09-10","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-07-29","Date_ratified":"2004-04-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-08-27","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-06-30","Date_ratified":"2005-04-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-04-14","Date_ratified":"2004-01-15","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-05-07","Date_ratified":"2012-02-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-05-05","Date_ratified":"2004-02-05","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-09-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-08-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-07-14","Date_ratified":"2004-04-15","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-05-12","Date_ratified":"2004-02-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-05-31","Date_ratified":"2005-03-02","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-08-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-04-22","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-12-30","Date_ratified":"2009-10-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-06-11","Date_signed":"2001-06-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-22","Date_ratified":"2003-11-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2000-10-13","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-11-02","Date_ratified":"2003-08-04","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-12-31","Date_ratified":"2008-10-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-12-16","Date_ratified":"2003-09-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2003-02-20","Date_signed":"2001-02-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2001-04-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-01-30","Date_ratified":"2005-11-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-02-16","Date_ratified":"2008-11-18","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-01-30","Date_ratified":"2006-11-01","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-09-06","Date_ratified":"2005-06-08","Date_signed":"2023-08-08","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2003-05-20","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-06-23","Date_ratified":"2009-03-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2001-05-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-05-07","Date_ratified":"2007-02-06","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-06-10","Date_ratified":"2015-03-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-08-29","Date_signed":"2000-09-08","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-09-17","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-03-04","Date_ratified":"2003-12-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2001-10-08","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-06-21","Date_ratified":"2005-03-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-08-27","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-04-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-10-11","Date_ratified":"2004-07-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-09-18","Date_ratified":"2006-06-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2003-01-30","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-03-21","Date_ratified":"2003-12-23","Date_signed":"2000-12-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-12-25","Date_ratified":"2003-09-26","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-06-08","Date_ratified":"2005-03-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-06-22","Date_ratified":"2004-03-24","Date_signed":"2000-09-06","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-04-13","Date_ratified":"2006-01-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-01-07","Date_ratified":"2003-10-09","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-08-27","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       \"The European Community declares that, in accordance with the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 175(l) thereof, it is competent for entering into international agreements, and for implementing the obligations resulting therefrom, which contribute to the pursuit of the following objectives:\n       - preserving, protecting and improving the quality of the environment;\n       - protecting human health;\n       - prudent and rational utilisation of natural resources;\n       - promoting measures at international level to deal with regional or worldwide environmental problems.\n       Moreover, the European Community declares that it has already adopted legal instruments, binding on its Member States, covering matters governed by this Protocol, and will submit and update, as appropriate, a list of those legal instruments to the Biosafety Clearing House in accordance with Article 20(3)(a) of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.\n       The European Community is responsible for the performance of those obligations resulting from the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety which are covered by Community law in force.\n       The exercise of Community competence is, by its nature, subject to continuous development.\""},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2001-06-05","Date_signed":"2001-05-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-10-07","Date_ratified":"2004-07-09","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2003-04-07","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-31","Date_ratified":"2007-05-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-09-07","Date_ratified":"2004-06-09","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-02-02","Date_ratified":"2008-11-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-18","Date_ratified":"2003-11-20","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2003-05-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-08-19","Date_ratified":"2004-05-21","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-05-05","Date_ratified":"2004-02-05","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-01-26","Date_ratified":"2004-10-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-03-10","Date_ratified":"2007-12-11","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea Bissau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-08-17","Date_ratified":"2010-05-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GUY","Name":"Guyana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-06-16","Date_ratified":"2008-03-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HTI","Name":"Haiti","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HND","Name":"Honduras","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-02-16","Date_ratified":"2008-11-18","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HUN","Name":"Hungary","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-04-12","Date_ratified":"2004-01-13","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISL","Name":"Iceland","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2001-06-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IND","Name":"India","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2003-01-17","Date_signed":"2001-01-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IDN","Name":"Indonesia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-03-03","Date_ratified":"2004-12-03","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRN","Name":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-18","Date_ratified":"2003-11-20","Date_signed":"2001-04-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Name":"Iraq","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-06-01","Date_ratified":"2014-03-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-12","Date_ratified":"2003-11-14","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ITA","Name":"Italy","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-06-22","Date_ratified":"2004-03-24","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JAM","Name":"Jamaica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-12-24","Date_ratified":"2012-09-25","Date_signed":"2001-06-04","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-19","Date_ratified":"2003-11-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-09","Date_ratified":"2003-11-11","Date_signed":"2000-10-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Name":"Kazakhstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-12-07","Date_ratified":"2008-09-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KEN","Name":"Kenya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-01-24","Date_signed":"2000-05-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KIR","Name":"Kiribati","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-07-19","Date_ratified":"2004-04-20","Date_signed":"2000-09-07","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-30","Date_ratified":"2017-06-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-01-03","Date_ratified":"2005-10-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic 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Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-12-11","Date_ratified":"2014-09-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-02-17","Date_ratified":"2003-11-19","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2003-04-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-01-31","Date_ratified":"2011-11-02","Date_signed":"2001-06-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-01-23","Date_ratified":"2019-10-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-11","Date_ratified":"2002-05-13","Date_signed":"2000-05-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-04-20","Date_ratified":"2004-01-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-03-01","Date_ratified":"2005-12-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-07-25","Date_ratified":"2004-04-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2005-05-26","Date_ratified":"2005-02-25","Date_signed":"2001-06-04","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)","Short_name":"World Health Organization","Description":"The World Health Organization (WHO) constitution, signed at the 1946 International Health Conference, formally acknowledged the right to health as a human right and established the specialized agency of the United Nations to help secure the “highest possible level of health” for all. The WHO’s mandate is to coordinate international health work among different countries through efforts such as disease eradication, standardization of diagnostics and pharmaceutical products, mental and environmental health, and other activities. The WHO Constitution has been amended four times since its inception – the attached document includes those changes.\n","Treaty_footnotes":"All signatories were attendees at the International Health Conference in 1946, all others accessed or definitively signed at a later date.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1946-07-22","Languages":["English","Arabic","Chinese (Simplified)","French","Russian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Constitution of the World Health Organization","دستور منظمة الصحة العالمية","世界卫生组织组织法","Constitution de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé","Устав Всемирной организации здравоохранения","Constitución de la Organización Mundial de la Salud"],"Related_treaties":["International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005"],"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-19","Date_ratified":"1948-04-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1947-05-26","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1962-11-08","Date_ratified":"1962-11-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-01-15","Date_ratified":"1997-01-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-05-15","Date_ratified":"1976-05-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1984-03-12","Date_ratified":"1984-03-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-10-22","Date_ratified":"1948-10-22","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-05-04","Date_ratified":"1992-05-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1948-02-02","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1947-06-30","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-10-02","Date_ratified":"1992-10-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1974-04-01","Date_ratified":"1974-04-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-11-02","Date_ratified":"1971-11-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1972-05-19","Date_ratified":"1972-05-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-04-25","Date_ratified":"1967-04-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1948-04-07","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-25","Date_ratified":"1948-06-25","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1990-08-23","Date_ratified":"1990-08-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-09-20","Date_ratified":"1960-09-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1982-03-08","Date_ratified":"1982-03-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-12-23","Date_ratified":"1949-12-23","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-09-10","Date_ratified":"1992-09-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-02-26","Date_ratified":"1975-02-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-02","Date_ratified":"1948-06-02","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei 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Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-10-04","Date_ratified":"1960-10-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1962-10-22","Date_ratified":"1962-10-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1950-05-17","Date_ratified":"1950-05-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-05-06","Date_ratified":"1960-05-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1946-08-29","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-01-05","Date_ratified":"1976-01-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-09-20","Date_ratified":"1960-09-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-01-01","Date_ratified":"1961-01-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-10-15","Date_ratified":"1948-10-15","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1946-07-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong 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China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1959-05-14","Date_ratified":"1959-05-14","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-12-09","Date_ratified":"1975-12-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1984-05-09","Date_ratified":"1984-05-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-03-17","Date_ratified":"1949-03-17","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-10-28","Date_ratified":"1960-10-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-06-11","Date_ratified":"1992-06-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1950-05-09","Date_ratified":"1950-05-09","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-01-16","Date_ratified":"1961-01-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-01-22","Date_ratified":"1993-01-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"Czechoslovakia had signed and accepted the Convention on 22 July 1946 and 1 March 1948, respectively."},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-02-24","Date_ratified":"1961-02-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-19","Date_ratified":"1948-04-19","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1978-03-10","Date_ratified":"1978-03-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-08-13","Date_ratified":"1981-08-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-21","Date_ratified":"1948-06-21","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-03-01","Date_ratified":"1949-03-01","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1947-12-16","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-22","Date_ratified":"1948-06-22","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-05-05","Date_ratified":"1980-05-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-07-24","Date_ratified":"1993-07-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-03-31","Date_ratified":"1993-03-31","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1973-04-16","Date_ratified":"1973-04-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1947-04-11","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1972-01-01","Date_ratified":"1972-01-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1947-10-07","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-16","Date_ratified":"1948-06-16","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-11-21","Date_ratified":"1960-11-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-04-26","Date_ratified":"1971-04-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-05-26","Date_ratified":"1992-05-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1951-05-29","Date_ratified":"1951-05-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"The German Democratic Republic had accepted the Constitution on 8 May 1973."},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1957-04-08","Date_ratified":"1957-04-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1948-03-12","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1974-12-04","Date_ratified":"1974-12-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-08-26","Date_ratified":"1949-08-26","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1959-05-19","Date_ratified":"1959-05-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea 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Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1946-12-18","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-05-04","Date_ratified":"1992-05-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1947-09-26","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-09-27","Date_ratified":"2002-09-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-05-13","Date_ratified":"1960-05-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Associate member","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-05-08","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-08-14","Date_ratified":"1975-08-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1963-01-03","Date_ratified":"1963-01-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1956-05-14","Date_ratified":"1956-05-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1948-01-02","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-07-02","Date_ratified":"1992-07-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-05-07","Date_ratified":"1993-05-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1963-03-07","Date_ratified":"1963-03-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1948-04-03","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1972-03-30","Date_ratified":"1972-03-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-04-07","Date_ratified":"1946-07-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1962-03-15","Date_ratified":"1962-03-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-06-21","Date_ratified":"1948-06-21","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"Accepted subject to the provisions of the joint resolution of the Congress of the United States of America approved 14 June 1948 (Public Law 643, 80th Congress), section 4 of which reads as follows: \"In adopting this joint resolution the Congress does so with the understanding that, in the absence of any provision in the World Health Organization Constitution for withdrawal from the organization, the United States reserves its right to withdraw from the organization on a one-year notice, provided, however, that the financial obligations of the United States to the organization shall be met in full for the organization's current fiscal year.\"\n\n\"The World Health Assembly adopted unanimously on 2 July 1948 the following resolution: \"The Assembly recognized the validity of the ratification by the United States of America and resolved that the Secretary-General of the United Nations be advised of this decision.\""},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1949-04-22","Date_ratified":"1949-04-22","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-05-22","Date_ratified":"1992-05-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-03-07","Date_ratified":"1983-03-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-07-07","Date_ratified":"1948-07-07","Date_signed":"1946-07-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1950-05-17","Date_ratified":"1950-05-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"By a letter dated at Hanoi on 12 July 1976, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Socialist Republic of Viet-Nam notified the Director-General of the World Health Organization that the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam and the Republic of South Viet-Nam had united to form the Socialist Republic of Viet-Nam, and that the latter would continue to exercise the official membership in the World Health Organization of the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam and the Republic of South Viet-Nam.  The above-mentioned communication from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Socialist Republic of Viet-Nam was brought to the attention of the Member States of the World Health Organization by a circular letter from the Director-General of that Organization dated 30 August 1976.  The Thirtieth World Health Assembly took note of the said notification in its resolution WHA 30.13 dated 10 May 1977.  The Constitution of the World Health Organization had been accepted on behalf of the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam on 22 October 1975 (See CN.304.1975-Treaties-22) and on behalf of the Republic of Viet-Nam (later replaced by the Republic of South Viet-Nam) (See CN.86.1950-Treaties) on 17 May 1950. The Amendments to articles 34 and 55 of the Constitution of the World Health Organization had been accepted on behalf of the Republic of Viet-Nam on 28 October 1974 (See CN.285.1974-Treaties-17) and on behalf of the Socialist Republic of Viet-Nam on 10 March 1977 (See CN.48.1977-Treaties-7)."},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1968-05-06","Date_ratified":"1968-05-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1965-02-02","Date_ratified":"1965-02-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-05-16","Date_ratified":"1980-05-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Short_name":"Convention on Biological Diversity","Description":"The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) governs international efforts to conserve biological diversity, and ensure an equitable distribution of the benefits arising from genetic resources. The treaty recognizes member states’ sovereignty over their natural resources, including genetic material (Art. 15), which has proved controversial when exercised over pathogens. \nThere are two protocols to the Convention on Biological Diversity: the <a href=\"/treaties/cartagena-protocol/\">Cartagena Protocol</a>, which governs the handling and transport of living modified organisms (LMOs), and the <a href=\"/treaties/nagoya-protocol/\">Nagoya Protocol</a>, which governs the equitable distribution of benefits arising from a country’s genetic resources.\n","Treaty_footnotes":"Countries automatically become a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity 90 days after depositing their instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. \nDownload the data in this table to view any reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs).\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1992-06-05","Languages":["English","Arabic","Chinese (Simplified)","French","Russian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Convention on Biological Diversity","اتفاقية التنوع البيولوجي","生物多样性公约","Convention sur la diversité biologique","Конвенция о биологическом разнообразии","Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica"],"Related_treaties":["Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity","Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing"],"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-12-18","Date_ratified":"2002-09-19","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-04-05","Date_ratified":"1994-01-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-11-12","Date_ratified":"1995-08-14","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-05-05","Date_ratified":"2015-02-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-06-30","Date_ratified":"1998-04-01","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-03-09","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-20","Date_ratified":"1994-11-22","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Argentine Government considers that this Convention represents a step forward in that it establishes among its objectives the sustainable use of biological diversity. Likewise, the definitions contained in article 2 and other provisions of the Convention indicate that the terms \"genetic resources\", \"biological resources\" and \"biological material\" do not include the human genome. In accordance with the commitments entered into in the Convention, the Argentine Nation will pass legislation on the conditions of access to biological resources and the ownership of future rights and benefits arising from them. The Convention is fully consistent with the principles established in the \"Agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights\", including trade in counterfeit goods, contained in the Final Act of the Uruguay Round of GATT."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-05-14","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-06-18","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-16","Date_ratified":"1994-08-18","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Republic of Austria declares in accordance with article 27, paragraph 3 of the Convention that it accepts both of the means of dispute settlement mentioned in this paragraph as compulsory in relation to any Party accepting an obligation concerning one or both of these means of dispute settlement."},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-11-01","Date_ratified":"2000-08-03","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-09-02","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-28","Date_ratified":"1996-08-30","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-08-01","Date_ratified":"1994-05-03","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-10","Date_ratified":"1993-12-10","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-09-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-02-20","Date_ratified":"1996-11-22","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-30","Date_ratified":"1993-12-30","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-09-28","Date_ratified":"1994-06-30","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-11-23","Date_ratified":"1995-08-25","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-10-03","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-11-24","Date_ratified":"2002-08-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-10","Date_ratified":"1995-10-12","Date_signed":"1992-06-08","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-05-29","Date_ratified":"1994-02-28","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-07-27","Date_ratified":"2008-04-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-07-16","Date_ratified":"1996-04-17","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-09-02","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-07-14","Date_ratified":"1997-04-15","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-10","Date_ratified":"1995-02-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-17","Date_ratified":"1994-10-19","Date_signed":"1992-06-14","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1992-12-04","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-06-27","Date_ratified":"1995-03-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-06-13","Date_ratified":"1995-03-15","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-09-05","Date_ratified":"1994-06-07","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-08","Date_ratified":"1994-09-09","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Government of Chile, on ratifying the Convention on Biological Diversity of 1992, wishes to place on record that the pine tree and other species that the country exploits as one of its forestry resources are considered exotic and are not taken to fall within the scope of the Convention."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-01-05","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-26","Date_ratified":"1994-11-28","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-28","Date_ratified":"1994-09-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-04-20","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-24","Date_ratified":"1994-08-26","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-27","Date_ratified":"1994-11-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-01-05","Date_ratified":"1996-10-07","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-06-06","Date_ratified":"1994-03-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Government of the Republic of Cuba declares, with respect to article 27 of the Convention on Biological Diversity, that as far as the Republic of Cuba is concerned, disputes that arise between Parties concerning the interpretation or application of this international legal instrument shall be settled by negotiation through the diplomatic channel or, failing that, by arbitration in accordance with the procedure laid down in Annex II on arbitration of the Convention."},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-10-08","Date_ratified":"1996-07-10","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-03","Date_ratified":"1993-12-03","Date_signed":"1993-06-04","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-03","Date_ratified":"1994-12-03","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-21","Date_ratified":"1993-12-21","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-30","Date_ratified":"1994-09-01","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-07-05","Date_ratified":"1994-04-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-02-23","Date_ratified":"1996-11-25","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-02-23","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-08-31","Date_ratified":"1994-06-02","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-07","Date_ratified":"1994-09-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-06","Date_ratified":"1994-12-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-06-19","Date_ratified":"1996-03-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-10-25","Date_ratified":"1994-07-27","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-07","Date_ratified":"1994-11-09","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-07-04","Date_ratified":"1994-04-05","Date_signed":"1992-06-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-21","Date_ratified":"1993-12-21","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Within their respective competence, the European Community and its Member States wish to reaffirm the importance they attach to transfers of technology and to biotechnology in order to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The compliance with intellectual property rights constitutes an essential element for the implementation of policies for technology transfer and co-investment.\nFor the European Community and its member States, transfers of technology and access to biotechnology, as defined in the text of the Convention on Biological Diversity, will be carried out in accordance with article 16 of the said Convention and in compliance with the principles and rules of protection of intellectual property, in particular multilateral and bilateral agreements signed or negotiated by the Contracting Parties to this Convention.\nThe European Community and its Member States will encourage the use of the financial mechanism established by the Convention to promote the voluntary transfer of intellectual property rights held by European operators, in particular as regards the granting of licences, through normal commercial mechanisms and decisions, while ensuring adequate and effective protection of property rights."},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-02-25","Date_signed":"1992-10-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-10-25","Date_ratified":"1994-07-27","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-09-29","Date_ratified":"1994-07-01","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Upon signature:\nDeclaration:\nWith reference to article 3, that it interprets that article as a guiding principle to be taken into account in the implementation of the Convention;\nWith reference to article 21, paragraph 1, that the decision taken periodically by the Conference of the Parties concerns the \"amount of resources needed\" and that no provision of the Convention authorizes the Conference of the Parties to take decisions concerning the amount, nature or frequency of the contributions from Parties to the Convention.\n\nUpon ratification:\nDeclaration:\nWith reference to article 3, that it interprets that article as a guiding principle to be taken into account in the implementation of the Convention;\nThe French Republic reaffirms its belief in the importance of the transfer of technology and biotechnology in guaranteeing the protection and long-term utilization of biological diversity. Respect for intellectual property rights is an essential element of the implementation of policies for technology transfer and co-investment.\nThe French Republic affirms that the transfer of technology and access to biotechnology, as defined in the Convention on Biological Diversity, will be implemented according to article 16 of that Convention and with respect for the principles and rules concerning the protection of intellectual property, including multilateral agreements signed or negotiated by the Contracting Parties to the present Convention.\nThe French Republic will encourage recourse to the financial mechanism established by the Convention for the purpose of promoting the voluntary transfer of intellectual property rights under French ownership,  inter alia, as regards the granting of licences, by traditional commercial decisions and mechanisms while ensuring the appropriate and effective protection of property rights.\nWith reference to article 21, paragraph 1, the French Republic considers that the decision taken periodically by the Conference of the Parties concerns the \"amount of resources needed\" and that no provision of the Convention authorizes the Conference of the Parties to take decisions concerning the amount, nature or frequency of the contributions from Parties to the Convention.\nUpon its ratification of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the French Republic reiterated its declaration made upon its ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-06-12","Date_ratified":"1997-03-14","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-09-08","Date_ratified":"1994-06-10","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-08-31","Date_ratified":"1994-06-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Republic of Georgia will use both means for dispute settlement referred to in the Convention:\n       1. Arbitral consideration in accordance with the procedure given in the enclosure II, Part I.\n       2.  Submitting of disputes to the International Court."},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-21","Date_ratified":"1993-12-21","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-27","Date_ratified":"1994-08-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-02","Date_ratified":"1994-08-04","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-09","Date_ratified":"1994-08-11","Date_signed":"1992-12-03","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-10-08","Date_ratified":"1995-07-10","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-05-07","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea Bissau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-25","Date_ratified":"1995-10-27","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GUY","Name":"Guyana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-27","Date_ratified":"1994-08-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HTI","Name":"Haiti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-12-24","Date_ratified":"1996-09-25","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HND","Name":"Honduras","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-10-29","Date_ratified":"1995-07-31","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HUN","Name":"Hungary","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-05-25","Date_ratified":"1994-02-24","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISL","Name":"Iceland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-11","Date_ratified":"1994-09-12","Date_signed":"1992-06-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IND","Name":"India","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-05-19","Date_ratified":"1994-02-18","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IDN","Name":"Indonesia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-21","Date_ratified":"1994-08-23","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRN","Name":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-04","Date_ratified":"1996-08-06","Date_signed":"1992-06-14","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Name":"Iraq","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-10-26","Date_ratified":"2009-07-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-06-20","Date_ratified":"1996-03-22","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Ireland wishes to reaffirm the importance it attaches to transfers of technology and to biotechnology in order to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The compliance with intellectual property rights constitutes an essential element for the implementation of policies for technology transfer and co-investment.\nFor Ireland, transfers of technology and access to biotechnology, as defined in the text of the Convention on Biological Diversity and in compliance with the principles and rules of protection of intellectual property, in particular multilateral and bilateral agreements signed or negotiated by the contracting parties to this Convention.\nIreland will encourage the use of the financial mechanism established by the Convention to promote the voluntary transfer of intellectual property rights held by Irish operators, in particular as regards the granting of licences, through normal commercial mechanisms and decisions, while ensuring adequate and effective protection of property rights."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-11-05","Date_ratified":"1995-08-07","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ITA","Name":"Italy","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-07-14","Date_ratified":"1994-04-15","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification:\n\"The Italian Government [. . .] declares its understanding that the decision to be taken by the Conference of the Parties under article 21.1 of the Convention refers to the `amount of resources needed' by the financial mechanism, not to the extent or nature and form of the contributions of the Contracting Parties.\""},{"ISO3":"JAM","Name":"Jamaica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-04-06","Date_ratified":"1995-01-06","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-05-28","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-02-10","Date_ratified":"1993-11-12","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Name":"Kazakhstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-05","Date_ratified":"1994-09-06","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KEN","Name":"Kenya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-10-24","Date_ratified":"1994-07-26","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KIR","Name":"Kiribati","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-14","Date_ratified":"1994-08-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-10-31","Date_ratified":"2002-08-02","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-04","Date_ratified":"1996-08-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-12-19","Date_ratified":"1996-09-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LVA","Name":"Latvia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-03-13","Date_ratified":"1995-12-14","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Republic of Latvia declares in accordance with article 27 paragraph 3 of the Convention that it accepts both the means of dispute settlement mentioned in this paragraph as compulsory."},{"ISO3":"LBN","Name":"Lebanon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-15","Date_ratified":"1994-12-15","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LSO","Name":"Lesotho","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-04-10","Date_ratified":"1995-01-10","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBR","Name":"Liberia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-02-06","Date_ratified":"2000-11-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBY","Name":"Libya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-10-10","Date_ratified":"2001-07-12","Date_signed":"1992-06-29","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LIE","Name":"Liechtenstein","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-02-17","Date_ratified":"1997-11-19","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Principality of Liechtenstein wishes to reaffirm the importance it attaches to transfers of technology and to biotechnology in order to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The compliance with intellectual property rights constitutes an essential element for the implementation of policies for technology transfer and co-investment.\n\nFor the Principality of Liechtenstein, transfers of technology and access to biotechnology, as defined in the text of the [said] Convention, will be carried out in accordance with article 16 of the said Convention and in compliance with the principles and rules of protection of intellectual property, in particular multilateral and bilateral agreements signed or negotiated by the Contracting Parties to this Convention.\n\nThe Principality of Liechtenstein will encourage the use of the financial mechanism established by the Convention to promote the voluntary transfer of intellectual property rights held by Liechtenstein operators, in particular as regards the granting of licenses, through normal commercial mechanisms and decisions, while ensuring adequate and effective protection of property rights."},{"ISO3":"LTU","Name":"Lithuania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-05-01","Date_ratified":"1996-02-01","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LUX","Name":"Luxembourg","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-08-07","Date_ratified":"1994-05-09","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDG","Name":"Madagascar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-06-02","Date_ratified":"1996-03-04","Date_signed":"1992-06-08","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MWI","Name":"Malawi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-05-03","Date_ratified":"1994-02-02","Date_signed":"1992-06-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MYS","Name":"Malaysia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-09-22","Date_ratified":"1994-06-24","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDV","Name":"Maldives","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1992-11-09","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLI","Name":"Mali","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-06-27","Date_ratified":"1995-03-29","Date_signed":"1992-09-30","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLT","Name":"Malta","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-03-29","Date_ratified":"2000-12-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MHL","Name":"Marshall Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1992-10-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MRT","Name":"Mauritania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-14","Date_ratified":"1996-08-16","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MUS","Name":"Mauritius","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1992-09-04","Date_signed":"1992-06-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MEX","Name":"Mexico","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-03-11","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FSM","Name":"Micronesia (Federated States of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-09-18","Date_ratified":"1994-06-20","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MCO","Name":"Monaco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1992-11-20","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNG","Name":"Mongolia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-09-30","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNE","Name":"Montenegro","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-06-03","Date_ratified":"2006-10-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAR","Name":"Morocco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-11-19","Date_ratified":"1995-08-21","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Name":"Mozambique","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-11-23","Date_ratified":"1995-08-25","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MMR","Name":"Myanmar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-23","Date_ratified":"1994-11-25","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NAM","Name":"Namibia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-08-14","Date_ratified":"1997-05-16","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NRU","Name":"Nauru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-02-08","Date_ratified":"1993-11-11","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NPL","Name":"Nepal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-02-21","Date_ratified":"1993-11-23","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NLD","Name":"Netherlands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-10-10","Date_ratified":"1994-07-12","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands declares, in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 27 of the Convention on Biological Diversity, that it accepts both means of dispute settlement referred to in that paragraph as compulsory in relation to any Party accepting one or both means of dispute settlement."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Name":"New Caledonia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NZL","Name":"New Zealand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-09-16","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIC","Name":"Nicaragua","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-02-18","Date_ratified":"1995-11-20","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NER","Name":"Niger","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-10-23","Date_ratified":"1995-07-25","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NGA","Name":"Nigeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-11-27","Date_ratified":"1994-08-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIU","Name":"Niue","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-05-28","Date_ratified":"1996-02-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRK","Name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-24","Date_ratified":"1994-10-26","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MKD","Name":"North Macedonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-03-02","Date_ratified":"1997-12-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NOR","Name":"Norway","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-07-09","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"OMN","Name":"Oman","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-09","Date_ratified":"1995-02-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAK","Name":"Pakistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-10-24","Date_ratified":"1994-07-26","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PLW","Name":"Palau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-04-06","Date_ratified":"1999-01-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PSE","Name":"State of Palestine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-04-02","Date_ratified":"2015-01-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAN","Name":"Panama","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-04-17","Date_ratified":"1995-01-17","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PNG","Name":"Papua New Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-03-16","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Government of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea declares its understanding that ratification of the Convention shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under International Law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of Biological Diversity as derogating from the principles of general International Law."},{"ISO3":"PRY","Name":"Paraguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-05-25","Date_ratified":"1994-02-24","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PER","Name":"Peru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-06-07","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PHL","Name":"Philippines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-01-06","Date_ratified":"1993-10-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"POL","Name":"Poland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-04-17","Date_ratified":"1996-01-18","Date_signed":"1992-06-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRT","Name":"Portugal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-03-21","Date_ratified":"1993-12-21","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRI","Name":"Puerto Rico","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"QAT","Name":"Qatar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-19","Date_ratified":"1996-08-21","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDA","Name":"Republic of 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Federation","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-07-04","Date_ratified":"1995-04-05","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RWA","Name":"Rwanda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-08-27","Date_ratified":"1996-05-29","Date_signed":"1992-06-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KNA","Name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-01-07","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LCA","Name":"Saint Lucia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-07-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VCT","Name":"Saint Vincent and the 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Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-01","Date_ratified":"1995-10-03","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-12-10","Date_ratified":"2009-09-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-31","Date_ratified":"1995-11-02","Date_signed":"1993-06-04","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-10-03","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan 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Arab Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-04-03","Date_ratified":"1996-01-04","Date_signed":"1993-05-03","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-01-27","Date_ratified":"1997-10-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-01-29","Date_ratified":"2003-10-31","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-01-08","Date_ratified":"2006-10-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-02","Date_ratified":"1995-10-04","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-08-17","Date_ratified":"1998-05-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad 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Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-10-30","Date_ratified":"1996-08-01","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-07-15","Date_signed":"1992-06-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-05-15","Date_ratified":"1997-02-14","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-12-17","Date_ratified":"1996-09-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-03-20","Date_ratified":"2002-12-20","Date_signed":"1992-06-08","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-09-08","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-08","Date_ratified":"1995-02-07","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United 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America","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1993-06-04","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-02-03","Date_ratified":"1993-11-05","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-10-17","Date_ratified":"1995-07-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-03-25","Date_signed":"1992-06-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1994-12-12","Date_ratified":"1994-09-13","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-14","Date_ratified":"1994-11-16","Date_signed":"1993-05-28","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-05-21","Date_ratified":"1996-02-21","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-12-29","Date_ratified":"1993-05-28","Date_signed":"1992-06-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-02-09","Date_ratified":"1994-11-11","Date_signed":"1992-06-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)","Short_name":"CITES","Description":"The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) governs the trade of wild plants and animals to protect endangered species from over-exploitation. Countries become a party to CITES voluntarily, after which it is legally binding. CITES provides a framework and states parties must adopt their own implementing national legislation. Under CITES, the appointed management authority must issue permits or certificates for the import or export of certain specimens. CITES officially regulates endangered species listed in the treaty appendix (last updated in 2019), but countries can establish more restrictive laws that protect additional species.\n","Treaty_footnotes":"CITES has 184 parties, including 183 states and the European Union. CITES entered into force 90 days after ratification by the tenth signatory state. After that day, CITES entered into force for each state party 90 days after the deposit of their instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.\n\nAdditionally, [150 parties have accepted the amendment to Article XI](https://cites.org/eng/disc/parties/bonn.php), which was adopted at Bonn, Germany on 22 June 1979 and entered into force on 13 April 1987. [103 parties have accepted the amendment to Article XXI](https://cites.org/eng/disc/parties/gaborone.php), which was adopted at Gaborone, Botswana on 30 April 1983 and entered into force on 29 November 2013.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1973-03-03","Languages":["English","Chinese (Simplified)","French","Russian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora","濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约","Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d'extinction","Конвенция о международной торговле видами дикой фауны и флоры, находящимися под угрозой исчезновения","Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres"],"Related_treaties":null,"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-01-28","Date_ratified":"1985-10-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-09-25","Date_ratified":"2003-06-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1984-02-21","Date_ratified":"1983-11-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-01-04","Date_ratified":"2021-10-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-12-31","Date_ratified":"2013-10-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and 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(WOAH) tracks and reports epizootic disease outbreaks, sets animal health and safety standards, and provides technical support for infrastructure development and outbreak response. WOAH was titled the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) until 2003, and changed its acronym to WOAH in 2022. WOAH regularly updates a [public tracker](https://wahis.woah.org/#/event-management]) documenting epizootic outbreaks and efforts to contain them. \n\n","Treaty_footnotes":"Twenty-eight states were signatories of the international agreement, which, upon ratification, created the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) on 25 January 1924. The agreement to establish the organization enters into force on the same day it is ratified for all states parties except for the following countries which submitted declarations of accession after it had already entered into force in those countries: Algeria, Cameroon, Madagascar, and Zambia.\n","Date_of_original_publication":"1924-01-25","Languages":["French","German","Italian"],"Original_language_titles":["Arrangement international pour la création, à Paris, d’un Office international des Épizooties","Internationales Übereinkommen für die Schaffung eines internationalen Seuchenamtes in Paris","Accordo internazionale che istituisce un Ufficio internazionale delle epizoozie a Parigi"],"Related_treaties":null,"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-07-25","Date_ratified":"1960-07-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-02-11","Date_ratified":"1991-02-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1962-07-03","Date_ratified":"1969-02-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-01-16","Date_ratified":"1998-01-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1979-04-06","Date_ratified":"1979-04-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua 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Moldova","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-24","Date_ratified":"1995-01-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COG","Name":"Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-06-20","Date_ratified":"1983-06-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ROU","Name":"Romania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1927-07-16","Date_ratified":"1927-07-16","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RUS","Name":"Russian Federation","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1927-10-29","Date_ratified":"1927-10-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RWA","Name":"Rwanda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-05-07","Date_ratified":"2002-05-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KNA","Name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LCA","Name":"Saint Lucia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-05-26","Date_ratified":"2018-05-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VCT","Name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"WSM","Name":"Samoa","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SMR","Name":"San Marino","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-04-09","Date_ratified":"2009-04-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"STP","Name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-05-08","Date_ratified":"2002-05-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SAU","Name":"Saudi Arabia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-02-22","Date_ratified":"1971-02-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SEN","Name":"Senegal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-02-22","Date_ratified":"1961-02-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SRB","Name":"Serbia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-11-21","Date_ratified":"2002-11-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYC","Name":"Seychelles","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-05-20","Date_ratified":"2010-05-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLE","Name":"Sierra Leone","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-04-13","Date_ratified":"1970-04-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SGP","Name":"Singapore","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-11-02","Date_ratified":"1993-11-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVK","Name":"Slovakia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-05-03","Date_ratified":"1993-05-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVN","Name":"Slovenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-12-30","Date_ratified":"1991-12-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLB","Name":"Solomon Islands","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1974-05-10","Date_ratified":"1974-05-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1936-11-04","Date_ratified":"1936-11-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1953-11-21","Date_ratified":"1953-11-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan ","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-05-30","Date_ratified":"2014-05-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ESP","Name":"Spain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1927-02-11","Date_ratified":"1927-02-11","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LKA","Name":"Sri Lanka","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-03-12","Date_ratified":"1971-03-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SDN","Name":"Sudan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1959-10-10","Date_ratified":"1959-10-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SUR","Name":"Suriname","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2002-01-10","Date_ratified":"2002-01-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWE","Name":"Sweden","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1925-09-17","Date_ratified":"1925-09-17","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHE","Name":"Switzerland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1926-07-06","Date_ratified":"1926-07-06","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYR","Name":"Syrian Arab Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-10-24","Date_ratified":"1986-10-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-09-21","Date_ratified":"1992-09-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1927-05-06","Date_ratified":"1927-05-06","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-11-16","Date_ratified":"2010-11-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1968-08-12","Date_ratified":"1968-08-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1998-05-18","Date_ratified":"1998-05-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1925-02-14","Date_ratified":"1925-02-14","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-03-17","Date_ratified":"1930-03-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-09-25","Date_ratified":"1992-09-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1982-08-10","Date_ratified":"1982-08-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-06-16","Date_ratified":"1993-06-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-04-14","Date_ratified":"1980-04-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1925-07-11","Date_ratified":"1925-07-11","Date_signed":"1924-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-05-09","Date_ratified":"1967-05-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-07-29","Date_ratified":"1975-07-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1931-05-23","Date_ratified":"1931-05-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-10-09","Date_ratified":"1992-10-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-06-29","Date_ratified":"1981-06-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1948-01-23","Date_ratified":"1948-01-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1951-02-22","Date_ratified":"1951-02-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-07-15","Date_ratified":"1999-07-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1964-10-24","Date_ratified":"1970-01-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1961-12-11","Date_ratified":"1961-12-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005","Short_name":"International Health Regulations","Description":"The International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 are a legally binding agreement designed to facilitate rapid identification and response to public health emergencies. Under the IHR, all 196 states parties must be capable of detecting, assessing, reporting and responding to disease outbreaks. Countries are also required to establish a reporting framework that ensures a national representative (the “IHR National Focal Point”) that can notify the World Health Organization (WHO) of a potential Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) within 24 hours of its identification. To facilitate these capacities, countries are supposed to provide one another technical and financial support to develop core capacities, and conduct [self assessments](https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240051980).\n","Treaty_footnotes":"The Revised IHR (2005) were adopted at the 58th World Health Assembly on May 23, 2005. They entered into force for all WHO Member states on 15 June 2007, except for the following: India (8 Aug 2007), Liechtenstein (28 March 2012), Montenegro (5 February 2008), South Sudan (16 April 2013), and the USA (18 July 2007). Download the data in this table to view any reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs).\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2005-05-23","Languages":["English","Arabic","Chinese (Simplified)","French","Russian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["International Health Regulations (2005) Third Edition","اللوائح الصحية الدولية (2005) الإصدار الثالث","国际卫生条例（2005）第三版","Règlement sanitaire international (2005) troisième édition","Международные медико-санитарные правила (2005 г.), третье издание","Reglamento Sanitario Internacional (2005) tercera edición"],"Related_treaties":["Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)"],"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"1. The Government of the People's Republic of China decides that the International Health Regulations (2005) (hereinafter referred to as “the IHR”) applies to the entire territory of the People's Republic of China, including the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macau Special Administrative Region and the Taiwan Province.\n2. The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China is designated as China's National Focal Point, pursuant to Paragraph 1 of Article 4 of the IHR. The local health administrative authorities are the health authorities responsible for the implementation of the IHR in their respective jurisdictions. The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China and its local offices are the competent authorities of the points of entry referred to in Article 22 of the IHR.\n3. To meet the needs of applying the IHR, the Government of the People's Republic of China is revising the Frontier Health and Quarantine Law of the People's Republic of China. It has incorporated the development, enhancement and maintenance of the core capability-building for rapid\nand effective response to public health hazards and public health emergencies of international concern into its program of establishing a national health emergency response system during the 11th Five-year\nPlan for National Economic and Social Development. It is formulating the technical standards for the surveillance, reporting, assessment, determination and notification of public health emergencies of international concern. It has established an inter-agency information-sharing and coordination mechanism for implementing the IHR. And it has conducted cooperation and exchanges with relevant states parties on the implementation of the IHR.\n4. The Government of the People's Republic of China endorses and will implement the resolution of the 59th World Health Assembly calling upon its member states to comply immediately, on a voluntary basis, with provisions of the IHR considered relevant to the risk posed by the avian\ninfluenza and pandemic influenza. "},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reply"],"RUDs_text":"Reply dated 24 January 2007 to the statement made by the Republic of Turkey on 14 December 2006\nThe Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations Office and other International Organizations in Geneva presents its compliments to the Director General of the World Health Organization and, with reference to the latter's Note Verbale under ref.no. C.L.3.2007, dated January\n17th, 2007, and the Note Verbale enclosed therein of the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Turkey ref. no 520.20/2006/BMCO DT/12201, dated December 14th, 2006, has the honour to draw the attention of the Director General to the fact that the correct title of the Montreux Convention regarding the regime of the straights of the Dardanelles, the Marmara sea and the Bosporus is: “The Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straights signed at Montreux on July 20th, 1936”.\nFurthermore, concerning the reference made in the aforementioned Note Verbale of the Permanent Mission of Turkey to the maritime traffic regulations unilaterally adopted in Turkey in 1998, we would like to remind the Director General that they are in contravention to the provisions of\nthe International Law of the Sea, the Montreux Convention and the relevant rules and Recommendations of the International Maritime Organization adopted on June 1st, 1994.\n\nReply dated 16 April 2007 to the Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Turkey dated 1 March 2007\nA. Firstly, it should be noted that there is no substantive link between the content of the Turkish statement contained in Note Verbale 520.20/BMCO DT/12201 dated 14th December 2006 and the new International Health Regulations. In fact, the Turkish statement seeks to elicit tacit acceptance\nor recognition of the national regulations, adopted by Turkey, concerning maritime traffic through the Straits.\nHowever, these regulations were adopted unilaterally and were not approved by the International Maritime Organization or the parties of the Montreux Convention of 1936 which governs the issue.\nConcerning its precise content, the statement goes on to assert that Turkey rightly points out that as far as the implementation of the new International Health Regulations for maritime traffic in the Straits is concerned, this should be done in accordance with the provisions of the Montreux Convention of 1936 regarding the regime of the Straits. It is, however, self-evident that the new Health Regulations do not influence the existing international regime of navigation through the Straits, neither\ncould they do so, as there is no connection of substance between them.\nThe Turkish statement goes on to assert that the Turkish Maritime Traffic Regulations of 1998 will also be taken into account. This means that the Turkish Authorities will enforce the International Health Regulations subject to certain ill-defined national modifications, which are in fact themselves in contravention of the international obligations Turkey has undertaken under the Montreux Convention.\nFurthermore, the Turkish Authorities reserve the right to also take into account any further revision of their national traffic regulations, to be adopted in the same unilateral way in the future. In fact, this would seem simply that, in so far as the Straits are concerned, Turkey may implement the new International Heath Regulations as it sees fit.\nThe reference, therefore, to national legislation and to any future revisions of this legislation, while irrelevant to the subject at hand, is nonetheless problematic because it seeks to subject international conventional obligations to national rules and regulations.\nB. Furthermore, the Turkish Regulations concerning traffic in the Straits are themselves not in conformity with:\n- The 1936 Montreux Convention: this Convention enshrines full freedom of navigation (articles 1 and 2) through the Straits without any restrictions whatsoever (apart from sanitary control) and without any formalities, irrespective of the kind of cargo or the timing of the transit. Thus, the\nTurkish Regulations by, amongst other things, imposing a compulsory reporting system (Reg. 6, 25 and al.) and, particularly, by providing for the possibility of the total suspension of traffic (Reg.20) are incompatible with the Montreux Convention.\n- The IMO Rules and Regulations: Paragraphs 1.2 and 1.3 foresee that only in the case where a vessel is unable to comply with the Traffic Separation Scheme do the Turkish Authorities have the right to temporarily suspend two-way traffic and to regulate the resulting one way traffic. The IMO Rules and Regulations on no account foresee a total suspension of traffic in the Straits. The Turkish Regulations, on the other hand, provide for the possibility to completely suspend traffic in general for a wide variety of reasons.\n- The international law of the sea regarding navigation through international straits: such law encourages cooperation in order to ensure the safe transit of vessels through the Straits and in order to protect the environment. The Turkish Regulations, however, were adopted unilaterally, in contravention of the law of the sea and the relevant law of treaties.\nC. As to the Turkish Note dated 1st March 2007 (Ref. No: 520.20/2007/BMCO DT/1711), the information contained there in is inaccurate on several points. More specifically, the said Turkish Note states:\n- that the Turkish Regulations “have been put into effect taking into account Turkey's obligations and rights arising from the Montreux Convention”, whereas the latter contains and rights arising from the Montreux Convention”, whereas the latter contains no provision which authorizes Turkey to unilaterally issue traffic regulations.\n- that Turkey “informed IMO of the safety measures taken in the Straits”, whereas Turkey has\nconsistently refused to officially submit its national regulations to IMO for discussion and examination, alleging that it is a matter of exclusive Turkish jurisdiction.\n- that “...Traffic Separation Schemes and Reporting System... were adopted by IMO together with some other rules in 1995”, whereas only Traffic Separation Schemes were adopted by that Organization, together with the relevant IMO Rules and Recommendations. The Reporting System included in the Turkish Regulations was never adopted by IMO.\n- that “...the maritime Safety Committee of the IMO confirmed at its 71st session that the routing system and the associated IMO Rules and Recommendations… had contributed significantly to an increase in safety ...” in an attempt to create the impression that the IMO is referring to the Turkish Regulations, whereas it is only referring to the measures adopted within the IMO itself.\nIn the light of the above, Greece considers the statement made by Turkey in its Note Verbale\n520.20/2006/BMCO DT/12201 dated 14th December 2006 as irrelevant to the International Health Regulations, thus having no legal effect as to the latter's implementation. Furthermore, Greece reiterates the point made in her Note Verbale no. (331) 6395/6/AS 168 dated 24 January 2007 as to the importance of using the correct terminology when referring to international instruments such as the Montreux Convention. "},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea Bissau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GUY","Name":"Guyana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HTI","Name":"Haiti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HND","Name":"Honduras","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HUN","Name":"Hungary","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISL","Name":"Iceland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IND","Name":"India","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-08-08","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"I am directed to refer to Reservations in respect of India mentioned in Annexure-II to IHR 1969\n(Revised up to 1983) {copy enclosed} and to request you to notify the following Reservations in respect of India for notification under Article 62 of the recently circulated IHR 2005:-\nProposed Reservation to IHR 2005:-\n1. The Government of India reserves the right to consider the whole territory of a country as infected with yellow fever whenever yellow fever has been notified under Article 6 and other relevant articles in this regard of IHR (2005). The Government of India reserves the right to continue to regard an area as infected with yellow fever until there is definite evidence that yellow-fever infection has been completely eradicated from that area.\n2. Yellow Fever disease will be treated as disease of Public health emergency of international concern and all health measures being applied presently like disinsection of conveyance, vaccination requirements and quarantine of passengers and crew (as may be required) (as per Article 7, 9.2(b), 42 and relevant annexures) will be continued as has been stipulated under Annex-II of IHR-1969 (Revised in 1983). "},{"ISO3":"IDN","Name":"Indonesia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRN","Name":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":"The Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations Office and other International Organizations in Geneva presents its compliments to the World Health Organization and with reference to note verbale No. C.L.2.2007 dated 17 January 2007 concerning the Reservation and Understandings of the Government of the United States of America on the International Health Regulations (IHR), has the honor to convey the official objection of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the same Reservation and Understandings, based on the following:\nAccording to the IHR, while “States may make reservations to these Regulations”, “such reservations shall not be incompatible with the object and purpose of these regulations”. Furthermore, in accordance with the IHR, “the implementation of these Regulations shall be guided by the goal of their universal application for the protection of all people of the world from the international spread of disease”. The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran believes that, by giving more prominence to federalism than its obligations under the IHR, the reserving Government attempts to evade its due responsibilities and obligations. The aforementioned Government, by adopting a selective approach, provides its states with the option of exempting themselves from full compliance with the provisions of the IHR. Since implementation of the IHR largely depends on the development, strengthening and maintenance of the core capacity requirements set forth in Annex 1, reservation of such a general\nnature leads to undermining the IHR foundations as well as its integrity and universal applicability. Such reservation is considered to be incompatible with the object and purpose of these Regulations and is, therefore, unacceptable.\nMoreover, the understandings and interpretations assumed by a government, too, should not affect the obligations to be undertaken by that government and must not be incompatible with the object and purpose of the Regulations.\nAs regards to the first Understanding of the reserving Government, it must be recalled that the majority of W.H.O. Member States participating in the IHR negotiations, categorically rejected the inclusion of the related interpretation within the provisions of the IHR. Their rejections were\nprompted to avoid confusion over respective obligations of the State Parties under the IHR and to preempt overlapping of the competencies and duplication of work among the relevant intergovernmental organizations or international bodies. Article 6.1 and 14.2 of the IHR address such concerns.\nThe second Understanding attempts to dilute the obligations of the U.S. Government under the IHR. It is an attempt to place national interests above the treaty obligations by excluding the U.S. Armed Forces from the IHR bindings. The universal applicability of the IHR for the protection of all\npeoples of the world from the international spread of diseases leaves no room for exempting the American Armed Forces, in particular those operating abroad. Such an exemption could not be conceded to, taking into account the nature, direction and possible public health consequences of the U.S. Armed Forces operations. It should be recalled that during IHR negotiations, the majority of W.H.O. Member States strongly rejected the above exclusion proposed by the U.S. Government. It is, therefore, in violation of the U.S. obligations under the IHR and is incompatible with the object and purpose of these regulations, to which the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran strongly objects.\nThe Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran reiterates that it does not consider the Reservation and the two Understandings stated by the U.S. Government, as legally binding."},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Name":"Iraq","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ITA","Name":"Italy","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JAM","Name":"Jamaica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Name":"Kazakhstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KEN","Name":"Kenya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KIR","Name":"Kiribati","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LVA","Name":"Latvia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBN","Name":"Lebanon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LSO","Name":"Lesotho","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBR","Name":"Liberia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBY","Name":"Libya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LIE","Name":"Liechtenstein","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-03-28","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LTU","Name":"Lithuania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LUX","Name":"Luxembourg","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDG","Name":"Madagascar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MWI","Name":"Malawi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MYS","Name":"Malaysia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDV","Name":"Maldives","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLI","Name":"Mali","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLT","Name":"Malta","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MHL","Name":"Marshall Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MRT","Name":"Mauritania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MUS","Name":"Mauritius","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MEX","Name":"Mexico","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FSM","Name":"Micronesia (Federated States of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MCO","Name":"Monaco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNG","Name":"Mongolia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNE","Name":"Montenegro","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-02-05","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAR","Name":"Morocco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Name":"Mozambique","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MMR","Name":"Myanmar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NAM","Name":"Namibia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NRU","Name":"Nauru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NPL","Name":"Nepal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NLD","Name":"Netherlands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NCL","Name":"New Caledonia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NZL","Name":"New Zealand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIC","Name":"Nicaragua","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NER","Name":"Niger","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NGA","Name":"Nigeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIU","Name":"Niue","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRK","Name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MKD","Name":"North Macedonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NOR","Name":"Norway","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"OMN","Name":"Oman","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAK","Name":"Pakistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PLW","Name":"Palau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PSE","Name":"State of Palestine","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAN","Name":"Panama","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PNG","Name":"Papua New Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRY","Name":"Paraguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PER","Name":"Peru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PHL","Name":"Philippines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"POL","Name":"Poland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRT","Name":"Portugal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union (EU) on the reservation of\nthe Government of the United States of America concerning the International Health\nRegulations\n\nThe International Health Regulations (IHR) are a very effective tool for reinforcing the connection between the surveillance systems and in establishing rapid reaction mechanisms. The EC and its 27 Member States have strongly supported the revised IHR, which recently came into force, and we will\ncontinue this support for the implementation of the IHR in full and without restrictions.\nThe EC and its 27 Member States take note of the above mentioned reservation and declare that they understand it to mean that, in accordance with the principle that a Party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform its international obligations, this reservation in no way intends to question the obligations stemming from the IHR. The EC and its 27 Member\nStates understand that the Federal Government of the United States of America fully recognises those obligations and that it will exercise every effort to ensure that the provisions of the IHR are fully implemented and given full effect by the pertinent authorities in the United States of America.\n\nDeclaration of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union (EU) on the statement of the Government of Turkey concerning the International Health Regulations\nThe International Health Regulations (IHR) are a very effective tool for reinforcing the connection between the surveillance systems and in establishing rapid reaction mechanisms. The EC and its 27\nMember States have strongly supported the revised IHR, which recently came into force, and we will continue this support for the implementation of the IHR in full and without restrictions.\nThe EC and its 27 Member States take note of Turkey's intention to implement the provisions of the IHR in accordance with the Convention regarding the regime of the Straits, signed at Montreux on 20 July 1936.\nThe EC and its 27 Member States understand the desire of the Turkish authorities to respect their international obligations, such as the Montreux Convention regarding traffic in the Straits. In this respect they would like to refer to Article 57 of the IHR, which provides that States parties recognize that the IHR and other relevant international agreements should be interpreted so as to be compatible.\nThe provisions of the IHR shall not affect the rights and obligations of any State party deriving from other international agreements.\nConcerning the reference by Turkey to internal legislation which has no direct bearing on the implementation of the IHR, the EC and its 27 Member States understand that Turkey will ensure that the application of its internal legislation fully respects the letter and spirit of the IHR and the regime of freedom of navigation in the Straits as established by the Montreux Convention.\n\nDeclaration of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union (EU) on the reservation of the Government of India concerning the International Health Regulations\nThe International Health Regulations (IHR) are a very effective tool for reinforcing the connection between the surveillance systems and in establishing rapid reaction mechanisms. The EC and its 27\nMember States have strongly supported the revised IHR, which recently came into force, and we will continue this support for the implementation of the IHR in full and without restrictions.\nThe EC and its 27 Member States understand the willingness of the Government of India to apply strong measures in order to keep the territory of India free of yellow fever. The EC and its 27 Member\nStates recognise the challenges in ensuring the surveillance and protection of such a large territory, considering the existence of factors (e.g. presence of aedes) which may facilitate the spread of contamination.\nThe EC and its 27 Member States nevertheless expect that this reservation will be implemented in a reasonable way, considering the potentially unnecessary interference it could have with international\ntraffic and trade from the largest part of the geographical territory of the EC in the case of a yellow fever outbreak in an outermost region of the EU or in a non-European part of a Member State of the EC (e.g. Guyana, Antilles). The fact that the Government of India considers yellow fever to be a notifiable disease should not trigger disproportionate control measures.\nThe commitment of the EC and its 27 Member States to ensure the rapid and comprehensive implementation of the IHR will reinforce the measures already implemented to maintain the whole territory of the EC free of yellow fever. "},{"ISO3":"PRI","Name":"Puerto Rico","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"QAT","Name":"Qatar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDA","Name":"Republic of Moldova","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COG","Name":"Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ROU","Name":"Romania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RUS","Name":"Russian Federation","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RWA","Name":"Rwanda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KNA","Name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LCA","Name":"Saint Lucia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VCT","Name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"WSM","Name":"Samoa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SMR","Name":"San Marino","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"STP","Name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SAU","Name":"Saudi Arabia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SEN","Name":"Senegal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SRB","Name":"Serbia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYC","Name":"Seychelles","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLE","Name":"Sierra Leone","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SGP","Name":"Singapore","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVK","Name":"Slovakia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVN","Name":"Slovenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLB","Name":"Solomon Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SDN","Name":"Sudan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ESP","Name":"Spain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LKA","Name":"Sri Lanka","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan ","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-04-16","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SUR","Name":"Suriname","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWE","Name":"Sweden","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHE","Name":"Switzerland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYR","Name":"Syrian Arab Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Following their adoption by the World Health Assembly in May 2005, the International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 will enter into force on 15 June 2007.\nThe Kingdom of Tonga supports the important contribution the IHR 2005 will make to the strengthening of national and global systems for the protection of public health from the spread of disease.\nThe Kingdom of Tonga understands that in order to be effective, the IHR 2005 will need to operate at various levels within each country, as well as between countries internationally and the World Health Organization. With this in mind, Tonga has, with support from regional partners including WHO, taken a number of steps to prepare for the entry into force of the new regime. However, it is not possible to confirm that all the required adjustments will be able to be achieved by 15 June 2007.\nTherefore, on behalf of the Kingdom of Tonga, and in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 59 of the IHR 2005, I declare that the following adjustments may not be completed by June 2007.\nThe outstanding adjustments are as follows:\n1. Complete the review of the Public Health Act 1992 to ensure legislative consistency with the IHR 2005;\n2. Strengthen existing systems for the regular, national reporting of notifiable diseases, including the reporting of any events of potential public health significance, irrespective of their source;\n3. Various enhancements to border health protection functions, including improved reporting and response capacities for public health events at Fua'amotu Airport and surveillance and control of vector/reservoir species at Fua'amotu airport and the seaport at Nuku'alofa.\nThe Kingdom of Tonga is, and will remain, committed to playing its part in the collective actions that contribute to the protection of public health for all people of the world. It is my intention that the outstanding adjustments will be achieved by 31 December 2007, and certainly no later than 15 June\n2008. "},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration","Reply"],"RUDs_text":"Statement made by the Republic of Turkey on 14 December 2006\n\nTurkey will implement the provisions of the International Health Regulations in accordance with the Convention regarding the regime of the Turkish Straits, signed at Montreux on 20 July 1936, as well as by taking into account Turkish 1998 Maritime Traffic Regulations for the Turkish Straits and any future revisions to be made thereto.\n\nReply dated 1 March 2007 to the Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Greece dated 24 January 2007:\nThe Maritime Traffic Regulations for the Turkish Straits have been put into effect taking into account Turkey's obligations and rights arising from the Montreux Convention. The said Regulations do not contain any element that is in contravention of international law or International Maritime Organization's (IMO) Rules and Recommendations and are being implemented accordingly.\nThe measures taken in the Turkish Straits in accordance with the said Regulations are aimed at improving the safety of navigation, human life, cultural and environmental heritage. Moreover, the safety measures are needed vis-à-vis the risks and dangers of passage of the increased number of tanker traffic in the Straits.\nTurkey has duly informed IMO of the safety measures taken in the Straits. Besides, Traffic Separation Schemes and Reporting System, established within the framework of the Turkish Straits Regulations, were adopted by IMO together with some other rules in 1995.\nFurthermore, the Maritime Safety Committee of the IMO confirmed at its 71st session on May 1999 that the routeing system and the associated IMO Rules and Recommendations relating to the Turkish Straits have proven to be effective and successful and had contributed significantly to an increase in safety and a reduction of the risk of collisions.\nThe Turkish Straits Vessel Traffic Services which have been functioning since 31 December 2003 within the framework of the Montreux Convention, IMO Rules and the Turkish Straits Regulations, provide traffic arrangements successfully with high standard technical equipment and\nqualified expert personnel.\nAccordingly, the arguments in the above-mentioned Note of the Permanent Mission of Greece are unfounded and the statement of Turkey registered in our Note dated 14 December 2006 (Ref. no: 520.20/2006/BMCO DT/12201) remains unchanged and valid. \n\nReply dated 18 May 2007 to the Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Greece dated 16 April 2007:\nThe Permanent Mission of the Republic of Turkey to the United Nations Office at Geneva and other International Organizations in Switzerland presents its compliments to the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) and with reference to the latter's Note dated 9 May 2007 (Ref. no: C.L.22.2007) and the Note enclosed therein of the Permanent Mission of Greece dated 16 April 2007 (Ref. no: 6395(3160)/22/AS 783) has the honour to inform the Director-General of the following.\nThe Permanent Mission of the Republic of Turkey would like to underline that the statement in this Mission's Note of December 14, 2006 (No: 520.20/BMCO DT/12201) was a factual representation of the state of affairs.\nFurthermore, the Permanent Mission would like to point out that the arguments and assertions raised in the Greek Delegation's above-mentioned Note are unfounded. Turkey's position on the Maritime Traffic Regulations for the Turkish Straits is also acknowledged by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and remains unchanged. In fact, Turkish Straits Vessel Traffic Services (TSVTS) center is effectively providing traffic information, navigational assistance and traffic organization under the existing regulations to all vessels passing through the Straits.\nAs to the terminology used when referring to the Montreux Convention, the Permanent Mission, with all due respect to the wording of the said Convention, would like to emphasize the fact that the Straits subject of the said Convention are the \"Turkish Straits\", namely, the \"Strait of İstanbul\" and the \"Strait of Çanakkale\". "},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-18","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation","Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"The Mission, by means of this note, informs the Acting Director-General of the World Health Organization that the Government of the United States of America accepts the IHRs, subject to the reservation and understandings referred to below.\nThe Mission, by means of this note, and in accordance with Article 22 of the Constitution of the World Health Organization and Article 59(1) of the IHRs, submits the following reservation on behalf of the Government of the United States of America:\nThe Government of the United States of America reserves the right to assume obligations under these Regulations in a manner consistent with its fundamental principles of federalism. With respect to obligations concerning the development, strengthening, and maintenance of the core capacity requirements set forth in Annex 1, these Regulations shall be implemented by the Federal Government or the state governments, as appropriate and in accordance with our Constitution, to the extent that the implementation of these obligations comes under the legal jurisdiction of the Federal Government. To the extent that such obligations come under the legal jurisdiction of the state governments, the Federal Government shall bring such obligations with a favorable recommendation to the notice of the appropriate state authorities.\nThe Mission, by means of this note, also submits three understandings on behalf of the Government of the United States of America. The first understanding relates to the application of the IHRs to incidents involving natural, accidental or deliberate release of chemical, biological or radiological materials:\nIn view of the definitions of “disease,” “event,” and “public health emergency of international concern” as set forth in Article 1 of these Regulations, the notification requirements of Articles 6 and 7, and the decision instrument and guidelines set forth in Annex 2, the United States understands that States Parties to these Regulations have assumed an obligation to notify to WHO potential public health emergencies of international concern, irrespective of origin or source, whether they involve the natural, accidental or deliberate release of biological, chemical or radionuclear materials.\nThe second understanding relates to the application of Article 9 of the IHRs:\nArticle 9 of these Regulations obligates a State Party “as far as practicable” to notify the World Health Organization (WHO) of evidence received by that State of a public health risk occurring outside of its\nterritory that may result in the international spread of disease. Among other notifications that could prove to be impractical under this article, it is the United States' understanding that any notification that would undermine the ability of the U.S. Armed Forces to operate effectively in pursuit of U.S. national security interests would not be considered practical for purposes of this Article.\nThe third understanding relates to the question of whether the IHRs create judicially enforceable private rights. Based on its delegation's participation in the negotiations of the IHRs, the Government of the United States of America does not believe that the IHRs were intended to create judicially enforceable private rights: The United States understands that the provisions of the Regulations do not create judicially enforceable private rights."},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-06-15","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)","Short_name":"World Trade Organization","Description":"The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formally established by the Final Act of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, or Marrakesh Agreement on 1 January 1995. \n\nThe General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the <a href=\"/treaties/trips-agreement/\">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)</a> are annexes to this umbrella Agreement; all WTO member states are automatically bound to these treaties and do not undergo a separate signature and ratification process for them. The WTO is responsible for settling disputes that arise between member states under these trade agreements, and works with developing countries to support the development of technical trade laws and capacities.\n\nThis document includes: Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations; Declaration on the Contribution of the WTO to Achieving Greater Coherence in Global Economic Policymaking; Decision on Trade and Environment; Decision on the Acceptance of and Accession to the Agreement Establishing the WTO.\n","Treaty_footnotes":"The parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) became the original WTO member states after ratifying the Marrakesh Agreement, which entered into force on 1 January 1995. All other members have joined the organization as a result of negotiation, and the terms of accession are dependent upon the country's stage of economic development and the current trade regime. An offer of accession is given once consensus is reached among members.\n\nThe WTO has 164 members and 25 observer governments. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1994-04-15","Languages":["English","English"],"Original_language_titles":["Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization","Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization"],"Related_treaties":["Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)"],"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-07-29","Date_ratified":"2016-06-29","Date_signed":"2015-12-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-09-08","Date_ratified":"2000-08-09","Date_signed":"2000-07-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-11-23","Date_ratified":"1996-10-24","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-29","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-02-05","Date_ratified":"2003-01-06","Date_signed":"2002-12-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-06","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-07-27","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1199-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-02-22","Date_ratified":"1996-01-23","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-09-12","Date_ratified":"1995-08-13","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-31","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-12-27","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-21","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-11-16","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-12-01","Date_ratified":"1996-11-01","Date_signed":"1996-10-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-06-03","Date_ratified":"1995-05-04","Date_signed":"1994-08-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-07-23","Date_ratified":"1995-06-23","Date_signed":"1994-12-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2004-10-13","Date_ratified":"2004-09-13","Date_signed":"2003-09-12","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-12-13","Date_ratified":"1995-11-13","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-07-23","Date_ratified":"2008-06-23","Date_signed":"2007-12-18","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-31","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-10-19","Date_ratified":"1996-09-19","Date_signed":"1994-12-08","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-28","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2001-12-11","Date_ratified":"2001-11-11","Date_signed":"2001-11-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-28","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-23","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":"2002-01-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-04-30","Date_ratified":"1995-03-31","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-26","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-29","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2000-11-30","Date_ratified":"2000-10-31","Date_signed":"2000-07-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-04-20","Date_ratified":"1995-03-21","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-07-30","Date_ratified":"1995-06-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-23","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-01-01","Date_ratified":"1996-12-02","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-31","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1995-03-30","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-12-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-09","Date_ratified":"1995-02-07","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-21","Date_ratified":"1995-12-22","Date_signed":"1995-09-27","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-06-30","Date_ratified":"1995-05-31","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-07","Date_ratified":"1995-04-07","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-11-13","Date_ratified":"1999-10-14","Date_signed":"1999-05-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-28","Date_signed":"1994-10-28","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-01-14","Date_ratified":"1995-12-15","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of 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Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-07-26","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1996-06-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-02","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-12-30","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan ","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ESP","Name":"Spain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-07-06","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LKA","Name":"Sri Lanka","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-07-06","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SDN","Name":"Sudan","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SUR","Name":"Suriname","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWE","Name":"Sweden","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-22","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHE","Name":"Switzerland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-07-01","Date_ratified":"1995-06-01","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYR","Name":"Syrian Arab Republic","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2013-03-02","Date_ratified":"2013-01-31","Date_signed":"2012-12-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-28","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-05-31","Date_ratified":"1995-04-19","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-07-27","Date_ratified":"2007-06-27","Date_signed":"2005-12-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-01","Date_ratified":"1995-01-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-29","Date_ratified":"1995-02-27","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-26","Date_ratified":"1995-02-24","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-05-16","Date_ratified":"2008-04-16","Date_signed":"2008-02-05","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1996-04-10","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1996-03-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-09-06","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-12-30","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-29","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2012-08-24","Date_ratified":"2012-07-25","Date_signed":"2011-10-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Observer","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":"1994-12-30","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2007-01-11","Date_ratified":"2006-12-12","Date_signed":"2006-11-07","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-06-26","Date_ratified":"2014-05-27","Date_signed":"2013-12-04","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-01-01","Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1995-03-05","Date_ratified":"1995-02-03","Date_signed":"1994-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","Short_name":"Nagoya Protocol","Description":"The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity governs the distribution of benefits (financial earnings, academic credit, etc.) from discoveries made using genetic resources. Under the Nagoya Protocol, states parties are required to provide prior informed consent when taking genetic resources from another country, and to negotiate Mutually Agreed Terms (MATs) on the benefits that may be accrued from research and development performed using those resources. The Nagoya Protocol does not specifically include pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses), which has created some controversy over efforts to negotiate MATs related to medical countermeasure development. \n\nStates parties are required to enact domestic access and benefit sharing legislation for genetic resources.\n","Treaty_footnotes":"Countries automatically become a party to the Nagoya Protocol 90 days after depositing their instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. Download the data in this table to view any reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs).\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2010-10-29","Languages":["English","Arabic","Chinese (Simplified)","French","Russian","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing","بروتوكول ناغويا بشأن الحصول وتقاسم المنافع","关于获取和惠益分享的名古屋议定书","Protocole de Nagoya sur l'accès et le partage des avantages","Нагойский протокол о доступе и совместном использовании выгод","El Protocolo de Nagoya sobre Acceso y Participación en los Beneficios"],"Related_treaties":["Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity"],"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-09-04","Date_ratified":"2018-06-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-01-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-02-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-05-07","Date_ratified":"2017-02-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-12","Date_ratified":"2016-12-12","Date_signed":"2011-07-28","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-09","Date_ratified":"2016-12-09","Date_signed":"2011-11-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       The Argentine Republic declares that the provisions on benefit-sharing in this Protocol are applicable to genetic resources and their derivatives.\n       Likewise, the provisions of this Protocol are applicable to the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and their derivatives originating in the Argentine Republic and acquired after the entry into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity.\n       The Argentine Republic declares that, under article 4, paragraph 4, of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, this does not apply in respect of the genetic resources covered by the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture or in respect of the specific genetic resources covered by any other international access and benefit-sharing instrument that does not run counter to the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Protocols thereto, which are in effect on the date of its entry into force."},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2012-01-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-10-18","Date_ratified":"2018-07-20","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-03-30","Date_ratified":"2021-12-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-05-23","Date_ratified":"2022-02-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-04-10","Date_ratified":"2023-01-10","Date_signed":"2011-09-06","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-06-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-07","Date_ratified":"2016-08-09","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Upon signature\n       “This signature engages also the French Community, the Flemish Community, the German-speaking Community, the Walloon Region, the Flemish Region and the Brussels-Capital Region.”"},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-01-22","Date_signed":"2011-10-28","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-09-30","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-06","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-02-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-06-02","Date_ratified":"2021-03-04","Date_signed":"2011-02-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"\nDeclarations made upon ratification\n       I - In accordance with the terms of article 28 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, regarding the application of paragraph 2 of article 33 of the Protocol, the provisions of the Nagoya Protocol, for the purpose of its implementation, shall not have retroactive effects;\n       II - in accordance with the terms of article 8(c) of the Protocol, the economic exploitation for agricultural activities, in accordance with the definition provided for in Act N. 13.123, of 20 May 2015, resulting from reproductive material from species introduced in the country by human action before the entry into force of the Protocol shall not be subject to the sharing of benefits foreseen in the Protocol;\n       III - in accordance with the provision on article 2 read in conjunction with paragraph 3 of article 15 of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and considering the application of the provisions in articles 5 and 6 of the Protocol, Brazil considers as found in “in situ” condition the species and varieties that form spontaneous populations that have acquired distinctive characteristics in the country and the traditional local variety or breed locally adapted, as per the definition in domestic legislation, in particular article 2 of Act N. 13.123, of 20 May 2015, with a framing of this country under the concept of “country of origin” of these genetic resources;\n       IV - Act N. 13.123, of 20 May of 2015, is considered the domestic law for the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol."},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-09","Date_ratified":"2016-08-11","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-01-10","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-04-19","Date_ratified":"2015-01-19","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-28","Date_ratified":"2016-11-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-09-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-10-25","Date_ratified":"2018-07-27","Date_signed":"2011-04-06","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-09","Date_ratified":"2017-10-11","Date_signed":"2012-01-31","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-09-06","Date_ratified":"2016-06-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       Unless otherwise notified by the Government of the People’s Republic of China, the Protocol shall not apply to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China and the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-02-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-05-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-07-06","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-09-24","Date_signed":"2012-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-12-01","Date_ratified":"2015-09-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-12-16","Date_ratified":"2015-09-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-12-29","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-08-04","Date_ratified":"2016-05-06","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-05-05","Date_ratified":"2015-02-04","Date_signed":"2011-09-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-05-01","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Upon its Approval of the Protocol, the Government of Denmark notified the Secretary-General that the Protocol shall not apply in respect of Greenland and the Faroe Islands."},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-12-30","Date_ratified":"2015-10-01","Date_signed":"2011-10-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-02-11","Date_ratified":"2014-11-13","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-12-19","Date_ratified":"2017-09-20","Date_signed":"2011-04-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-10-28","Date_signed":"2012-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-06-11","Date_ratified":"2019-03-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-03-19","Date_ratified":"2018-12-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-20","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-11-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-05-16","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-10-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-09-01","Date_ratified":"2016-06-03","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-29","Date_ratified":"2016-08-31","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       1. The French Republic reiterates the declaration that it made upon the ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity concerning article 16 on the transfer of technology, with regard to the implementation of articles l and 23 of the Protocol.\n       2. The French Republic recalls the terms of decision UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/ XII/12 of 25 June 2014 in connection with the use of the term 'indigenous peoples and local communities' instead of the term 'indigenous and local communities' found in various provisions of the Protocol:\n       - The use of the term 'indigenous peoples and local communities' in future decisions and all secondary documents under the Protocol shall have no effect on the legal meaning of the articles of the Protocol that use the term 'indigenous and local communities';\n       - The use of the term 'indigenous peoples and local communities' cannot be interpreted as implying for any Party the amendment of rights or obligations under the Protocol;\n       - The use of the term 'indigenous peoples and local communities' in future decisions and all secondary documents shall not serve as a context for the interpretation of the Protocol, or a subsequent agreement nor subsequent practice, among the Parties to the Protocol, within the\n       meaning of article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties of 23 May 1969, which codifies customary international law in this area.\n       With reference to the declaration that it made during the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of 13 September 2007, France would recall that, in accordance with the constitutional principles of the indivisibility of the Republic and the unity of the French people, the French people is composed of all French citizens without distinctionbased on origin, race or religion. Under those principles and the principle of the equality of citizens before the law, only the French people as a whole can be granted rights."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2011-11-11","Date_signed":"2011-05-13","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-07-20","Date_ratified":"2016-04-21","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-11-06","Date_ratified":"2019-08-08","Date_signed":"2011-05-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-05-14","Date_ratified":"2020-02-14","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-09-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-06-18","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-01-05","Date_ratified":"2014-10-07","Date_signed":"2011-12-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea Bissau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-09-24","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GUY","Name":"Guyana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-04-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HTI","Name":"Haiti","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HND","Name":"Honduras","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-08-12","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HUN","Name":"Hungary","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-04-29","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISL","Name":"Iceland","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IND","Name":"India","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-10-09","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IDN","Name":"Indonesia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-09-24","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRN","Name":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Name":"Iraq","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-07-27","Date_ratified":"2023-04-28","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ITA","Name":"Italy","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JAM","Name":"Jamaica","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-20","Date_ratified":"2017-05-22","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-01-10","Date_signed":"2012-01-10","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Name":"Kazakhstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-09-15","Date_ratified":"2015-06-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KEN","Name":"Kenya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-04-07","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KIR","Name":"Kiribati","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-09-02","Date_ratified":"2021-06-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-30","Date_ratified":"2017-06-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-09-13","Date_ratified":"2015-06-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-09-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LVA","Name":"Latvia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBN","Name":"Lebanon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-11","Date_ratified":"2017-10-13","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LSO","Name":"Lesotho","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-02-10","Date_ratified":"2014-11-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBR","Name":"Liberia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-11-15","Date_ratified":"2015-08-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBY","Name":"Libya","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LIE","Name":"Liechtenstein","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LTU","Name":"Lithuania","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-12-29","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LUX","Name":"Luxembourg","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-23","Date_ratified":"2016-10-25","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDG","Name":"Madagascar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-03","Date_signed":"2011-09-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MWI","Name":"Malawi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-11-24","Date_ratified":"2014-08-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MYS","Name":"Malaysia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-02-03","Date_ratified":"2018-11-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDV","Name":"Maldives","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-09-29","Date_ratified":"2019-07-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLI","Name":"Mali","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-29","Date_ratified":"2016-08-31","Date_signed":"2011-04-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLT","Name":"Malta","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-01","Date_ratified":"2016-12-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MHL","Name":"Marshall Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-01-08","Date_ratified":"2014-10-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MRT","Name":"Mauritania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-11-16","Date_ratified":"2015-08-18","Date_signed":"2011-05-18","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MUS","Name":"Mauritius","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-12-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MEX","Name":"Mexico","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-05-16","Date_signed":"2011-02-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FSM","Name":"Micronesia (Federated States of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-01-30","Date_signed":"2012-01-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MCO","Name":"Monaco","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNG","Name":"Mongolia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-05-21","Date_signed":"2012-01-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNE","Name":"Montenegro","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-11-12","Date_ratified":"2020-08-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAR","Name":"Morocco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-07-21","Date_ratified":"2022-04-22","Date_signed":"2011-12-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Name":"Mozambique","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-07","Date_signed":"2011-09-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MMR","Name":"Myanmar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-01-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NAM","Name":"Namibia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-05-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NRU","Name":"Nauru","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NPL","Name":"Nepal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-03-28","Date_ratified":"2018-12-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NLD","Name":"Netherlands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-17","Date_ratified":"2016-08-19","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NCL","Name":"New Caledonia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NZL","Name":"New Zealand","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIC","Name":"Nicaragua","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-09-10","Date_ratified":"2020-06-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NER","Name":"Niger","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-02","Date_signed":"2011-09-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NGA","Name":"Nigeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-09-27","Date_ratified":"2022-06-29","Date_signed":"2012-02-01","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIU","Name":"Niue","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRK","Name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-12-30","Date_ratified":"2019-10-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MKD","Name":"North Macedonia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NOR","Name":"Norway","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-10-01","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"OMN","Name":"Oman","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-09-21","Date_ratified":"2020-06-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAK","Name":"Pakistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-02-21","Date_ratified":"2015-11-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PLW","Name":"Palau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-09-11","Date_ratified":"2018-06-13","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PSE","Name":"State of Palestine","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAN","Name":"Panama","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-12-12","Date_signed":"2011-05-03","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PNG","Name":"Papua New Guinea","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRY","Name":"Paraguay","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PER","Name":"Peru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-08","Date_signed":"2011-05-04","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PHL","Name":"Philippines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-12-28","Date_ratified":"2015-09-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"POL","Name":"Poland","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRT","Name":"Portugal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-10","Date_ratified":"2017-04-11","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRI","Name":"Puerto Rico","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"QAT","Name":"Qatar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-25","Date_ratified":"2017-01-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDA","Name":"Republic of Moldova","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-21","Date_ratified":"2016-08-24","Date_signed":"2012-01-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COG","Name":"Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-08-12","Date_ratified":"2015-05-14","Date_signed":"2011-09-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ROU","Name":"Romania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-08-20","Date_ratified":"2019-05-22","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RUS","Name":"Russian Federation","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RWA","Name":"Rwanda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-03-20","Date_signed":"2011-02-28","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KNA","Name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-12-04","Date_ratified":"2018-09-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LCA","Name":"Saint Lucia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-06-12","Date_ratified":"2022-03-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VCT","Name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"WSM","Name":"Samoa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-05-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SMR","Name":"San Marino","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"STP","Name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-10","Date_ratified":"2017-01-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SAU","Name":"Saudi Arabia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-10-08","Date_ratified":"2020-07-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SEN","Name":"Senegal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-06-01","Date_ratified":"2016-03-03","Date_signed":"2012-01-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SRB","Name":"Serbia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-01-28","Date_ratified":"2018-10-30","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYC","Name":"Seychelles","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2012-04-20","Date_signed":"2011-04-15","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLE","Name":"Sierra Leone","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-30","Date_ratified":"2016-11-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SGP","Name":"Singapore","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVK","Name":"Slovakia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-03-28","Date_ratified":"2015-12-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVN","Name":"Slovenia","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-09-27","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLB","Name":"Solomon Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-01-22","Date_ratified":"2019-10-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2012-01-09","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-01-10","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-17","Date_ratified":"2017-05-19","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan ","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ESP","Name":"Spain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-06-03","Date_signed":"2011-07-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LKA","Name":"Sri Lanka","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SDN","Name":"Sudan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-07","Date_signed":"2011-04-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SUR","Name":"Suriname","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWE","Name":"Sweden","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-07","Date_ratified":"2016-09-08","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHE","Name":"Switzerland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-11","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYR","Name":"Syrian Arab Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-04-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       The accession of the Syrian Arab Republic to this Protocol shall in no way imply its recognition of Israel or entail its entry into any dealings with Israel in the matters governed by the provisions thereof."},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2013-09-04","Date_signed":"2011-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2012-01-31","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-05-10","Date_ratified":"2016-02-10","Date_signed":"2011-09-27","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-01-01","Date_ratified":"2019-10-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-11-25","Date_ratified":"2021-08-27","Date_signed":"2011-05-11","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-02-02","Date_ratified":"2020-11-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-11-26","Date_ratified":"2018-08-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-06-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-05-16","Date_ratified":"2022-02-15","Date_signed":"2012-01-30","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-12-11","Date_ratified":"2014-09-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-05-22","Date_ratified":"2016-02-22","Date_signed":"2011-06-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-04-19","Date_ratified":"2018-01-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-14","Date_signed":"2011-07-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-07-01","Date_signed":"2011-11-18","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-01-08","Date_ratified":"2018-10-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2014-10-12","Date_ratified":"2014-04-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2011-02-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-08-18","Date_ratified":"2016-05-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-11-30","Date_ratified":"2017-09-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Paris Agreement","Short_name":"Paris Agreement","Description":"The Paris Agreement is a landmark climate change treaty requiring countries to take measures intended to prevent global warming from exceeding 1.5 – 2 degrees Celsius (compared to preindustrial levels). States parties are expected to meet nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and become increasingly stringent every 5 years. Developed nations are also required to support climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts in developing countries. \n","Treaty_footnotes":"The Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016. For states that deposited their instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval after that day, the agreement entered into force on the thirtieth day after their date of deposit. \n\nPer China's declaration, the Agreement applies to Hong Kong and Macao as well. Download the data in this table to view all reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs).\n","Date_of_original_publication":"2015-12-12","Languages":["English","French","Spanish"],"Original_language_titles":["Paris Agreement","Accord de Paris","El Acuerdo de París"],"Related_treaties":null,"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-17","Date_ratified":"2017-02-15","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-19","Date_ratified":"2016-10-20","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-23","Date_ratified":"2017-03-24","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-12-16","Date_ratified":"2020-11-16","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-22","Date_ratified":"2017-03-23","Date_signed":"2016-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-09","Date_ratified":"2016-11-09","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-08","Date_ratified":"2017-01-09","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-08-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-22","Date_ratified":"2016-12-23","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-05-06","Date_ratified":"2017-04-06","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration made upon signature:\n       “This signature engages also the Walloon Region, the Flemish Region and the Brussels-Capital Region.”"},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-30","Date_ratified":"2016-10-31","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-10-19","Date_ratified":"2017-09-19","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-15","Date_ratified":"2017-03-16","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-12","Date_ratified":"2016-11-11","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-29","Date_ratified":"2016-11-29","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “The Republic of Bulgaria recognizes that in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention. In this context the Republic of Bulgaria notes that as a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Bulgaria is not included in Annex II.”"},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-12","Date_ratified":"2016-11-11","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-02-16","Date_ratified":"2018-01-17","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-08","Date_ratified":"2017-02-06","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-07-29","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-10-21","Date_ratified":"2017-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-10","Date_ratified":"2016-10-11","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-11","Date_ratified":"2017-01-12","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-12","Date_ratified":"2017-02-10","Date_signed":"2016-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-03","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       In accordance with the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China and the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, the Government of the People’s Republic of China decides that the Agreement applies to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China."},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-08-11","Date_ratified":"2018-07-12","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-23","Date_ratified":"2016-11-23","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-01","Date_signed":"2016-06-24","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       The Government of the Cook Islands declares its understanding that acceptance of the Paris Agreement and its application shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to the impacts of climate change.\n       The Government of the Cook Islands further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emissions reduction obligations in the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature stabilisation level at or above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for our national interests."},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-12","Date_ratified":"2016-10-13","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-24","Date_ratified":"2016-10-25","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-06-23","Date_ratified":"2017-05-24","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-27","Date_ratified":"2016-12-28","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-03","Date_ratified":"2017-01-04","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-11-04","Date_ratified":"2017-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-12","Date_ratified":"2017-12-13","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-01","Date_ratified":"2016-11-01","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-12","Date_ratified":"2016-11-11","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-10-21","Date_ratified":"2017-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-10-20","Date_ratified":"2017-09-20","Date_signed":"2016-07-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-29","Date_ratified":"2017-06-29","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-26","Date_ratified":"2017-03-27","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-11-29","Date_ratified":"2018-10-30","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2023-03-09","Date_ratified":"2023-02-07","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-04","Date_ratified":"2016-11-04","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-08","Date_ratified":"2017-03-09","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “Declaration by the Union made in accordance with Article 20(3) of the Paris Agreement\n       The following States are at present Members of the European Union: the Kingdom of Belgium, the Republic of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Estonia, Ireland, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Republic of Croatia, the Italian Republic, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Poland, the Portuguese Republic, Romania, the Republic of Slovenia, the Slovak Republic, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.\n       The European Union declares that, in accordance with the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 191 and Article 192(1) thereof, it is competent to enter into international agreements, and to implement the obligations resulting therefrom, which contribute to the pursuit of the following objectives:\n       -  preserving, protecting and improving the quality of the environment;\n       -  protecting human health;\n       -  prudent and rational utilisation of natural resources;\n       -  promoting measures at international level to deal with regional or worldwide environmental problems, and in particular combating climate change.\n       …\n       The European Union will continue to provide information, on a regular basis on any substantial modifications in the extent of its competence, in accordance with Article 20(3) of the Agreement.”"},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-14","Date_ratified":"2016-11-14","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-02","Date_ratified":"2016-11-02","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-07","Date_ratified":"2016-11-07","Date_signed":"2016-04-26","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-06-07","Date_ratified":"2017-05-08","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-13","Date_ratified":"2016-10-14","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-24","Date_ratified":"2017-01-25","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea Bissau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-11-21","Date_ratified":"2018-10-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GUY","Name":"Guyana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-05-20","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HTI","Name":"Haiti","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-30","Date_ratified":"2017-07-31","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HND","Name":"Honduras","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HUN","Name":"Hungary","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISL","Name":"Iceland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IND","Name":"India","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-02","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “The Government of India declares its understanding that, as per its national laws; keeping in view its development agenda, particularly the eradication of poverty and provision of basic needs for all its citizens, coupled with its commitment to following the low carbon path to progress, and on the assumption of unencumbered availability of cleaner sources of energy and technologies and financial resources from around the world; and based on a fair and ambitious assessment of global commitment to combating climate change, it is ratifying the Paris Agreement.”"},{"ISO3":"IDN","Name":"Indonesia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-30","Date_ratified":"2016-10-31","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRN","Name":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Name":"Iraq","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-12-01","Date_ratified":"2021-11-01","Date_signed":"2016-12-08","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-04","Date_ratified":"2016-11-04","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-22","Date_ratified":"2016-11-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ITA","Name":"Italy","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-12","Date_ratified":"2016-11-11","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JAM","Name":"Jamaica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-05-10","Date_ratified":"2017-04-10","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-08","Date_ratified":"2016-11-08","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-04","Date_ratified":"2016-11-04","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Name":"Kazakhstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-05","Date_ratified":"2016-12-06","Date_signed":"2016-08-02","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KEN","Name":"Kenya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-27","Date_ratified":"2016-12-28","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KIR","Name":"Kiribati","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-05-23","Date_ratified":"2018-04-23","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-03-19","Date_ratified":"2020-02-18","Date_signed":"2016-09-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-07","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LVA","Name":"Latvia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-15","Date_ratified":"2017-03-16","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBN","Name":"Lebanon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-03-06","Date_ratified":"2020-02-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LSO","Name":"Lesotho","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-19","Date_ratified":"2017-01-20","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBR","Name":"Liberia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-09-26","Date_ratified":"2018-08-27","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBY","Name":"Libya","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LIE","Name":"Liechtenstein","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-10-20","Date_ratified":"2017-09-20","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LTU","Name":"Lithuania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-04","Date_ratified":"2017-02-02","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LUX","Name":"Luxembourg","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-04","Date_ratified":"2016-11-04","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDG","Name":"Madagascar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MWI","Name":"Malawi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-29","Date_ratified":"2017-06-29","Date_signed":"2016-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MYS","Name":"Malaysia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-16","Date_ratified":"2016-11-16","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDV","Name":"Maldives","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLI","Name":"Mali","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-23","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLT","Name":"Malta","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MHL","Name":"Marshall Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “…the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic's instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record;\n       FURTHERMORE, the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands declares that, in light of best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests…”"},{"ISO3":"MRT","Name":"Mauritania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-29","Date_ratified":"2017-02-27","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MUS","Name":"Mauritius","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MEX","Name":"Mexico","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Interpretative declaration:\n       … in accordance with their national legal framework, and in consideration of the best and most up-to-date scientific information available and incorporated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Mexican States understands greenhouse gas emissions to mean the release into the atmosphere of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors and aerosols into the atmosphere, including, where applicable, greenhouse compounds, within a specific area and during a specific period of time."},{"ISO3":"FSM","Name":"Micronesia (Federated States of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-15","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “The Government of the Federated States of Micronesia declares its understanding that its ratification of the Paris Agreement does not constitute a renunciation of any rights of the Government of the Federated States of Micronesia under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change, and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation and liability due to the adverse effects of climate change; and\n       The Government of the Federated States of Micronesia further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessments on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in the Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature increase above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for the national interests of the Government of the Federated States of Micronesia.”"},{"ISO3":"MCO","Name":"Monaco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-23","Date_ratified":"2016-10-24","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNG","Name":"Mongolia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNE","Name":"Montenegro","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-19","Date_ratified":"2017-12-20","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAR","Name":"Morocco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Name":"Mozambique","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-07-04","Date_ratified":"2018-06-04","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MMR","Name":"Myanmar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-10-19","Date_ratified":"2017-09-19","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NAM","Name":"Namibia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NRU","Name":"Nauru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “… the Government, of Nauru declares its understanding that the ratification of the Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility [for] the adverse effects of climate change.\n       FURTHER, the Government of Nauru declares that no provisions in the Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from the principles of general international law.\n       AND FURTHER, the Government of Nauru declares its understanding that Article 8 and decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 51 in no way limits the ability of Parties to UNFCCC or the Agreement to raise, discuss, or address any present or future concerns regarding the issues of liability and compensation.\n       The Republic of Nauru put forth its concern intended to recognize and acknowledge its national interest...”"},{"ISO3":"NPL","Name":"Nepal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NLD","Name":"Netherlands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-27","Date_ratified":"2017-07-28","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “The Kingdom of the Netherlands, for the European part of the Netherlands, declares in accordance with Article 14, paragraph 2, of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in conjunction with Article 24 of the Paris Agreement, that it accepts both means of dispute settlement referred to in that paragraph as compulsory in relation to any Party accepting one or both means of dispute settlement.”"},{"ISO3":"NCL","Name":"New Caledonia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NZL","Name":"New Zealand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-04","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIC","Name":"Nicaragua","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-11-22","Date_ratified":"2017-10-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NER","Name":"Niger","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NGA","Name":"Nigeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-06-15","Date_ratified":"2017-05-16","Date_signed":"2016-09-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIU","Name":"Niue","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-27","Date_ratified":"2016-10-28","Date_signed":"2016-10-28","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “The Government of Niue declares its understanding that acceptance of the Paris Agreement and its application shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to the impacts of climate change.\n       The Government of Niue further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emissions reduction obligations in the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature stabilisation level at or above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for our national interests.”"},{"ISO3":"PRK","Name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-08-01","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MKD","Name":"North Macedonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-02-08","Date_ratified":"2018-01-09","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NOR","Name":"Norway","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-06-20","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"OMN","Name":"Oman","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-06-21","Date_ratified":"2019-05-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAK","Name":"Pakistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-10","Date_ratified":"2016-11-10","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PLW","Name":"Palau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PSE","Name":"State of Palestine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAN","Name":"Panama","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PNG","Name":"Papua New Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRY","Name":"Paraguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-13","Date_ratified":"2016-10-14","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PER","Name":"Peru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-07-25","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PHL","Name":"Philippines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-22","Date_ratified":"2017-03-23","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “THAT it is the understanding of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines that its accession to and the implementation of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of rights under any local and international laws or treaties, including those concerning State responsibility for loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change;\n       THAT, the accession to and implementation of the Paris Agreement by the Republic of the Philippines is for the purpose of supporting the country's national development objectives and priorities such as sustainable industrial development, the eradication of poverty and provision of basic needs, and securing social and climate justice and energy security for all its citizens.”"},{"ISO3":"POL","Name":"Poland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-06","Date_ratified":"2016-10-07","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification:\n       “The Government of the Republic of Poland recognizes that under Article 9 paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention. In this context the Government of the Republic of Poland notes that Poland is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change not included in Annex II.”"},{"ISO3":"PRT","Name":"Portugal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRI","Name":"Puerto Rico","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"QAT","Name":"Qatar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-23","Date_ratified":"2017-06-23","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDA","Name":"Republic of Moldova","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-20","Date_ratified":"2017-06-20","Date_signed":"2016-09-21","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COG","Name":"Congo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-05-21","Date_ratified":"2017-04-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ROU","Name":"Romania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-01","Date_ratified":"2017-06-01","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"RUS","Name":"Russian Federation","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-11-06","Date_ratified":"2019-10-07","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       1. The Russian Federation recognizes that, in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 9 of the Agreement, developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation of climate change and adaptation to it in continuation of their existing obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of 9 May 1992 (hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”). In this context, the Russian Federation notes that as a Party to the Convention the Russian Federation is not included in Annex II to the Convention.\n       2. The Russian Federation proceeds from the importance of conservation and enhancement of absorbing capacity of forests and other ecosystems, as well as from the necessity of the maximum possible account of this capacity including in the implementation of the Agreement’s mechanisms.\n       3. The Russian Federation considers unacceptable the use of the Agreement and its mechanisms as tools to create barriers to sustainable social and economic development of the Parties to the Convention."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Name":"Rwanda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-05","Date_ratified":"2016-10-06","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KNA","Name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LCA","Name":"Saint Lucia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VCT","Name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-06-29","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"WSM","Name":"Samoa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SMR","Name":"San Marino","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-10-26","Date_ratified":"2018-09-26","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"STP","Name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-02","Date_ratified":"2016-11-02","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SAU","Name":"Saudi Arabia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-03","Date_ratified":"2016-11-03","Date_signed":"2016-11-03","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SEN","Name":"Senegal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SRB","Name":"Serbia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-24","Date_ratified":"2017-07-25","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYC","Name":"Seychelles","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-29","Date_signed":"2016-04-25","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLE","Name":"Sierra Leone","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-01","Date_ratified":"2016-11-01","Date_signed":"2016-09-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SGP","Name":"Singapore","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVK","Name":"Slovakia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-10-05","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVN","Name":"Slovenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-15","Date_ratified":"2016-12-16","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLB","Name":"Solomon Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “… the Government of Solomon Islands declares its understanding that acceptance of the aforesaid Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change;\n       FURTHER, that the Government of Solomon Islands declares that no provision in this Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to impacts of climate change;\n       AND that the Government of Solomon Islands declares that the low ambition of the Paris Agreement and its adequacy to stabilize global temperature to safe level of below 1.5 degree Celsius, such emissions will have severe impacts and undermining our sustainable development efforts…”"},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-01","Date_ratified":"2016-11-01","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-03","Date_ratified":"2016-11-03","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan ","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-03-25","Date_ratified":"2021-02-23","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ESP","Name":"Spain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-02-11","Date_ratified":"2017-01-12","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       In the case where this Agreement is ratified by the United Kingdom and its application extended to the territory of Gibraltar, Spain wishes to make the following declaration:\n       1. Gibraltar is a non-autonomous territory whose international relations come under the responsibility of the United Kingdom and which is subject to a decolonisation process in accordance with the relevant decisions and resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations.\n       2. The authorities of Gibraltar have a local character and exercise exclusively internal competences which have their origin and their foundation in the distribution and attribution of competences performed by the United Kingdom in compliance with its internal legislation, in its capacity as sovereign State on which the mentioned non-autonomous territory depends.\n       3. As a result, the eventual participation of authorities of Gibraltar in the application of this Agreement will be understood as carried out exclusively as part of the internal competences of Gibraltar and cannot be considered to modify in any way what was established in the two previous paragraphs.\n       4. The application of this Agreement to Gibraltar cannot be interpreted as an recognition of any rights or situations regarding areas not covered by article 10 of the Treaty of Utrecht of 13 July 1713, concluded between the Crowns of Spain and of the United Kingdom."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Name":"Sri Lanka","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SDN","Name":"Sudan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-09-01","Date_ratified":"2017-08-02","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SUR","Name":"Suriname","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-03-15","Date_ratified":"2019-02-13","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWE","Name":"Sweden","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-12","Date_ratified":"2016-10-13","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHE","Name":"Switzerland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-11-05","Date_ratified":"2017-10-06","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYR","Name":"Syrian Arab Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-12-13","Date_ratified":"2017-11-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-04-21","Date_ratified":"2017-03-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-09-15","Date_ratified":"2017-08-16","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-07-28","Date_ratified":"2017-06-28","Date_signed":"2016-09-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-03-24","Date_ratified":"2018-02-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-03-12","Date_ratified":"2017-02-10","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-11-10","Date_ratified":"2021-10-11","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration made upon ratification:\n       The Republic of Turkey, on the basis of “equity, common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” as clearly and accurately recognized under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of 9 May 1992 and the Paris Agreement, and by recalling decisions 26/CP.7, 1/CP.16, 2/CP.17, 1/CP.18 and 21/CP.20 adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, declares that Turkey will implement the Paris Agreement as a developing country and in the scope of her nationally determined contribution statements, provided that the Agreement and its mechanisms do not prejudice her right to economic and social development."},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-19","Date_ratified":"2016-10-20","Date_signed":"2016-09-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-04-22","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “The Government of Tuvalu hereby notifies that it will apply the Paris Agreement provisionally as provided for in paragraph 4 of Decision 1/CP.21.\n       […]\n       The Government of Tuvalu further declares its understanding that acceptance of the aforesaid Paris Agreement and its provisional application shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to the impacts of climate change.\n       The Government of Tuvalu further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emissions reduction obligations in the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature stabilisation level at or above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for our national interests.”"},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-19","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-18","Date_ratified":"2016-11-18","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-06-17","Date_ratified":"2018-05-18","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2021-02-19","Date_ratified":"2021-01-20","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-18","Date_ratified":"2016-10-19","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-12-09","Date_ratified":"2018-11-09","Date_signed":"2017-04-19","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-11-04","Date_ratified":"2016-09-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Declaration:\n       “WHEREAS the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic’s instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record;\n       FURTHERMORE, that the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares that, in light of best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests...”"},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2022-10-04","Date_ratified":"2022-09-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"       “By acceding to the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in the name and on behalf of Vatican City State, the Holy See intends to contribute to the efforts of all States to work together in solidarity, in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in an effective response to the challenges posed by climate change to humankind and to our common home.\n       In light of the territorial nature of the obligations set forth in the Paris Agreement, the Holy See declares, for the avoidance of doubt, that in acceding to the Agreement only in the name and on behalf of Vatican City State it commits itself to apply its provisions exclusively within the Territory of the Vatican City State, as circumscribed by the Leonine Walls.\n       The Holy See, in conformity with its particular mission, reiterates, on behalf of Vatican City State, its position regarding the term ‘gender’ used in the Preamble (PP11) and articles 7.5 and 11.2 of the Paris Agreement. The Holy See underlines that any reference to ‘gender’ and related terms in any document that has been or that will be adopted by the Conference of State Parties or by its subsidiary bodies is to be understood as grounded on the biological sexual identity that is male and female.\n       The Holy See upholds and promotes a holistic and integrated approach that is firmly centered on the human dignity and integral development of every person.”"},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-08-20","Date_ratified":"2017-07-21","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2016-12-03","Date_ratified":"2016-11-03","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Signatory","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":"2016-09-23","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-01-08","Date_ratified":"2016-12-09","Date_signed":"2016-09-20","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2017-09-06","Date_ratified":"2017-08-07","Date_signed":"2016-04-22","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]},{"Name":"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)","Short_name":"Geneva Protocol","Description":"The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol) was signed at Geneva on 17 June 1925 following widespread use of chemical weapons during World War I. \n\nThe Geneva Protocol prohibits the use of chemical and biological weapons during conflicts. However, it does not prohibit the production, storage, or development of chemical and biological weapons, and was consequently followed by the <a href=\"/treaties/biological-weapons-convention/\">Biological Weapons Convention</a> (1972) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993).\n","Treaty_footnotes":"The Geneva Protocol has 36 signatory states and 146 states parties. It entered into force for each state party on the date of the deposit of their instrument of ratification.\n\nDownload the data in this table to view any reservations, understandings, and declarations (RUDs). Many states parties have rescinded or modified their reservations since they originally ratified or accessed to the treaty. The reservations included here are current as of 2022. \n","Date_of_original_publication":"1925-06-17","Languages":["English"],"Original_language_titles":["Geneva Protocol"],"Related_treaties":null,"States_parties":[{"ISO3":"AFG","Name":"Afghanistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-09-02","Date_ratified":"1986-09-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ALB","Name":"Albania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-12-12","Date_ratified":"1989-12-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DZA","Name":"Algeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1992-01-14","Date_ratified":"1992-01-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L’Algérie a notifié par note verbale du 8 janvier 1992 les réserves suivantes : « le gouvernement algérien ne sera lié par le protocole qu’à l’égard des Etats qui l’ont ratifié ou qui y ont adhéré et qu’il cessera d’être lié par ledit protocole à l’égard de tout Etat dont les forces armées ou les forces armées de ses alliés ne respecteraient pas les dispositions du protocole ».\n\n"},{"ISO3":"AND","Name":"Andorra","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AGO","Name":"Angola","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1990-10-30","Date_ratified":"1990-10-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L’Angola a adhéré le 2 mars 1990 sous réserve que « en adhérant au protocole du 17 juin 1925, la République populaire d’Angola déclare que celui-ci ne lie que les Etats qui le signent et le ratifient ou y adhérent définitivement. » Elle « déclare que celui-ci cesserait d’être obligatoire vis-à-vis de tout Etat ennemi dont les forces armées ou alliées de droit ou de fait ne respecteraient pas les prohibitions qui font l’objet dudit protocole ».\n\n"},{"ISO3":"ATG","Name":"Antigua and Barbuda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-02-01","Date_ratified":"1989-02-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARG","Name":"Argentina","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1969-05-08","Date_ratified":"1969-05-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARM","Name":"Armenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-03-13","Date_ratified":"2018-03-13","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AUS","Name":"Australia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-01-22","Date_ratified":"1930-01-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L'Australie a, par communication du 25 novembre 1986, levé la réserve qu'elle avait formulée le 24 mai\n1930 (notifiée par le gouvernement français en date du 9 décembre 1986)."},{"ISO3":"AUT","Name":"Austria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1928-05-09","Date_ratified":"1928-05-09","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"AZE","Name":"Azerbaijan","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHS","Name":"Bahamas","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BHR","Name":"Bahrain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-11-09","Date_ratified":"1988-11-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L’Etat de Bahrein a adhéré le 20 octobre 1988 sous réserve que « le gouvernement de Bahreïn ne sera lié par le protocole qu’à l’égard des Etats qui l’ont ratifié ou qui y ont adhéré et qu’il cessera d’être lié par ledit protocole à l’égard de tout Etat dont les forces armées ou les forces armées de ses alliés ne respecteraient pas les dispositions du protocole ». Sous réserve également que « l’accession par l’Etat de Bahreïn au protocole signé le 17 juin 1925 ne constitue pas reconnaissance de l’Etat d’Israël et ne doive pas être la source de l’établissement de quelques relations que ce soit »."},{"ISO3":"BGD","Name":"Bangladesh","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-05-20","Date_ratified":"1989-05-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Le Bangladesh a adhéré le 6 janvier 1989 sous réserve que « le gouvernement bangladeshi ne sera lié par le protocole qu’à l’égard des Etats qui l’ont ratifié ou qui y ont adhéré et qu’il cessera d’être lié par ledit protocole à l’égard de tout Etat dont les forces armées ou les forces armées de ses alliés ne respecteraient pas les dispositions du protocole »."},{"ISO3":"BRB","Name":"Barbados","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-07-16","Date_ratified":"1976-07-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"A retiré la réserve faite par le Royaume-Uni le 9 avril 1930 (communication du 22 juin 1976)."},{"ISO3":"BLR","Name":"Belarus","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEL","Name":"Belgium","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1928-12-04","Date_ratified":"1928-12-04","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"La Belgique a, par communication du 17 février 1997, retiré les réserves faites lors de sa ratification (notification par le gouvernement français sur instruction du 27 février 1997)."},{"ISO3":"BLZ","Name":"Belize","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BEN","Name":"Benin","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1986-12-04","Date_ratified":"1986-12-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BTN","Name":"Bhutan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1978-06-12","Date_ratified":"1978-06-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BOL","Name":"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1985-01-14","Date_ratified":"1985-01-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BIH","Name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BWA","Name":"Botswana","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRA","Name":"Brazil","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-08-28","Date_ratified":"1970-08-28","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BRN","Name":"Brunei Darussalam","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BGR","Name":"Bulgaria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1934-03-07","Date_ratified":"1934-03-07","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"La Bulgarie a levé la réserve qu'elle avait formulée lors de sa ratification du protocole le 7 mars 1934 (communication du gouvernement bulgare du 2 octobre 1991 notifiée par le gouvernement français en date du 15 octobre 1991)."},{"ISO3":"BFA","Name":"Burkina Faso","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-03-01","Date_ratified":"1971-03-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"BDI","Name":"Burundi","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KHM","Name":"Cambodia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-03-15","Date_ratified":"1983-03-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"Par note verbale du 30 septembre 1993, le ministère des Affaires étrangères et de la Coopération internationale du Cambodge a indiqué que le gouvernement royal du Cambodge s'estime lié par le protocole du 17 juin 1925 auquel le gouvernement de coalition du Cambodge démocratique avait adhéré le 15 mars 1983. Cette adhésion de 1983 avait été considérée comme sans effet légal par l’Australie, la Bulgarie, Cuba, l'Ethiopie, la France, la Hongrie, l’île Maurice, la Mongolie, la Pologne, la RDA, la Tchécoslovaquie, l'URSS, le Vietnam."},{"ISO3":"CMR","Name":"Cameroon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-04-21","Date_ratified":"1989-04-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAN","Name":"Canada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-05-06","Date_ratified":"1930-05-06","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Understanding / Declaration\tPar note verbale du 30 septembre 1993, le ministère des Affaires étrangères et de la Coopération internationale du Cambodge a indiqué que le gouvernement royal du Cambodge s'estime lié par le protocole du 17 juin 1925 auquel le gouvernement de coalition du Cambodge démocratique avait adhéré le 15 mars 1983. Cette adhésion de 1983 avait été considérée comme sans effet légal par l’Australie, la Bulgarie, Cuba, l'Ethiopie, la France, la Hongrie, l’île Maurice, la Mongolie, la Pologne, la RDA, la Tchécoslovaquie, l'URSS, le Vietnam."},{"ISO3":"CPV","Name":"Cabo Verde","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-05-20","Date_ratified":"1991-05-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CAF","Name":"Central African Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-07-30","Date_ratified":"1970-07-30","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TCD","Name":"Chad","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHL","Name":"Chile","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1935-07-02","Date_ratified":"1935-07-02","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication en date du 11 septembre 1991, le Chili a levé la réserve qu'il avait formulée lors de sa ratification du protocole (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 15 octobre 1991)."},{"ISO3":"CHN","Name":"China","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-08-07","Date_ratified":"1929-08-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"La République populaire de Chine a adhéré au Protocole par déclaration de succession, le 13 juillet 1952.  \n\nChina made the following statement on succession in 1952: \"The Central Peoples Government considers that the said Protocol is conducive to the strengthening of international peace and security and is in conformity with humanitarian principles and therefore has decided to recognize the accession to the protocol. The Central People Government shall undertake to implement strictly the provisions of the Protocol provided that all other contracting and acceding powers observe them reciprocally.\""},{"ISO3":"HKG","Name":"Hong Kong","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAC","Name":"Macao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TWN","Name":"Taiwan, Province of China","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COL","Name":"Colombia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-11-24","Date_ratified":"2015-11-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COM","Name":"Comoros","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COK","Name":"Cook Islands","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CRI","Name":"Costa Rica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2009-06-17","Date_ratified":"2009-06-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CIV","Name":"Côte d'Ivoire","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-07-27","Date_ratified":"1970-07-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HRV","Name":"Croatia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2006-09-25","Date_ratified":"2006-09-25","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUB","Name":"Cuba","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-05-24","Date_ratified":"1966-05-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CUW","Name":"Curacao","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CYP","Name":"Cyprus","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-11-29","Date_ratified":"1966-11-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CZE","Name":"Czechia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1993-09-19","Date_ratified":"1993-09-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"La République fédérative tchèque et slovaque a levé la réserve qu'elle avait formulée lors de sa ratification du protocole de Genève le 16 août 1938 (communication du gouvernement de la République fédérative tchèque et slovaque du 25 septembre 1990 notifiée par le gouvernement français en date du 8 novembre 1990)."},{"ISO3":"COD","Name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DNK","Name":"Denmark","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-05-05","Date_ratified":"1930-05-05","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DJI","Name":"Djibouti","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DMA","Name":"Dominica","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DOM","Name":"Dominican Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-12-04","Date_ratified":"1970-12-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ECU","Name":"Ecuador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-09-10","Date_ratified":"1970-09-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EGY","Name":"Egypt","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1928-12-06","Date_ratified":"1928-12-06","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLV","Name":"El Salvador","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2010-01-12","Date_ratified":"2010-01-12","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNQ","Name":"Equatorial Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-05-16","Date_ratified":"1989-05-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ERI","Name":"Eritrea","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"EST","Name":"Estonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1931-08-28","Date_ratified":"1931-08-28","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication reçue par l’Ambassade de France à Talinn le 28 mai 1999, l’Estonie a retiré les réserves qu’elles avait faites lors de sa ratification (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 29 juillet 1999)."},{"ISO3":"SWZ","Name":"Eswatini","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-07-10","Date_ratified":"1991-07-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ETH","Name":"Ethiopia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1935-10-07","Date_ratified":"1935-10-07","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":null,"Name":"European Union","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FJI","Name":"Fiji","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1973-03-21","Date_ratified":"1973-03-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par déclaration de succession en date du 26 janvier 1973, les Iles Fidji émettent la réserve suivante que « ledit protocole n’oblige le gouvernement de Fidji que vis-à-vis des Etats qui l’ont à la fois signé et ratifié ou qui y auront adhéré définitivement. Ledit protocole cessera d’être obligatoire pour le gouvernement de Fidji à l’égard de toute puissance ennemie dont les forces armées ou dont les forces armées alliées ne respecteraient pas les interdictions qui font l’objet de ce protocole »."},{"ISO3":"FIN","Name":"Finland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-06-26","Date_ratified":"1929-06-26","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FRA","Name":"France","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1926-05-10","Date_ratified":"1926-05-10","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par déclaration du 25 novembre 1996, la France a, retiré ses réserves (notification par le gouvernement français sur instruction du 12 décembre 1996)."},{"ISO3":"GAB","Name":"Gabon","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GMB","Name":"Gambia (Republic of The)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-11-05","Date_ratified":"1966-11-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GEO","Name":"Georgia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"DEU","Name":"Germany","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-04-25","Date_ratified":"1929-04-25","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GHA","Name":"Ghana","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-05-02","Date_ratified":"1967-05-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRC","Name":"Greece","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1931-05-30","Date_ratified":"1931-05-30","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GRD","Name":"Grenada","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-01-03","Date_ratified":"1989-01-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GTM","Name":"Guatemala","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1983-05-03","Date_ratified":"1983-05-03","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GIN","Name":"Guinea","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GNB","Name":"Guinea Bissau","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-05-20","Date_ratified":"1989-05-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GUY","Name":"Guyana","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HTI","Name":"Haiti","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HND","Name":"Honduras","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"HUN","Name":"Hungary","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1952-10-11","Date_ratified":"1952-10-11","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ISL","Name":"Iceland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-12-19","Date_ratified":"1966-12-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IND","Name":"India","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-04-09","Date_ratified":"1930-04-09","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L’Inde a ratifié ce protocole le 13 juin 1929 sous réserve que « ledit protocole n’oblige Sa Majesté Britannique que vis-à-vis des Etats qui l’ont signé et ratifié ou qui y ont adhéré définitivement. » Sous réserve que «ledit protocole cessera d’être obligatoire pour Sa Majesté Britannique à l’égard de toute puissance ennemie dont les forces armées ou dont les forces armées alliées ne respecteraient pas les interdictions qui font l’objet de ce protocole. »"},{"ISO3":"IDN","Name":"Indonesia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-01-14","Date_ratified":"1971-01-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRN","Name":"Iran (Islamic Republic of)","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-07-04","Date_ratified":"1929-07-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"IRQ","Name":"Iraq","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1931-08-18","Date_ratified":"1931-08-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L’Irak a adhéré le 7 avril 1931 sous réserve que « le gouvernement irakien ne sera lié par les dispositions du protocole que vis-à-vis des Etats qui l’ont à la fois signé et ratifié, ou qui y auront adhéré, et qu’il ne sera pas lié par le protocole vis-à-vis de tout Etat ennemi dont les forces armées ou dont les alliés ne respectent pas les dispositions du protocole. »\n\n"},{"ISO3":"IRL","Name":"Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-08-18","Date_ratified":"1930-08-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication du 10 février 1972, l'Irlande a retiré la réserve qu'elle avait formulée lors de son adhésion (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 25 mai 1972)."},{"ISO3":"ISR","Name":"Israel","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1969-02-10","Date_ratified":"1969-02-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L’Etat d’Israël a adhéré le 22 janvier 1969 sous réserve que « ledit protocole n’engage l’Etat d’Israël que vis-à-vis des Etats qui l’ont signé et ratifié ou qui y ont adhéré. Ledit protocole cessera ipso facto d’être obligatoire pour l’Etat d’Israël vis-à-vis de tout Etat ennemi dont les forces armées ou les forces armées de ses alliés, ou les forces régulières et irrégulières, ou des groupes ou individus opérant à partir de son territoire, ne respecteraient pas les interdictions qui font l’objet de ce protocole. »\n\n"},{"ISO3":"ITA","Name":"Italy","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1928-04-03","Date_ratified":"1928-04-03","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JAM","Name":"Jamaica","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-07-28","Date_ratified":"1970-07-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JPN","Name":"Japan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-05-21","Date_ratified":"1970-05-21","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"JOR","Name":"Jordan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-01-20","Date_ratified":"1977-01-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation","Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"La Jordanie a adhéré le 10 octobre 1976 sous réserve que « l’adhésion du Royaume Hachémite de Jordanie au protocole sus désigné n’implique en aucune manière la reconnaissance d’Israël. L’adhésion du Royaume Hachémite de Jordanie au protocole sus désigné n’oblige pas celui-ci à conclure avec Israël l’un quelconque des arrangements indiqués dans le protocole. Le gouvernement Royaume Hachémite de Jordanie s’engage à respecter les obligations contenues dans le protocole à l’égard des Etats qui s’engagent pareillement. Le gouvernement du Royaume Hachémite de Jordanie ne s’engage pas à l’égard des Etats dont les forces armées, régulières ou irrégulières, ne respectent pas les dispositions du protocole sus désigné. »"},{"ISO3":"KAZ","Name":"Kazakhstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-04-20","Date_ratified":"2020-04-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KEN","Name":"Kenya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-06-17","Date_ratified":"1970-06-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KIR","Name":"Kiribati","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"XXK","Name":"Kosovo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KWT","Name":"Kuwait","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-12-15","Date_ratified":"1971-12-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KGZ","Name":"Kyrgyzstan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-06-29","Date_ratified":"2020-06-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LAO","Name":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-01-16","Date_ratified":"1989-01-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LVA","Name":"Latvia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1931-06-03","Date_ratified":"1931-06-03","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBN","Name":"Lebanon","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1969-04-15","Date_ratified":"1969-04-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LSO","Name":"Lesotho","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1972-03-10","Date_ratified":"1972-03-10","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBR","Name":"Liberia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1927-04-02","Date_ratified":"1927-04-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LBY","Name":"Libya","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-12-21","Date_ratified":"1971-12-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LIE","Name":"Liechtenstein","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1991-05-16","Date_ratified":"1991-05-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LTU","Name":"Lithuania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1933-06-15","Date_ratified":"1933-06-15","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LUX","Name":"Luxembourg","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1936-09-01","Date_ratified":"1936-09-01","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDG","Name":"Madagascar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-08-02","Date_ratified":"1967-08-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MWI","Name":"Malawi","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-09-04","Date_ratified":"1970-09-04","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MYS","Name":"Malaysia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-12-07","Date_ratified":"1970-12-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDV","Name":"Maldives","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-12-27","Date_ratified":"1966-12-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLI","Name":"Mali","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MLT","Name":"Malta","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-10-09","Date_ratified":"1970-10-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MHL","Name":"Marshall Islands","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MRT","Name":"Mauritania","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MUS","Name":"Mauritius","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-12-23","Date_ratified":"1970-12-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MEX","Name":"Mexico","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1932-03-28","Date_ratified":"1932-03-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"FSM","Name":"Micronesia (Federated States of)","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MCO","Name":"Monaco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-12-15","Date_ratified":"1966-12-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MNG","Name":"Mongolia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1968-11-18","Date_ratified":"1968-11-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication du gouvernement du 15 mai 1990, la Mongolie a levé la réserve qu'elle avait formulée lors de son adhésion (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 10 juillet 1990)."},{"ISO3":"MNE","Name":"Montenegro","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MAR","Name":"Morocco","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-10-07","Date_ratified":"1970-10-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MOZ","Name":"Mozambique","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MMR","Name":"Myanmar","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NAM","Name":"Namibia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NRU","Name":"Nauru","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NPL","Name":"Nepal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1969-05-07","Date_ratified":"1969-05-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NLD","Name":"Netherlands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-10-31","Date_ratified":"1930-10-31","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration","Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"a) Y compris les Indes néerlandaises, Surinam, Curaçao.\n\nb) Par communication reçue le 17 juillet 1995, les Pays-Bas ont retiré les réserves qu'ils avaient faites lors de leur ratification (notification par le gouvernement français sur instruction du 25 juillet 1995)."},{"ISO3":"NCL","Name":"New Caledonia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NZL","Name":"New Zealand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-01-22","Date_ratified":"1930-01-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication du 6 janvier 1989, la Nouvelle-Zélande a retiré les réserves qu'elle avait formulées lors de son adhésion (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 20 mai 1989)."},{"ISO3":"NIC","Name":"Nicaragua","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1990-10-05","Date_ratified":"1990-10-05","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Le Nicaragua a ratifié le protocole le 7 septembre 1990. Instrument reçu par le gouvernement de la République française le 5 octobre 1990 ; notification en date du 5 octobre 1990."},{"ISO3":"NER","Name":"Niger","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-04-05","Date_ratified":"1967-04-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NGA","Name":"Nigeria","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1968-10-09","Date_ratified":"1968-10-09","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Le Nigeria a adhéré le 23 septembre 1968 sous réserve que « le protocole n’oblige le Nigeria que vis-à-vis des Etats effectivement liés par celui-ci et cessera de lier le Nigeria à l’égard des Etats dont les forces ou dont les forces armées alliées ne respecteront pas les interdictions qui font l’objet de ce protocole. »\n\n"},{"ISO3":"PRK","Name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-12-22","Date_ratified":"1988-12-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"La Corée du Nord a adhéré le 8 décembre 1988 sous réserve que « the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea recognizes the 1925 Geneva Protocol as one of major elements for the promotion of disarmament and the maintenance of lasting peace and hereby expresses its conviction that the obligations of this Protocol will be faithfully carried out by all the Contracting Parties. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea also states that it will not exclude the right to exercise its sovereignty vis-à-vis the other Contracting Party which violates this Protocol in its implementation »."},{"ISO3":"MKD","Name":"North Macedonia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2015-08-20","Date_ratified":"2015-08-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"Formerly known as the former Yuguslav Republic of Macedonia until 13 February 2019.\n \nNote: Although the United Nations has received a Note Verbale dated 14 February 2019 from the Republic of North Macedonia regarding the name change, the official lists of the depositary countries are yet to reflect the change.\n"},{"ISO3":"NOR","Name":"Norway","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1932-07-27","Date_ratified":"1932-07-27","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"OMN","Name":"Oman","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAK","Name":"Pakistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1960-04-15","Date_ratified":"1960-04-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par déclaration de succession du 13 avril 1960, le Pakistan déclare être lié au protocle de 1925 que l’Inde avait ratifié sous réserve que « ledit protocole n’oblige Sa Majesté Britannique que vis-à-vis des Etats qui l’ont signé et ratifié ou qui y ont adhéré définitivement. » Sous réserve que «ledit protocole cessera d’être obligatoire pour Sa Majesté Britannique à l’égard de toute puissance ennemie dont les forces armées ou dont les forces armées alliées ne respecteraient pas les interdictions qui font l’objet de ce protocole. »"},{"ISO3":"PLW","Name":"Palau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PSE","Name":"State of Palestine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2018-01-19","Date_ratified":"2018-01-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PAN","Name":"Panama","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-11-26","Date_ratified":"1970-11-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"Le Panama a ratifié son adhésion le 15 mars 1971."},{"ISO3":"PNG","Name":"Papua New Guinea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-09-02","Date_ratified":"1980-09-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par déclaration de succession en date du 2 septembre 1980 la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée émet la réserve que « le gouvernement de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée n’est lié par ledit protocole qu’envers les puissances et Etats qui ont à la fois signé et ratifié le protocole ou y ont adhéré, et le gouvernement de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée cessera d’être lié par le protocole envers toute puissance ennemie dont les forces armées ou celles de ses alliés ne respectent pas le protocole. »"},{"ISO3":"PRY","Name":"Paraguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1933-10-22","Date_ratified":"1933-10-22","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"Notification régularisée le 13 janvier 1969."},{"ISO3":"PER","Name":"Peru","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1985-06-05","Date_ratified":"1985-06-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PHL","Name":"Philippines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1973-05-29","Date_ratified":"1973-05-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"POL","Name":"Poland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-02-04","Date_ratified":"1929-02-04","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"PRT","Name":"Portugal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-07-01","Date_ratified":"1930-07-01","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Le Portugal a ratifié ce protocole le 30 mai 1930 sous réserve que « ledit protocole n’oblige le gouvernement de la République Portugaise que vis-à-vis des Etats qui l’ont à la fois signé et ratifié ou qui y auront adhéré. »; et\n\n« Ledit protocole cessera de plein droit d’être obligatoire pour le gouvernement de la République Portugaise à l’égard de tout Etat ennemi dont les forces armées ou dont les alliés ne respecteraient pas les interdictions qui font l’objet de ce protocole. »\n\n-----\n\nPar communication en date du 23 décembre 2002, le Portugal a retiré les réserves qu'il avait formulées.\n-----\n\nPar communication en date du 21 mars 2014, le Portugal a retiré le réserve suivant: «  ledit protocole n’oblige le gouvernement de la République Portugaise que vis-à-vis des Etats qui l’ont à la fois signé et ratifié ou qui y auront adhéré.  »\n\nEnglish text:\n\nBy its communication on 21 March 2014, Portugal withdrew its reservation according to which it said that the Protocol was only binding on the Portuguese Republic as regards to those States which have both signed and ratified the Protocol or have finally acceded thereto."},{"ISO3":"PRI","Name":"Puerto Rico","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"QAT","Name":"Qatar","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1976-09-16","Date_ratified":"1976-09-16","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"MDA","Name":"Republic of Moldova","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2011-01-14","Date_ratified":"2011-01-14","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"COG","Name":"Congo","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ROU","Name":"Romania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-08-23","Date_ratified":"1929-08-23","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication du 16 juillet 1991, la Roumanie a levé les réserves qu'elle avait formulées lors de leur ratification du protocole (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 23 juillet 1991)."},{"ISO3":"RUS","Name":"Russian Federation","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1928-04-05","Date_ratified":"1928-04-05","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication du 18 janvier 2001, la Fédération de Russie a retiré les réserves qui avait été formulées le 5 avril 1928 par l’Union soviétique lors de sa ratification du protocole (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 22 janvier 2001)."},{"ISO3":"RWA","Name":"Rwanda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1964-03-21","Date_ratified":"1964-03-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"KNA","Name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1989-10-26","Date_ratified":"1989-10-26","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"LCA","Name":"Saint Lucia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-12-21","Date_ratified":"1988-12-21","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VCT","Name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1999-04-23","Date_ratified":"1999-04-23","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"WSM","Name":"Samoa","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SMR","Name":"San Marino","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"STP","Name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SAU","Name":"Saudi Arabia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-01-27","Date_ratified":"1971-01-27","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SEN","Name":"Senegal","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-06-15","Date_ratified":"1977-06-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SRB","Name":"Serbia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-01-20","Date_ratified":"2003-01-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYC","Name":"Seychelles","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLE","Name":"Sierra Leone","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-02-20","Date_ratified":"1967-02-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SGP","Name":"Singapore","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SVK","Name":"Slovakia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1997-07-01","Date_ratified":"1997-07-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"La Slovaquie a indiqué le 22 septembre 1993 qu'elle se considère liée par le protocole de Genève du 17 juin 1925 et l'a confirmé par une communication du 1er juillet 1997 (notification par le Gouvernement français sur instruction du 2 juillet 1997).\n\n"},{"ISO3":"SVN","Name":"Slovenia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2008-04-08","Date_ratified":"2008-04-08","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SLB","Name":"Solomon Islands","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1981-06-01","Date_ratified":"1981-06-01","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Par déclaration de succession 1 juin 1981, les Iles Salomon émettent le réserve que « les obligations dérivant dudit protocole ne lieront les Iles Salomon que dans leurs relations avec les Etats qui ont ratifié le protocole ou qui y ont adhéré et qui respectent ces dispositions. »\n\n"},{"ISO3":"SOM","Name":"Somalia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZAF","Name":"South Africa","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-05-24","Date_ratified":"1930-05-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation"],"RUDs_text":"L'Afrique du Sud a, par communication du 12 juillet 1996, retiré les réserves faites lors de son adhésion (notification par le gouvernement français sur instruction du 20 octobre 1996)."},{"ISO3":"KOR","Name":"Republic of Korea","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1988-12-29","Date_ratified":"1988-12-29","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"La Corée du Sud a adhéré le 26 décembre 1988 sous réserve que « le gouvernement de Corée du sud ne sera lié par le protocole qu’à l’égard des Etats qui l’ont ratifié ou qui y ont adhéré et qu’il cessera d’être lié par ledit protocole à l’égard de tout Etat dont les forces armées ou les forces armées de ses alliés ne respecteraient pas les dispositions du protocole ».\n\n(Lettre du 19 septembre 2002 au sujet d’une levée partielle de réserves)"},{"ISO3":"SSD","Name":"South Sudan ","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ESP","Name":"Spain","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-08-22","Date_ratified":"1929-08-22","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Note"],"RUDs_text":"Par communication du 27 novembre 1992, l'Espagne a retiré la réserve qu'elle avait formulée lors de sa ratification (notification par le gouvernement français en date du 28 décembre 1992)."},{"ISO3":"LKA","Name":"Sri Lanka","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1954-01-20","Date_ratified":"1954-01-20","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SDN","Name":"Sudan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-12-17","Date_ratified":"1980-12-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SUR","Name":"Suriname","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SWE","Name":"Sweden","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-04-25","Date_ratified":"1930-04-25","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"CHE","Name":"Switzerland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1932-07-12","Date_ratified":"1932-07-12","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"SYR","Name":"Syrian Arab Republic","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1968-12-17","Date_ratified":"1968-12-17","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Understanding / Declaration"],"RUDs_text":"La Syrie a adhéré le 11 septembre 1968 sous réserve que « l’adhésion de la République Arabe Syrienne à ce protocole et sa ratification par son gouvernement ne signifient en aucun cas la reconnaissance d’Israël et ne sauraient conduire à établir des rapports avec ce dernier au sujet des dispositions prévues par ce protocole. »\n\n"},{"ISO3":"TJK","Name":"Tajikistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2019-11-15","Date_ratified":"2019-11-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"THA","Name":"Thailand","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1931-06-06","Date_ratified":"1931-06-06","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TLS","Name":"Timor-Leste","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TGO","Name":"Togo","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-11-18","Date_ratified":"1970-11-18","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKL","Name":"Tokelau","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TON","Name":"Tonga","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-07-19","Date_ratified":"1971-07-19","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TTO","Name":"Trinidad and Tobago","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1970-11-24","Date_ratified":"1970-11-24","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUN","Name":"Tunisia","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1967-07-12","Date_ratified":"1967-07-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUR","Name":"Türkiye","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1929-10-05","Date_ratified":"1929-10-05","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TKM","Name":"Turkmenistan","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"TUV","Name":"Tuvalu","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UGA","Name":"Uganda","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1965-04-02","Date_ratified":"1965-04-02","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UKR","Name":"Ukraine","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2003-08-07","Date_ratified":"2003-08-07","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ARE","Name":"United Arab Emirates","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"GBR","Name":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1930-04-09","Date_ratified":"1930-04-09","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Withdrew reservation","Note"],"RUDs_text":"Réserves émises lors de la ratification du protocole :\n\n(1)   « We shall be bound by the said Protocol only towards those Powers and States which have both signed and ratified the Protocol or have acceded thereto ;»\n\n(2)   « and further that We shall cease to be bound by the Protocol towards any Power at enmity with Us whose armes forces or the armed forces of whose Allies do not respect the Protocol. »\n\na) Par communication du 8 novembre 1991, le Royaume-Uni a retiré la partie (2) de la réserve qu'il avait faite lors de sa ratification du protocole : « Ledit protocole cessera d’être obligatoire pour Sa Majesté Britannique à l’égard de toute Puissance ennemie dont les forces armées ou dont les forces armées alliées ne respecteraient pas les interdictions qui font l’objet de ce protocole » dans la mesure où elle concerne le recours aux agents, toxines, armes, équipements et moyens de mise en oeuvre spécifiées à l'article I de la Convention du 10 avril 1972 sur l'interdiction de la mise au point, de la fabrication et du stockage des armes bactériologiques (biologiques) ou à toxines et sur leur destruction.\n\nb) Par communication en date du 24 juin 1997, le Royaume-Uni a indiqué qu'il cessait \"d'être responsable des droits et obligations découlant de l'application du protocole à Hong-Kong\" (notification par le gouvernement français sur instruction du 2 juillet 1997).\n\nc) Par communication du 20 décembre 2002, le Royaume-Uni a retiré la partie (1) de ses réserves émises lors de la ratification du protocole le 9 avril 1930 ainsi que celles qu’il maintenait au titre de l’alinéa 2."},{"ISO3":"TZA","Name":"United Republic of Tanzania","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1963-02-28","Date_ratified":"1963-02-28","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"USA","Name":"United States of America","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1975-04-10","Date_ratified":"1975-04-10","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Les Etats-Unis ont ratifié ce protocole le 22 janvier 1975 sous réserve que « ledit protocole cessera d’être obligatoire pour le gouvernement des Etats-Unis en ce qui concerne l’usage à la guerre de gaz asphyxiants, toxiques et autres gaz et de tous liquides, matériaux ou engins similaires à l’égard d’un Etat ennemi si ledit Etat ou l’un quelconque de ses alliés  ne respecte pas les interdictions contenues dans le protocole ».\n\n"},{"ISO3":"URY","Name":"Uruguay","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1977-04-12","Date_ratified":"1977-04-12","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"UZB","Name":"Uzbekistan","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"2020-10-05","Date_ratified":"2020-10-05","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"NIU","Name":"Niue","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VUT","Name":"Vanuatu","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VAT","Name":"Holy See","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1966-10-12","Date_ratified":"1966-10-12","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VEN","Name":"Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1928-02-08","Date_ratified":"1928-02-08","Date_signed":"1925-06-17","Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"VNM","Name":"Viet Nam","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1980-12-15","Date_ratified":"1980-12-15","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"Le Vietnam a adhéré le 23 septembre 1980 sous réserve que « la République Socialiste du Vietnam ne sera liée par ledit protocole que dans ses relations avec des Etats qui l’ont signé et ratifié ou y ont adhéré. La République Socialiste du Vietnam ne sera pas liée par ledit protocole dans ses relations avec des Etats ennemis dont les forces armées ou les alliées n’en respecteront pas les dispositions. »\n\n"},{"ISO3":"YEM","Name":"Yemen","Status":"Party","Date_entered_into_force":"1971-03-11","Date_ratified":"1971-03-11","Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":["Reservation"],"RUDs_text":"La République arabe du Yémen a déposé le 11 mars 1971 son instrument d’adhésion. Elle a adressé au gouvernement français un nouvel instrument d’adhésion en date du 16 septembre 1973 assorti d’une réserve. La République démocratique et populaire du Yémen a adhéré le 20 octobre 1986.\n\n"},{"ISO3":"ZMB","Name":"Zambia","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null},{"ISO3":"ZWE","Name":"Zimbabwe","Status":"Non-party","Date_entered_into_force":null,"Date_ratified":null,"Date_signed":null,"Reservations_understandings_and_declarations":null,"RUDs_text":null}]}]